Machine-tractor Unit Research Articles

Fitability of the high-clearance tractor with the 4K4 wheel arrangement at the row spacing

The results of laboratory, field and household tests of a tractor model implemented on sowing and row-spacing processing of cotton-plant during the growing season are specified in the article. Agrotechnical evaluation of damage to plants and knockability of cotton fruit elements by machine-tractor unit, consisting of compared tractors and cultivator, showed that knocking down cotton fruit elements in one pass at tractor with 4K4 wheel arrangement is less by 10% compared to tractor with 3K2 wheel arrangement. The fitability of cultivator on basis of a high-clearance mock tractor with 4K4 wheel arrangement on cotton-plant processing in the fruiting stage according to main indicators complies with the standards established in the Initial requirements.

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ МАШИННО-ТРАКТОРНОГО АГРЕГАТА С ПОЧВООБРАБАТЫВАЮЩЕ-ПОСЕВНЫМ КОМПЛЕКСОМ

The article deals with the issues of operation of a machine-tractor unit with a soil-cultivating sowing complex. Improving the efficiency of using machine-tractor units and the most complete realization of the technical potential inherent in them can be carried out on the basis of the development of automated control systems and monitoring the implementation of technological processes both by the tractor and the implement, as well as by the unit as a whole. The traction-power balance of a tractor with a soil-cultivating sowing complex when working under given conditions is considered. It is shown that the performance during operation can change by reducing the power loss to overcome the forces of rolling resistance. Theoretical dependences for determining the power and speed parameters of the machine-tractor unit during sowing with tillage and fertilization are given.

Information and measurement system of traction transport vehicles

The synthesis of the information and measurement system for traction transport vehicles was performed in the study. It was established that, depending on the purpose, measuring systems are divided into measurement information systems, measurement control systems, measurement control systems, etc. The majority of tractors produced have analog information and measurement systems. The structure of the information and measurement system was proposed, which includes a microprocessor and the following sensors: inertial measurement device (IMP); tractor speed sensor; engine rotation speed sensor; fuel flow meter. The developed information and measurement system allow to determine the parameters of the tractor's functioning more quickly and the operator may choose effective modes of operation by changing the transmission or speed of movement. Depending on the change of the measuring task, the system is called a flexible measurement system. It is determined that the energy assessment is carried out in order to determine the balance of power and the correctness of the choice of energy means for an agricultural machine or to determine the traction characteristics of a tractor. Experimental models of mounted, semi-mounted and trailed agricultural vehicles and implements in a unit with tractors, as well as self-propelled vehicles that ensure the execution of the work process, or experimental models of vehicles driven by an internal combustion engine or an electric motor are subject to energy evaluation. During the energy evaluation, the power consumption of the machine-tractor unit is determined in the modes of operation, in which technological operations are performed stably. Energy assessment of agricultural vehicles and implements is carried out on a specially equipped tractor corresponding to the traction class of the tested vehicle or implement. The developed measurement system refers to technical means of diagnosis and operational control and can be used in agriculture and machine-building industry. It is intended to determine the kinematic, dynamic, power and energy characteristics of mobile vehicles and their elements during road, field and bench tests. Key words: measurement system, sensor, energy assessment, tractor.

Дослідження впливу ширини захвату машинно-тракторного агрегату на його експлуатаційні показники

Goal. To increase the technical efficiency of the use of wide-grab machine-tractor units by establishing regularities regarding the reduction of non-productive time spent by them. Methods. The use of the basics of the classical theory of operation of machine-tractor units and methods of scientific analysis of the obtained results of theoretical studies. Results. Theoretical studies have established that with an increase in the unit’s grab width, the value of the coefficient of its use of working moves decreases to 8% or more. The intensity of this decrease is greater, the shorter the length of the field run. A decrease in the speed of movement of a wide-grab machine-tractor unit on a turning lane concerning the speed of working movement leads to an undesirable decrease in the value of the coefficient of use of its working moves. Conclusions. A new analytical association (9) was obtained, which reveals the regularities of the relationship between the coefficient of use of the working strokes of the machine-tractor unit with the working width of its grab and the parameters of the field (area and length of the race), taking into account the ratio between the speeds of movement on the working race and the turning lane. To keep the non-productive time costs of the machine-tractor unit at an acceptable level, the following should be taken into account: 1) the ratio of the use of working strokes by the wide-grab unit, with the constant value of its grab width and the length of the working run, depends little on the size of the area of the cultivated field; 2) each value of the unit’s grab width must correspond to a certain value of the length of the field’s working run determined by the analytical association (10); 3) the more the speed of movement of the wide-grab unit on the turning lane differs in the downward direction from the speed of its movement on the working run, the longer the length of the latter should be.

СРАВНИТЕЛЕН АНАЛИЗ НА ШИРИНАТА НА ИВИЦАТА ЗА ЗАВИВАНЕ ПРИ ИЗВЪРШВАНЕ НА ГЪБОВИДНИ ЗАВОИ ОТ НАВЕСЕН МАШИННО-ТРАКТОРЕН АГРЕГАТ В ПОЛЕ С НЕПРАВИЛНА ФОРМА

Analytical relations for determining the headland width when making T-turns by a machine-tractor unit with a mounted machine on an irregularly-shaped field have been specified. Five types of T-turns are described in two variants – open turn and closed turn. Each of these is done in two directions of movement. A total of 20 variants of the turns are described. The method for determining the headland width of a specific machine-tractor unit consisting by a tractor and mounted row seeder is demonstrated. For each type of turn the headland width is determined according to the angle between the direction of movement of the agricultural unit and the field border. A range of angle modification from 10° to 90° is adopted. The analysis show that for obtaining minimum headland width closed turns in left to right direction of movement should not be made. The smallest theoretical headland width is when making a closed T-turn with arch-shaped backward movement and left-to-right direction of movement on the field. When using T-turns with an arch-shaped backward movement and T-turns with straight ahead movement when entering the headland, the actual headland width is the same (6 m) regardless of the type and direction of the turn.

Methods and means of process risk mitigation during operation of equipment for applica-tion of chemical means of combined potato-setting machines

Ensuring safe and healthy working conditions in biotechnical systems associated with the implementation of technological processes for the production of crop products is a complex system problem, the solution of which requires not only an assessment of the parameters of the technical condition of technological machines, but also the correctness of the certain actions of the human operator of the machine-tractor unit, as well as the properties of production items and sanitary and hygienic working conditions. One of the effective methods of technogenic nature in solving the problem related to minimization of technological risks leading to chemical contamination of the agricultural environment during the operation of the investigated complex is to equip it with digital automated devices for active control of the quality of dosing of introduced materials, which would promptly provide real-time forecasting of the state of the investigated object and carry out information-measuring and restoration functions. The creation of automated active monitoring devices required special experimental studies under normal operation conditions with obtaining a large amount of data and their statistical processing, the results of which formed the basis of this development.

Основные направления повышения эффективности использования сельскохозяйственной техники

Using statistical research methods, the article reveals the nature of the impact of the main factors on the technical and economic performance of machine-tractor units under various operating conditions. The influence of factors on the need for agricultural machinery is considered. The norm-forming factors that have the greatest impact on the performance of machine-tractor units are substantiated. Keywords: MACHINE-TRACTOR UNIT, OPERATION, PRODUCTIVITY, EFFICIENCY, NEED, SOIL

Machine-Tractor Unit with Pneumatic Hydraulic Elastic Element in Transmission Reciprocating Mass Theoretical Studies

Increasing the stable operation and productivity of the machine-tractor unit is to create conditions for a smooth change in forward speed and the formation of traction resistance created by agricultural machines, depending on the agrotechnical requirements and the background of the processed field surface. The efficiency of wheel propellers interaction with the rolling surface is mainly determined by the coefficient of adhesion, rolling resistance and skidding of the driving wheels. The study of these phenomena that appear with the increase in the operating speeds of wheeled machine-tractor units showed that the vibrations arising in this case appear from the interaction of the tractor running system with the surface of the field on which the tractor is operating. One of the ways to improve the tractor speed is the use of devices with elastic damping elements in the tractor transmission. The operation of machine-tractor unit with elastic constraints in the transmission under the condition of random loading, confirmed the possibility of reducing the dynamic components of the hook force and negative phenomena of the wheeled tractors running system interaction caused by the increase in operating speeds.

Ways to reduce the determinism of speeds in tillage machine-tractor units

Relevance. One of the main factors in increasing the productivity of machine-tractor units (MTU) is the speed of translational motion. In most cases, the arable MTU have a rigid connection between the components. With the growth of translational motion, energy costs change with a positive acceleration due to an increase in the strength characteristics of the soil. The purpose of the research is to find ways to reduce the determinism of the speeds of the components of the machine-tractor unit, to develop estimated indicators of the determinism of speeds, kinematic analysis of the combined tillage working organ-mechanism.Methods. The research methodology is based on a systematic analysis of factors that have a causal relationship with the quality and energy performance of machinetractor units. The arable layer is considered as a three-phase medium. The kinematic analysis was carried out by methods of theoretical mechanics. The traction resistance is determined in the conditions of the soil channel.Results. The technological parameters of the operating modes, speed, depth of the tillage working bodies, the direction of movement along the slope can be changed within limited mutually dependent limits corresponding to agrotechnical, environmental, operational requirements and safety requirements of the MTU personnel. Estimated indicators of the determinism of speeds are proposed: kinematic transformation of the cutting angle, the quality of crumbling, the maximum of the driving force with a minimum of power for the work of the working bodies-movers. A combined tillage working organ-mechanism has been developed for undercover loosening as part of a cutting knife and a spring mole, self-adapting to changes in the longitudinal hardness of the soil. The results of kinematic analysis and experimental studies of a mock-up sample of a working organ in the conditions of a soil channel confirmed the self-oscillatory nature of the movement of the spring mole. Automatic maintenance of the necessary degree of determinism of speeds helps to reduce the energy intensity of the crevice process with simultaneous mowing.

PRINCIPLES OF RATIONAL AGGREGATION OF TRACTOR SELF-PROPELLED CHASSIS

The article considers the optimal location of the mounted machine on the frame of the self-propelled chassis for the rational use of traction and coupling properties of the machine-tractor unit. The criteria of their optimal aggregation are determined taking into account the conditions of fulfillment of the corresponding agrotechnical requirements. Recommendations for checking the possibility of aggregating it with a specific attachment are provided. Theoretically and experimentally it is proved that the tractor of classical layout is inferior to self-propelled tractor chassis of similar weight and power in traction, fuel economy, passability, controllability, maneuverability, stability and a number of other parameters and has no possibility of axle suspension. Different layout schemes, redistribution of normal reactions along the axes and the specifics of the force action distinguish the traction dynamics of TSSH from the traction dynamics of the tractor

Дослідження умов раціонального комплектування орних машинно-тракторних агрегатів

Goal. To improve the operational and technological parameters of the plowing machine-tractor unit by determining the conditions of the rational combination of constructive parameters of the plow and the aggregating tractor. Methods. Theoretical research was carried out based on using the basics of theoretical mechanics and the theory of agricultural machinery. Experimental studies of plowing units to the determination of their traction and operational-technological indicators were performed with the use of strain gauges and other special mechatronic equipment. Results. The use of an arable machine-tractor unit as a part of the KhTZ-170 wheeled aggregate tractor and a 5-body plow attached to the rear, adjusted according to the developed methodology, allowed to increase its productivity by 13.4% while reducing specific fuel consumption by 15.2%. Conclusions. The research made it possible to propose a method of adjusting the plow machine-tractor unit, which involves a combination of design parameters of the plow and tractor to ensure the most rational placement of the «center of bearing part» and the point of attachment of the first relative to the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the second. According to the results of field experimental studies, it was found that the application of the developed method of aggregation of wheeled power tools with plow implements based on KhTZ-170 tractor with 16.9R38 tires and 5-body plow PLN-5-35 compared to similar machine tractor unit with standard 23.1R26 tires allowed to increase productivity by 4% with reducing the specific fuel consumption by 15.2%.

РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ КРУТЯЩИХ МОМЕНТОВ ПО КОЛЕСАМ ТРАКТОРА

The regularities of the distribution of torques on axles and tractor wheels have been studied. An energy-saturated universal tractor of class 2 integrated circuit LTZ-155 with all driving and steered twin wheels of the same size with tires of size 9.5-42 was chosen as the object of research. The studies were carried out under the following layout options and driving conditions: 1) rectilinear movement of a separate tractor - idling; 2) execution of the technological process during operation of the machine-tractor unit in row spacing of row crops - cultivation; 3) rectilinear movement of a machinetractor unit with guns in the transport position - idling. It was found that the total values of torques on tractor wheels under relatively constant driving conditions for all experimental races with an increase in translational speed of movement slightly, by about 5... 18%, increase due to an increase in the frequency of the dynamic impact of the microprofile from the side of the bearing surface on the wheels and fluctuations in the traction load. At the same time, the mean square deviation of the wheel moments does not exceed 18... 25% of their average value, which is constant for a stationary ergodic process. With the considered variants of operation of the machine-tractor unit, the redistribution of torques, both on the axles and on the wheels of each axle, even if we assume that a constant total torque is supplied to the driving wheels, is very complex and dynamic, due to the inaccuracy of landings due to the tolerances of the coupling in the coupling device between the tractor and the cultivator from- due to the inability to comply with the alignment of the covered and encompassing connecting elements of the connecting triangles, this leads to an asymmetry of the normal weight load of the wheels from the mounted guns and the corresponding non-proportional distribution of traction forces on the wheels.

Теоретичне дослідження та розроблення нового показника інтенсивності впливу ходових систем машинно-тракторних агрегатів на ґрунт

Goal. Theoretical research and development of a new indicator for regulating the magnitude of the intensity of the impact of running systems of machine-tractor units on the soil at a level that would make it virtually impossible to deteriorate the soil. Methods. Analysis of the nomenclature of the most common machine-tractor units to establish the relationship of their design parameters with energy/work spent on their movement in the field in the process of growing crops, performed by known measurement methods and statistical processing of results on PC. Theoretical research is based on the principles of the theory of operation of agricultural machinery. Results. It is established that at the width of the unit 4 m the increase in the length of the field run from 600 to 1400 m leads to an increase in the value of the estimated indicator by only 1.3%. If the capture width of machine-tractor units is 24 m, the growth of this figure reaches 5.9%. Similar trends are observed with changes in field width. If the tractor units move twice in the field in the process of growing crops, the actual value of the estimated indicator will not exceed the maximum allowable, when the width of the unit will be at least 5 m. If the technology of growing a particular crop involves three or four passes of machine-tractor units in the field, their working width must be at least 9 m and 14 m, respectively. Conclusions. The conducted theoretical research gave the chance to receive a new indicator of the intensity of influence of running systems of machine-tractor units on soil which regulates their movement on the field without deterioration of a condition of the soil environment. It is established that within one field area for the same width of the machine-tractor unit the value of the intensity of its running system on the soil does not exceed the maximum allowable (0.75 GJ/ha-1) and is almost indifferent to changes in the length of the field and its width. If there is more than one pass of the machine-tractor unit in the field, their constructive width of capture should increase according to the quantitative regularity which specifically follows from expression (10). Based on numerical calculations performed on the PC, clear limits are set for the maximum allowable number of field cultivations during the year and the width of the machine-tractor unit to ensure the existing safety requirements for the intensity of the impact of running systems on the soil. Thus, for double movement of the machine-tractor unit on the field, its minimum width of capture should be not less than 5 m, for three movements — 9 m, and for possible four movements — 14 m.

Theory of Movement of Machine-Tractor Unit with Trailer Haulm Harvester Machine

Harvesting sugar and fodder beet tops is a complex technological process that requires the use of special harvesting machines. Trailed harvesters of different rows, which together with aggregate tractors form symmetric or asymmetric machine-tractor units, the movement of which in the horizontal plane is not always stable, are widely used. The purpose of this study is to determine the parameters of stable plane-parallel motion of asymmetric harvester machine-tractor unit based on numerical computer simulation of the obtained analytical dependencies. According to the results of the analytical study, the values of the amplitude and phase-frequency characteristics of the turning angle tractor’s oscillations were obtained. They reflect the reproduction by the angle rotation fluctuations of the haulm harvester machine in the horizontal plane. Calculations have shown that reducing the value of the input resistance coefficient of pneumatic tires of the driving wheels of the aggregating tractor increases its sensitivity to the action of disturbing influences. The greater the sensitivity, the closer the wheels of the power tool are to the attachment point of the trailed haulm harvester. In qualitative terms, increasing the speed of the machine-tractor unit from 1.5 to 2.5 m∙s−1 leads to an undesirable increase in the amplitude-frequency response and desired increase in the phase-frequency response when reproducing its external disturbing effects in the form of oscillations of the angle of rotation of the harvester.

Influence of Biodiesel on Performance of Machine-Tractor Units

Abstract Currently, liquid biofuels, and especially biodiesel, are increasingly used. In terms of agricultural production, there arises an urgent question whether utilization of biofuels in agricultural tractors is feasible and efficient. Majority of results regarding the biodiesel use comes from bench tests of engines. However, work of any machine-tractor unit under real conditions, except for the steady-state mode of movement, includes acceleration mode after a turn, or after it was forced stop in the field. It has been established that the addition of sunflower methyl ester (SME) into conventional diesel (CD) leads to a decrease in the throttle response of a tractor engine during its field operation. Using 50% CD and 50% SME as fuel mixture, the tillage machine-tractor unit’s acceleration time increased by 16.6%. Operating on SME only, the unit’s acceleration time reached 50%. The acceleration process of a machine-tractor unit using fuel with addition of SME is non-linear. It consists of two parts: more intensive − with SME content in diesel fuel of up to 50%, and less intensive − with an increase in SME proportion over 50%. When using a mixture of CD with SME in a ratio of 50 : 50, the soil cultivation machine-tractor unit performance decreased by 7.2%, and fuel consumption per tilled area increased by 5.3%.

ALGORITHM OF FUNCTIONING OF A MACHINE-TRACTOR UNIT USING A FUEL MIXER SUPPLY SYSTEM

The switching scheme of operation of the machine-tractor unit with the use of the power supply system with the fuel mixer and the electronic control unit on the basis of Arduino Uno is presented. This scheme provides a fully adaptive power supply system for biofuels and their mixtures depending on the load-speed indicators and operating modes. The selection of circuit components is carried out. A linear algorithm for writing a control program for the engine power system has been developed, which ensures its energy efficiency and efficiency of the machine-tractor unit. During the operation of the machine-tractor unit there is a constant change of thermal, loading and speed modes. Internal combustion engines during operation usually operate in unstable modes – start, warm up, acceleration, braking, increase and decrease the load, stop. There is a need to develop a method of controlling the work processes of the diesel engine for its operation on a mixture of BF and PSU with electronic control of the fuel mixture depending on the operating modes. Engines are dynamically asymmetrical objects, ie the processes that take place when increasing and decreasing the load on the crankshaft, when starting and stopping the engine, differ from each other. The development of the algorithm for controlling the working processes of the diesel engine when working on a mixture of BF and PSU with electronic control of the fuel mixture depending on the operating modes of the engine will differ. Technical parameters of the diesel engine and power supply system that must be controlled during operation: torque, crankshaft speed, power, coolant temperature, PSU temperature, percentage of fuel mixture. Fuel consumption refers to economic indicators, to environmental – the composition and amount of harmful emissions. The value of these indicators directly depends on the modes of operation.

Efficiency of local application of mineral fertilizers simultaneously with pre-sowing tillage

The article presents the results of scientific research conducted to assess the effectiveness of applying the methods of local pre-sowing fertilization. The research was carried out in a field stationary experiment in a seed crop rotation system. The research object of the study was wheat of the “Novosibirskaya 31” variety. In 2020 and 2021, in the Sukhobuzimsky district of the Krasnoyarsk region, the experiments were laid on the local application of mineral fertilizers by a machine-tractor unit using new replaceable working bodies developed in previous studies [1,2]. Deep-local applying the mineral fertilizers with the use of new replaceable working bodies for the cultivator for continuous tillage, the yield of grain crops and the productivity of the soil-fertilizing unit increase. There is a statistically significant (p<0.01) positive correlation between the yield in different variants of the experiment in 2020 and 2021 (Pearson’s correlation coefficient is 0.852, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient is 0.905), which indicates a high stability of the distribution of experiments by yield, regardless of weather conditions of the year. When fertilizers are applied before sowing locally to a depth of 8-10 cm, the grain yield increases by 3.2-12.1% compared to the control in 2020 and by 26.2-40.7% in 2021. A comparative analysis of wheat yield in experimental variants relative to the background (N40) showed that when applied locally in spring, simultaneously with cultivation, the yield increased by 10.6% in 2020 and 20.9% in 2021 against 2.5 and 7.5%, respectively, scattered under cultivation. The mathematical analysis of the obtained experimental data showed that the depth of application is statistically significant (p<0.001) affects the yield and the optimum depth of planting is 8-10 cm.

Improving the reliability of machine and tractor units in technological processes

The paper describes a method for improving the reliability of a machine-tractor unit in technological processes. Two approaches aimed at improving the reliability of the least reliable elements are analyzed. To improve the reliability of power units, it is proposed to spray SiO2-based thin-film coatings on the working surfaces of plunger pairs. The calculations show that an increase in the service life of the plunger pairs is 2 ... 2.5 times higher than that of the serial ones. To improve the reliability of working machines, an example of the improved reliability of cultivator paws due to the modernization of their design is provided. Results of the comparative tests showed that the solutions make it possible to reduce the traction resistance when performing field works. In addition, it is possible to replace a nose of the cultivator paw.

STUDYING OF THE USE OF A WHEELED TRACTOR AND THE UPGRADED DISC HARROW

Timely preparation of the soil for the future harvest is one of the main tasks facing agricultural producers in the Amur region. There are a number of reasons related to the features of the natural production conditions of the region: late harvesting of branded legumes (soybeans) and abundant precipitation during the spring and autumn field and harvesting operations. (Research purpose) The research purpose is increasing the efficiency of using machine-tractor units during harrowing by improving the design and technological parameters of disc harrows. (Materials and methods) The article presents the device that allows adjusting the coupling weight in the scheme of a machine-tractor unit, for which RF patent No. 196181 was applied. The article also presents photos of the general types of connection of the device with the disk harrow frame, the processing depth was measured. (Results and discussion) All fields suitable for agricultural activity in the region have been developed and used by large agricultural producers, the remaining land reserves consist of slope and small-contour fields, small in size, operated by peasant farms. In small farms, the machine-tractor fleet consists of several units of tractors and a small set of agricultural machines for completing machine-tractor units. (Conclusions) The issue of increasing the efficiency of using machine-tractor units for peasant farms in the Amur region is relevant and requires a modern solution. The article presents the results of research on improving the efficiency of using a tractor unit consisting of a class 1.4 tractor and a BDT-3 disc harrow by increasing traction properties and improving the quality of soil preparation.

Problems of power division between the devices of agricultural machine-tractor units

Purpose. Determination of the rational use of various types of transmissions in the creation of multi-moving agricultural machine-tractor units. Methods. Analysis of technical characteristics of sources of mechanical energy, synthesis of power distribution system using motor-wheels. Results. Based on the analysis of literary sources, proposals were received for the choice of transmissions for multi-moving agricultural machine-tractor units. A kinematic synthesis of an electromechanical transmission for individual propellers for various purposes is proposed. Conclusions 1. The maximum transport speed of modern agricultural tractors is in the range of 40 ÷ 50 km/h, and the minimum technological speed at the maximum power of the traction vehicle (TV) can be within 4 ÷ 5 km/h when working with a soil loosener. 2. Modern agricultural TV should have a ratio of maximum speed to minimum speed up to 10. 3. The nominal range of rotation frequencies of traction electric motors available on the market is not able to overlap the ratio more than 2 ÷ 2.5. 4. The kinematic combination of the rotation frequencies of two electric motors allows you to cover the range of operating speeds of the MTA without mechanical switching of the transmission elements. 5. The proposed autonomous motor-transmission unit allows to compose MTA with the distribution of electrical power between additional engines of technological modules of MTA. Keywords: machine-tractor unit, transmission, traction concept, mover, electric wheel motor.