Maceration Method Research Articles

Evaluation of the antimicrobial and larvicidal activities of n-hexane root extract of Ixoria coccinea L. (Rubiaceae)

The antimicrobial as well as the larvicidal activities of n-hexane root extract of Ixoria coccinea against Aedes aegypti was evaluated in this work. The extraction was done using maceration method. Agar well diffusion method was used to assess the antimicrobial activity of the extract against different clinical isolates of gram positive and gram-negative bacteria. The larvicidal activity was evaluated according to World Health Organization (WHO) guideline for larvicidal assay as follow: a stock solution of 10mg/ml was prepared for each extract from which five different concentrations (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5mg/ml in 100ml) were made and used for the test. A control was also prepared for each extract. A total of 20 larvae were used for each of the concentration and mortality was recorded at 24, 48 and 72 hours. The result of the antimicrobial assay showed that at 100mg/ml concentration, the extract gave an inhibition zone diameter of 17±1.41mm for Staphylococcus aureus, 8±0.82mm for Bacillus spp, 2±0.00mm for Stapylococcus epidermidis, 4±0.58mm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 6±1.29mm for Escherichia coli. The extract was most active against Staphylococcus aureus with an MIC of 50mg/ml. The extract is not active against all the fungi species used in the test. Examination of the result for larvicidal assay against Aedes aegypti larvae showed that the LC50 after 24, 48 and 72 hours are 1.782, 1.376 and 0.686mg/ml respectively. At concentration of 3mg/ml there was 100% mortality after 72 hours. The results showed that the n-hexane root could serve as a source of both antibiotic and mosquito larvicides

Enhanced Extraction of Polyphenols, Physicochemical Properties, and Microbial Control in Vitis vinifera L. Juice Using Ultrasound-Assisted Maceration

Polyphenols are essential bioactive compounds that contribute to the nutritional and sensory properties of grape juice and wine. This study investigates the impact of ultrasound-assisted maceration (UAM) compared to traditional maceration (TM) techniques, under both warm and cold conditions, on the polyphenol content, physicochemical properties, and microbial counts of juice from Vitis vinifera L. Ultrasound-assisted maceration significantly enhanced the extraction of polyphenols, including anthocyanins, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, and stilbenes, within a shorter processing time. The total polyphenol content increased up to 689.3 mg/L under UAM, while TM required extended maceration periods to achieve comparable results. In addition to polyphenol enrichment, UAM resulted in improved physicochemical properties, including higher extract content (% Brix) and increased turbidity (NTU), with minimal impact on pH and acidity levels. Microbial counts in juice remained low under UAM, indicating that this method may also have antimicrobial benefits due to the cavitation effects of ultrasound. Conversely, TM under warm conditions led to a reduction in extract content and nitrogen availability due to fermentation processes initiated during prolonged maceration. The findings highlight that UAM is a highly efficient technique for enhancing the polyphenol profile of grape juice while preserving key physicochemical parameters and microbial decontamination. This study provides valuable insights for the beverage industry, suggesting that UAM can be a sustainable and time-efficient alternative to traditional maceration methods for producing high-quality grape-based beverages.

Comparison of Antioxidant Activity of Stem Bark, Stem Wood, and Leaf Extracts of Bayur Plant (Pterospermum Subpeltatum C.B.Rob)

Antioxidants play a role in preventing and repairing damage to human cells. Searches for antioxidant sources continue to be carried out including in P. subpeltatum plants. This study aims to compare the antioxidant activity of the bark, wood, and leaves of P. subpeltatum C.B. Rob plants. The materials were dried and then shaved to a fineness level of 80 mesh. Materials were extracted using the maceration method with ethanol solvent. The macerate was filtered and the filtrate obtained was concentrated with an evaporator. The three extracts were tested for antioxidants using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) Free radical scavengers method, ascorbic acid was used as a comparison. Absorbances was measured using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Each material was made in 5 concentrations. The IC50 value was calculated using the Blois regression equation. The results of the antioxidant test were obtained consecutively: stem wood with an IC50 value = 3.39 μg/mL, stem bark = 5.15 μg/mL, and leaf = 258.58 μg/mL, the IC50 value of ascorbic acid was 2.79 μg/mL. Based on these data, it shows that the antioxidant activity of stem wood and stem bark is in the high category, although still lower than ascorbic acid, while the leaf are included in the weak category.

EFFECT OF EXTRACTION METHOD ON DETERMINING TOTAL PHENOL CONTENT OF ROSEMARY EXTRACT

Rosemary is a unique herb that is commercially available for use as an antioxidant. On the other hand, it can also be used as a food preservative, as it prevents oxidation and microbial contamination. Therefore, rosemary can be useful for replacing or even reducing synthetic antioxidants in food. Antioxidants are compounds that can inhibit oxidation reactions, by binding free radicals and molecules very effectively. As a result, cell damage will be inhibited. Known sources of antioxidants can be synthetic antioxidants and natural antioxidants originating from compounds contained in plants, one of which is phenolic compounds. To obtain phenolic compounds, extraction is carried out using maceration and digestion methods. The solvent choice here uses 80% ethanol solvent. The results obtained in this study were that 80% ethanol extract of rosemary was extracted using the maceration method, with a total phenol content of 11.84 mg GAE/g extract, while using digestion the total phenol content was 9.61 mg GAE/g extract. It can be concluded that the extraction method can influence the results of total phenol content with a significant difference with a p value <0.05

FORMULASI DAN EVALUASI FISIK SABUN CAIR EKSTRAK DAUN SAGA (ABRUS PRECATORIUS L.) DENGAN VARIASI KOH

Soap is often combined with sodium and potassium salt formulations of fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats. This study discusses the needs of the skin such as the manufacture of liquid soap with natural ingredients saga leaves. The research method used is by maceration method with 70% ethanol solvent soaked for 3 days at room temperature stirred every 8 hours. The purpose of the research that has been done is the formulation and evaluation of liquid soap preparation from saga leaf extract (Abrus Precatorius L.). Quality testing includes organoleptic test, pH test, viscosity test and foam height Test. Organoleptic test results showed that liquid soap is yellow, rancid odor, fine texture, pH test obtained all the results exceed the requirements of SNI 8-11, viscosity test all the results obtained are too low than the requirements of SNI is 400-4000cps and high foam test results obtained also do not meet the requirements of SNI is about 13-220 mm

White Turmeric Acetone Extract (Curcuma zedoaria) Effectivity on 4T1 Breast Cancer Cell Line Proliferation

The development of breast cancer therapy has now reached the utilization of complementary alternative medicine (CAM) as an adjuvant to breast cancer therapy. One of the natural ingredients that has the potential for further research is white turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria). The purpose of the research is to determine the effects of white turmeric extract on breast cancer cell line 4T1. The research involved extraction by maceration and evaporation methods. White turmeric extract with acetone solvent was tested at 15.625, 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, 500, and 1000 μg/ml compared to the control to see the most potent concentration in providing therapeutic effects. The results of the test analysis of water content and ash content of acetone extract of white turmeric meet the standards as standardized herbal ingredients with a percentage of 15.935% and 5.523%. Higher concentrations specifically showed a better breast cancer proliferation inhibition effect (mean cell absorbance proportion of 0.096 ± 0.0008). White turmeric extract has the potential to be developed as an alternative therapy for 4T1 breast cancer. Higher concentrations showed a better breast cancer proliferation inhibition effect. White turmeric extract has the potential to be developed as an alternative therapy for 4T1 breast cancer. Keywords: acetone extract, breast cancer, cell proliferation, white turmeric

Phytochemical Test and Antioxidant Activity Of Various Organs Of The Golden Banana (Musa acuminata Colla)

The golden banana (Musa acuminata Colla) is a typical banana plant in Rokan Hilir. Some parts of the golden banana plant are generally used, however, various other banana organs such as fruit skin, stem midrib, bractea, and golden banana flowers in Rokan Hilir have not been used in medicine. This study aims to determine the content of secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity in various organs of the golden banana. Simplicia powder from the golden banana organ was extracted by maceration method using 96% ethanol. The extract was then tested for antioxidant activity with a spectrophotometer using the DPPH method at a wavelength of 520 nm. The results showed that the four organs had very weak antioxidant activity. The highest antioxidant activity was in bractea with an IC50 value of 225.98 ppm and the lowest in flowers with an IC50 value of more than 1000 ppm. The results of the phytochemical screening showed that the four organs of the golden banana from Rokan downstream contained flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and saponins but did not contain alkaloids

GC-MS ANALYSIS OF ETHYL ACETATE FRACTIONS OF QUST AL HINDI (Saussurea lappa) ROOT

Background: Qutsh al Hindi (Saussurea lappa), commonly known as Indian wood, is a traditional medicine that had been used empirically as anti-inflammatory and pneumonia. Its potential as anti-inflammatory activity is proven by many researches in vitro and in vivo. Aim and objective: This study aims to identifying active compounds from the ethyl acetate fraction of Qutsh al Hindi (S. lappa) using GC-MS. Method: The extract was obtained by powder of S. lappa roots using maceration method and evaporated to obtained thick extract. Then, the isolate of extract would be fractionated using n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The compounds that carried out by fractionation would be identified using GC-MS. Result: Based on this research, the analysis of S. lappa ethyl acetate fraction showed 119 compounds using GC-MS. Other supporting factors using Mass Chromatography. The result was one of target compound identified, i.e. β-cyclocostunolide, a derivate compound from costunolide that has an anti-inflammatory activity. Conclusion: It can be concluded that a fraction of S. lappa roots ethyl acetate contain β-cyclocostunolide as anti-inflammatory compounds. Peer Review History: Received 11 September 2024; Reviewed 12 November; Accepted 25 December; Available online 15 January 2025 Academic Editor: Dr. Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia, ahmad.najib@umi.ac.id Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10

Chlorophyll and Magnesium Content of Papaya Leaves Extract (<em>Carica Papaya</em> L.) at Various Extraction Times

Purpose: This research is to determine the suitable extraction time required to obtain extracts with the highest contents of chlorophyll and magnesium.Research Method: Papaya leaves extracted by maceration method with acetone as a solvent, 4 groups with 6 levels of extraction time treatment. Chlorophyll contents were analyzed using the Arnon equation, magnesium contents were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), and the energy gap was analyzed for the highest chlorophyll contents by touch plot method.Findings: 48 hours extraction treatment showed the highest chlorophyll and magnesium content, resulting in an average content of 13.272 mg/L for total chlorophyll, 11.380 mg/L for chlorophyll a, 1.881 mg/L for chlorophyll b and 934.771 mg/kg of magnesium content. The direct energy gap and indirect energy gap of the highest extract are respectively obtained at 2.428 eV and 2.442 eV.Originality/Value: Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that papaya leaf extraction for 48 hours produced the highest chlorophyll and magnesium contents, which can be used as a natural dye sensitizer for renewable energy Dye-Sensitized Solar cells

Investigation of the Anticarcinogenic Effects of Hypericum perforatum Extract on Human Thyroid Cancer.

Plants and their bioactive compounds play a crucial role in the pharmaceutical industry for treating cancer. To date, the cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects of Hypericum perforatum methanol extract on human thyroid cancer cell lines have not been thoroughly explored. The present study aimed to assess the potential anti-cancer effects of HPME on human thyroid cancer and investigate its potential therapeutic benefits. HPME was prepared using the maceration method, and its antioxidant activity was examined. Cytotoxicity studies were then carried out, followed by an investigation of the possible effects of HPME on metastasis and colony-forming capacities of human thyroid cancer cells. Afterward, qRT-PCR, western blotting, and apoptosis assays were performed. Cytotoxicity studies revealed notable cytotoxicity of HPME against the TT cell line. Moreover, HPME significantly curtailed metastasis and invasion of TT cells in an in vitro wound healing assay. Analyses of gene expressions demonstrated an elevation in caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax, coupled with a reduction in BcL-2, APOE, and CLU expression. Following HPME treatment, there was an increase in the protein expression levels of Bax and Caspase-12, while a decrease in the BcL-2, APOE, and CLU protein expression. Furthermore, apoptotic studies indicated an increase in early apoptosis. Overall results revealed that HPME demonstrates a notable antioxidant capacity in human thyroid cancer. It exerts an influence on crucial biological processes associated with cancer, indicating its potential to hinder the proliferation of human thyroid cancer cells by enhancing apoptosis through the upregulation of gene and protein expression, particularly involving caspases.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY TEST AND INFRARED PROFILE OF HEXANE, EHYL ACETATE, AND ETHANOL EXTRACT OF BREADFRUIT LEAVES (Artocarpus altilis)

The emergence of various degenerative diseases caused by highly active and dangerous chemical compounds known as free radicals requires the use of antioxidants to inhibit oxidation reactions and prevent cell damage by binding free radicals and highly reactive molecules. Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) leaves are rich in phytochemical secondary metabolites. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity and correlate the functional group obtained by infrared profile in the hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts of breadfruit leaves with variations in solvent polarity. This study was conducted using an experimental method using breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) leaves as test materials. The extract was obtained by the maceration method with variations of solvent polarity, namely hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. The examination of antioxidant activity by Diphenyl Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method to determine the Inhibitory Concentration 50% (IC50) values and determination of functional groups using the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) method. The antioxidant activity is indicated by Inhibitory Concentration of 50% (IC50) of hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts of breadfruit leaves, respectively 139.24 µg/mL (moderate), 47.26 µg/mL (very strong), and 129.31 µg/mL (moderate). The functional group obtained for hexane extract were C–H, C=O, C=C, C– O; for ethyl acetate extract were O–H, C–H, C=O, C=C, C–O; and for ethanol extract were O–H, C–H, C=O, C=C, C–O.

Study on Antibacterial Activities of Croton macrostachyus and Pycnostachys abyssinica Leaf Extracts Against Some Human Pathogens.

The present study was aimed to verify the medicinal value of Croton macrostachyus and Pycnostachys abyssinica traditionally used to treat human and animal ailments in Ethiopia. Fresh leaves of these species were collected, dried under shade, and ground into fine powder. The extraction was carried out by the maceration method using methanol as a solvent. The compounds in the crude extract were further profiled by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The antibacterial activity of the compounds was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method. C. macrostachyus had a higher percentage extract yield (22.5%) than P. abyssinica (13.7%). The phytochemical screening showed more abundant phenolic compounds and tannins in the extract of C. macrostachyus and alkaloid, flavonoid, phenolic compounds, and tannins in the extract of P. abyssinica. Overall, C. macrostachyus produced twofold higher growth inhibition zone (24.0 ± 0.5-43.0 ± 1.0 mm) against the tested pathogens than P. abyssinica (7.0 ± 0.5-24.0 ± 0.3 mm). Among the bacteria, Klebsiella pneumoniae was found to be the most sensitive to compounds of C. macrostachyus. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (25 mg/mL) were obtained from compounds 1 and 3 of C. macrostachyus leaf extract against Escherichia coli and K. pneumoniae and compounds 2 and 3 of the same against S. aureus. Similarly, compound 1 of P. abyssinica leaf extract produced the lowest MIC (25 mg/mL) against K. pneumoniae and Staphylococcus epidermidis and compound 3 of the same species against E. coli and K. pneumoniae. All the profiled compounds of the two species had both bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties against the tested pathogens. The results of the present study revealed that the compounds of C. macrostachyus had strong antibacterial activity against all the tested pathogens, indicating the high potential of the compounds. However, further characterization and identification of the specific compounds for the development of biocide formulations are suggested.

Maceration and fractionation technologies in a demonstration-scale green biorefinery: Proteins, sugars, and lipids extraction and energy efficiency

Different configurations of maceration and wet fractionation of green biomasses were assessed at a demonstration scale intending to extend the extraction of leaf protein concentrate. Two maceration methods, one-stage and a multistage maceration, were investigated on six distinct green forage types. The study aimed to enhance the extraction of leaf protein concentrate for use as a soybean replacement in monogastric feed, while also extracting simple sugars and lipids for potential further value creation. The use of multistage maceration scenarios promoted a more robust mechanical disintegration of the plant biomass, leading to higher extraction of the soluble compounds. The highest crude protein extraction efficiencies were seen in red clover (29 %) and festulolium (28 %). While grass fiber had higher lignocellulosic content than legume fiber, additional maceration and fractionation did not further break down cellulose, which remained predominantly in the fiber fraction across all biomasses. The higher energy requirements associated with more advanced processes are offset by the significant increase in protein yields.

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Suaeda maritima from Karangantu Waters, Serang-Indonesia

Suaeda maritima or locally called Alur in Indonesia is a water-based plant that has high nutritional content and commonly consumed as fresh vegetables or urap. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the content of phytochemicals, antioxidants and antibacterial activities in Suaeda maritima extracts. Fresh Suaeda maritima was analyzed for its proximate content then it was dried by hot air dryer at 40°C until the moisture content reached ≤10%. The dried Suaeda maritima was extracted by maceration and ultrasonication method using three different solvents, namely methanol, ethanol, acetone. The extracts then were analyzed for the phytochemical compounds, total phenolics content, antioxidant activity (FRAP methods), and antibacterial activity. The results showed that fresh Suaeda maritima comprised of moisture 86.74±0.58%; ash 2.76±0.17%; protein 1.08±0.33%, lipid 0.47±0.11%; and carbohydrate 8.94±0.82%. It was also revealed that overall extracts, both in maceration and ultrasonication methods, comprised of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, steroids, tannins, and saponins. The ethanol extract by the maceration methods had the highest total phenolic contents among the other extracts, which was 6.20±0.27 mg GAE g-1 (P0.05). The highest antioxidant activity was 85.04±4.01 mM FeSO4/g also found in ethanol extract by maceration method. It was proven that there was high relationship between the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, which the R2 was 0.9242. However, the antibacterial activity for inhibiting Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on Suaeda maritima was categorized as weak due to its clear zone was 5 mm. In conclusion, Suaeda maritima extract would be potential as natural source of antioxidant.

Formulasi dan Karakterisasi Nanopartikel Ekstrak Biji Carica (Carica pubescens) dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Kitosan menggunakan Metode Gelasi Ionik

Carica seeds (Carica pubescens) contain alkaloid, saponin, and flavonoid compounds, which have pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antihyperlipidemic properties, but their bioavailability is low. Nanotechnology has significantly advanced in drug delivery systems because it can enhance absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, allowing entry into the bloodstream. This study aims to create and evaluate the characteristics of carica seed extract nanoparticles with varying concentrations of chitosan. The carica seed extract was obtained using the maceration method with 70% ethanol as the solvent. The Carica seed extract was then formulated into nanoparticles using the ionic gelation method with varying concentrations of chitosan: NaTPP, specifically formulas FA (0.3:1), FB (0.2:1), and FC (0.1:1). The resulting nanoparticle colloids were characterized for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), percent transmittance (%T), and specific functional groups. The results showed that the particle sizes for formulas FA, FB, and FC were 243.7 nm, 47.96 nm, and 116.6 nm, respectively. The PDI values for formulas FA, FB, and FC were 0.378, 0.357, and 0.52, respectively. The percent transmittance for all three formulas ranged from 99.5% to 99.6%. The characterization of functional groups indicated interactions between the carica seed extract, chitosan, and NaTPP, with the presence of OH, N-H, aliphatic CH, P=O, and PO3 groups. These interactions were observed based on the shift in wavenumbers in the FTIR results for each sample. All carica seed nanoparticle formulas showed particle sizes within the nanometer range (<1000 nm), polydispersity indices less than 1, percent transmittance close to 100%, and specific functional groups indicating interactions between the extract and the coating polymer. Formula FB was the optimal formula, with the smallest nanoparticle size (<100 nm), a PDI value of <0.5, and a percent transmittance of >99%.

Phytochemical Screening and Anti-hyperglycemic Effect Test of Ethanol Extract of Waru Leaf (Hibiscus tiliaceus) on Glucose-loaded Mice

Background: The treatment of diabetes mellitus relies on synthetic drugs with various side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to explore alternative treatments with herbal therapies, such as Hibiscus tiliaceus leaves. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the anti-hyperglycemic effect of an ethanol extract from Hibiscus tiliaceus leaves in glucose-loaded mice. Methods: The initial stage of dried leaf characterization was to ensure the identity, quality, purity, and safety to be used, and then extracted using the maceration method with 70% ethanol solvent. The next step was phytochemical screening to identify secondary metabolite content. The anti-hyperglycemic effect was evaluated using the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) on 25 male mice divided into five treatment groups. The negative control group was given Na CMC 0.5% w/v Na CMC, and the positive control group was administered glibenclamide. The ethanol extract of Hibiscus tiliaceus leaves was administered at doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg. Approximately 200 µL of blood was collected and analyzed for glucose levels. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with SPSS ver. 25 program. Results: Hibiscus tiliaceus leaves contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The highest decrease in blood glucose levels was observed in the ethanol extract group at a dose of 400 mg/kg BW, with a decrease of 78.52%, followed by a dose of 200 mg/kg BW of 76.63%, a dose group of 800 mg/kg BW of 73.48%, and a positive control group (glibenclamide) of 34.68%, which was significantly different from the negative control group (Na CMC 0.5%) (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The ethanol extract of H. tiliaceus has anti-hyperglycemic effects.

FORMULASI DAN EVALUASI FISIK SEDIAAN MASKER CLAY KOMBINASI EKTRAK ETANOL DAUN BAWANG DAYAK DAN KULIT JERUK SIAM

Clay masks are a popular cosmetic due to their ability to rejuvenate the skin and detoxify the face. Clay masks can be made by adding dayak onion leaves and Siamese banjar orange peel, known to be rich in natural antioxidants containing various complex secondary metabolites. The aim of this research is to formulate and evaluate a clay mask preparation made from a combination of ethanol extracts of dayak onion leaves and Siamese banjar orange peel. The samples were extracted using the maceration method with 70% ethanol as a solvent. The ethanol extracts were then formulated into clay masks using kaolin as the base material, with ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 1:2. The organoleptic evaluation showed no changes in color, odor, or texture of the masks during storage. All formulations were homogeneous with an average pH ranging from 5.19 to 5.97. The viscosity test results ranged from 29.14 to 37.05 Pa’s, the average spreadability was 27.12-38.90 mm, and the drying time ranged from 15.21 to 17.58 minutes. It can be concluded that the ethanol extract combination of dayak onion leaves and Siamese banjar orange peel can be formulated into a stable clay mask and all formulations meet the required physical evaluation.

Anti-dermatophytic activities and time-kill kinetics of the methanol extracts of Napoleona imperialis

Background: Dermatophytosis is one of the most common cutaneous infections in the world. This is a superficial fungal infection that pose public health challenges to man and animals. The objective of this study is to evaluate the anti-dermatophytic activities of the different parts of Napoleona imperialis extract against selected clinical dermatophytes isolated from school children in Anambra State, Nigeria.Methodology: The pulverized materials of the authenticated plant parts were extracted using cold maceration method for 48 hours in methanol. Stock solutions of the extracts were prepared by dissolving 1000mg of the extract in 2ml of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) to obtain a final concentration of 500mg/ml, that was used to primarily screen the plant extracts for their anti-dermatophytic activities on the selected dermatophytes by the agar well diffusion method. For determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), stock solution of the plant extracts was prepared by dissolving 10000mg of the extract in 2 ml of DMSO to attain a final concentration of 5,000 mg/ml, which was used to prepare different concentrations of the extract by 2-fold serial dilution. The extracts were then tested on selected dermatophytes consisting of two isolates of Trichophyton mentagrophytes, one isolate of Microsporum audouinii, one isolate of Microsporum canis, and two isolates of Microsporum ferrugineum. The time kill kinetics was also performed using standard method.Results: The mean (±SD) inhibition zone diameter produced by the stem bark extract against the different dermatophytes at concentration of 500mg/ml was significantly higher than all other plant extracts used (p<0.05) with M. ferrugineum as the most susceptible. The MICs and MFCs were the same for the leaf, root, stem bark and seed extracts of the plant, which ranged from 31.25-250 mg/ml for M. audouinii; 62.5-250 mg/ml for M. canis, and 0.978-62.5 mg/ml for M. ferrugineum 2. Similarly, the MICs and MFCs were the same for the root extract of the plant against T. mentagrophyte 2 (62.5 mg/ml), stem bark extract against T. mentagrophyte 1 (3.912 mg/ml) and against T. mentagrophyte 2 (1.956 mg/ml). The seed extract against T. mentagrophyte 1 and against M. ferrugineum 1 also had the same MIC and MFC (15.625 mg/ml). In the time -kill assay, there was drastic reduction in the number of viable cells count within 0-1 hour, and at 8-hour time period, there were no viable cells.Conclusion: Crude methanol extracts of N. imperialis stem bark exhibited higher fungicidal effect when compared to the other plant parts. This extract can be a complementary source of novel antifungal agents. The study provides evidence for the use of this plant in traditional settings for the treatment of dermatophytosis.

Formulation of Face Serum Combining Pedada Leaf Extract (Sonneratia caseolaris L.) and Kencur Rhizome Extract (Kaempferia galanga L.) As an Antioxidant Cosmetic Preparation

Plants containing natural bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity have the potential to be utilized and formulated into cosmetic products. Pedada (Sonneratia caseolaris L.) leaves, a type of mangrove plant and aromatic ginger (Kaempferia galanga L.) rhizomes are two plants known for their high antioxidant activity. This study aimed to formulate facial serum using a combination of pedada leaves and aromatic ginger rhizome extracts and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the formulations. The extraction of pedada leaves and aromatic ginger rhizomes was performed using the maceration method with 96% ethanol. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH method. The facial serum was formulated with combinations of pedada leaves and aromatic ginger rhizomes in ratios of 1:1 (F1), 2:1 (F2), and 3:1 (F3). The serum formulations were evaluated for organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, stability, and irritation potential. The results indicated that the IC50 values of pedada leaves and aromatic ginger rhizome extracts were 10.78 ppm and 634.41 ppm, respectively. The best combination was a 3:1 ratio, which yielded an IC50 value of 15.74 ppm. The most effective serum formulation was F2, with an IC50 value of 394.98 ppm. The pH values of serums F0, F2, and F3 were 6.23, 5.72, and 5.43, respectively, and the stability test at 5°C, 28°C, and 40°C for three months showed pH values ranging from 4.5 to 6.5. The viscosity values of serums F0, F2, and F3 were 655, 1810, and 2776 cps, respectively. Acute dermal irritation tests on rabbits indicated that serum formulations F2 and F3 showed no adverse responses

Optimization of Andrografolid Extraction from the Herb Sambiloto (Andrographis Paniculata (Burm.F.) Nees) Using a Combined Maceration and Refluction Method

Optimization of Andrografolid Extraction from the Herb Sambiloto (Andrographis Paniculata (Burm.F.) Nees) Using a Combined Maceration and Refluction Method