MacConkey Research Articles

Multi-drug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in Marketed Raw Meat in Kathmandu Valley

Antimicrobial resistance is a critical worldwide issue that affects both humans and animals. Antimicrobial resistance in microorganisms has been associated to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in livestock and poultry. Bacterial antimicrobial resistance is witnessing a rapid rise in both human and animal health sector. Still antimicrobial resistance patterns in Nepal are poorly documented, with only a few studies on bacterial prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern have been done. This study characterized and provided antimicrobial resistance status of bacteria from raw meat sold in Kathmandu valley. This study was conducted with an objective to find the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli from raw meat sold in Kathmandu valley. The cross-sectional study was conducted from February to April 2022 at Nepalese Farming Institute, Dillibazar, Kathmandu. A total of 100 raw meat samples, chicken (n= 60), pork (n=20) and buff (n=20) were collected from different retail shops. The meat samples were minced and enriched in M-Staph broth and MacConkey broth at 37°C for 24 h. The suspension was sub-cultured on Mannitol salt agar and MacConkey agar. The bacterial isolates were identified on the basis of colony morphology, Gram’s staining reaction and biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates were determined by modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method according to Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Out of 100 meat samples, 162 bacterial isolates were detected, where E. coli 51.85% (n=84) was the most prevalent bacteria followed by S. aureus 48.15% (n=78). Majority of E. coli isolates (63.09%) were resistant to tetracycline and most of S. aureus isolates (37.1%) were resistant to gentamicin. Multi-drug resistance was higher in E. coli (51.1%) than S. aureus (23.07%). Therefore controlled use of antibiotics in all sectors should be implemented and proper policy and regulations should be formulated on meat handling.

Antimicrobial resistance including extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) and carbapenemase in feacal <em>E. coli</em> isolates from bats

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the major causes of rising human mortality in hospitals. Although mitigation of AMR is challenging, one health approach has shown success. Bats, a key component in the ecosystem, contribute to about 20% of the world’s entire mammalian population with > 1200 species. Bats found both in rural and urban environments coexisting with the human population play a significant role in agriculture. Although AMR with significant importance has been reported in bats in some countries, a dearth of literature including dissemination of phenotypic antimicrobial resistance in bats Sri Lanka. Therefore, this study was undertaken to analyse the phenotypic antimicrobial resistance of E. coli isolated from bats in the Kandy suburbs in Sri Lanka in June – December 2022 when the worst economic crisis prevailed in the country. The fresh faecal samples were collected from three identified sites in Kandy suburbs. Faecal samples were cultured in MacConkey agar, sub-cultured in blood agar and the identification of E. coli was carried out by conventional methods. A total of 251 E. coli isolates were screened for antimicrobial susceptibility testing by the disk diffusion test. Cefotaxime and meropenem disks were used to determine ESBL and carbapenem resistance respectively. Resistance to carbapenem was observed in E. coli at 8.9%, 7.5% and 7.3% and to extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) at 26.9%, 38.9% and 39.8% in the three sites where samples were collected. Over 50% of frequency was observed for trimethoprim, ampicillin and sulfa trimethoprim combination. The CTX-M was found and NDM-1 was not found by PCR similar to the finding reported previously. Surveillance of AMR in multiple sectors for baseline information on each species in the ecosystem is vital for the interpretation of resistant frequencies. However, the role of bats in the dissemination of AMR determinants needs to be further investigated.

Characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenemase genes in bacteria from environment in Burkina Faso.

This study aimed to characterize extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase genes in bacteria from the environment in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. This study was conducted from January 18 to December 31, 2019. Environmental samples were collected from the effluents of Souro Sanou University Hospital Center and the wastewater treatment plant at Bobo-Dioulasso. MacConkey agar media supplemented with 4 µg/mL cefotaxime was used for bacterial growth, and identification of bacteria was performed using API 20E system (BioMerieux SA, Lyon, France). Antibiotic susceptibility testing, synergy test, carbapenem inactivation method and molecular characterization were performed. A total of 180 bacterial isolates were identified from the different sites with a predominance of Klebsiella oxytoca and Klebsiella pneumoniae (27.5%). All 180 bacterial isolates were ESBL producers and 18 (10.0%) of them produced carbapenemases. Out of the 180 bacterial isolates, DNAs of 98.9% (178/180) bacterial isolates were extracted and tested through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for characterization of resistant genes. The study showed that 89.8% (160/178) carried the bla-CTX-M genes including 54.4 (87/160) from hospital effluents and 45.6 (73/160) from the wastewater treatment plant. Regarding the carriage of carbapenemase genes, 7.9 (14/178) blaNDM-1 was found in all the sites including 71.4% (10/14) from hospital effluents and 28.6 (4/14) from the wastewater treatment plant. blaOXA-48-like was only found in bacteria from hospital effluents and represented 2.2% (4/178). This study highlights the need to build hospital effluent treatment plants to reduce the load of resistant bacteria before discharging the effluents into the urban wastewater system.

Identification of Multiple Drug-Resistance Genes in Clinical Isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii

Around the world, Acinetobacter baumannii is a nosocomial pathogen that accounts for 80% of hospitalized patient infections. This opportunistic bacterium can cause a wide range of infections, including skin and soft tissue infections, meningitis, pneumonia acquired on a ventilator, urinary tract infections, and bacteremia, all of which have a high death rate of almost 63.3%. Finding multidrug-resistant genes in the clinical isolates of A. baumannii was the goal of this study. Twenty-four (24) A. baumannii clinical isolates were obtained from the Federal Teaching Hospital in Gombe, Nigeria, and subcultured on MacConkey agar for eighteen to twenty-four hours at 37 ˚C. The isolates were identified using traditional biochemical testing, morphology, and cultural traits. The VITEK was then used to validate the identification. Twenty of the 24 isolates had been identified as A. baumannii. The Kirby Bauer method and CLSI recommendations were utilized to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of the A. baumannii isolates. Polymerase Chain Reaction was used to identify the genes that were resistant to many drugs. According to the data, fifteen (15) A. baummanii isolates, or 75% of the total, were likely multidrug resistant. The presence of the BlaNDM-1 gene in eight isolates, the BlaOXA23 gene in six isolates, and the BlaVIM gene in just four isolates was confirmed by molecular detection of the MDR genes from these isolates. These results show that a significant portion of the isolates of A. baumannii carried genes resistant to many drugs, which could be the root cause of any infection treatment failure caused by this organism.

Investigation of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns and blaVIM -metallo-β-lactamase Gene in Clinical Samples of Klebsiella pneumoniae

Multidrug resistance is a widespread issue that plays an important role in disease outcome. This study was designed to isolate Klebsiella pneumonia in different clinical specimens and detected their Antibiotic resistance profile. A total of 319 samples were collected from various clinical specimens for both genders and different ages. The samples were streaked on the blood and MacConkey agars. The bacterial growth identified using biochemical tests and Vitek®2 systems to confirm it. Also, the Vitek®2 system was used to detect the antibiotic sensitivity. Out of 319 clinical samples, K. pneumonia was identified in 67 (21%) cases. The highest isolation rate was in urine 25(37.3%), followed by sputum 13(19.4%), and the least isolation was in CSF with one isolate (1.5%). The results revealed that K. pneumonia isolates were multi-drug resistant pathogens (MDR) with high resistance to Ampicillin (97%) and 85% for piperacillin. The PCR results revealed blaVIM- genes frequency was 20 (30%). K. pneumonia is one of the bacteria that cause urinary tract infections, and it is a widespread multidrug-resistant pathogen, and blaVIM- producing K. pneumoniae are found in clinical samples at Thi-Qar hospitals. Therefore, monitoring the administration of antibiotics and their rational use is necessary to reduce antimicrobial resistance and treatment failure.

Evaluation of the bacteriological quality of underground well water in Oyi local government area of Anambra State, Nigeria

Background: Water is indispensable for man’s existence on earth. In urban and predominantly rural communities in Nigeria, with over 85% of the population living below an average income, traditional drinking water sources such as open reservoirs, springs and open wells are still being used. The study assessed the bacteriological qualities of underground well water in Oyi L.G.A of Anambra State. Methods: Water samples collected by random sampling from various wells in the selected thirteen (13) wards of the study area were subjected to bacteriological analysis using standard methods. The bacteriological analysis examined differential and presumptive coliform counts. Confirmatory coliform tests were carried out using a loopful of presumptive positive and negative tests already sub-cultured on MacConkey agar plate and incubated at 37 0c for 24 hours to obtain bacterial isolates. Results: Escherichia coli was the most frequently occurring isolate of all the bacteria identified. Other isolates include Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella spp., Enterococcus spp., Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Proteus spp. and Bacillus spp. The majority of these organisms are Gram-negative microorganisms which are most times implicated in gastrointestinal abnormalities. Conclusions: There is a high incidence of contamination of well waters by pathogenic organisms in most well waters from the Study area. Underground well water sources to be utilized for domestic purposes such as cooking should be treated or disinfected before use, either by boiling and filtration or by chemical sterilization or a combination of both.

Antibiotic Sensitivity of Pathogenic Bacteria Associated with Subclinical Mastitis of Dairy Cows in the Poro Region of the Ivory Cost

Subclinical mastitis is the most considered pathology in dairy farming and is responsible for economic losses in cows. The condition remains asymptomatic in dairy cows and treatment is mainly done without laboratory analysis. The objective of this work is to research bacterial causes of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows and to study their sensitivity to certain antibiotics. Thus, this study was carried out in four departments (Korhogo, Sinématiali, Dikodougou and M'bengué) in the Poro region (Ivory Coast) from May to August 2022 in traditional farms on 288 neighborhood milk samples taken from dairy cows with subclinical mastitis. The milk samples were analyzed using standard bacteriological isolation and identification techniques. Staphylococcus aureus were isolated on Baird-Parker potassium tellurite agar and mixed with egg yolk, Klebsiella spp isolated on MacConkey agar, Escherichia coli isolated on MacConkey, Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated on TSA and King A agar, Micrococcus spp isolated on Chapman agar; then incubated at 37°C for 24 to 48 hours. The identification of bacteria was carried out by standard methods (appearance of colonies, Gram staining, catalase test, coagula-associated oxidase test, etc.). The biochemical characteristics were studied using the API Bio Mérieux galleries (API Staph and API20E etc.) The sensitivity of the main germs isolated was tested against ten (10) antimicrobials including those used in the treatment of mastitis by veterinary clinicians in the region. from Poro.The bacteriological analysis were identified 43% of Gram-positive cocci in minority, with particulary 18% of Staphylococcus aureus. In majority, Gram-negative bacilli were detected at 57% with particulary 38% of Enterobacteria (Klebsiella spp and Escherichia coli). The antibiogram showed excellent sensitivity to Staphylococcus aureus to Gentamycin 100%, good sensitivity to chloramphenicol and neomycin at 90% then acceptable sensitivity to the Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole combination, to cefalexin of 80%. The coagulase negative staphylococcus (SCN) group revealed good sensitivity to Cefalexin and Gentamicin of (87.5%) and acceptable sensitivity to Chloramphenicol, Neomycin of (75%) each. On the other hand, Enterobacteria showed excellent resistance to Ampicillin, Spiramycin and Penicillin 100% and acceptable resistance to Gentamycin (95.84%). Remarkable resistance has been observed on the following antibiotics : Ampicillin, Penicillin and Colistin. This remarkable resistance was noted in Staphylococci (100% for Staphylococcus aureus and 87.5% for SCN) and Enterobacteria. Given these results, suggestions were made for the treatment and prevention of subclinical mastitis on farms in the Poro region (northern Ivory Coast).

MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF AMINOGLYCOSIDES AND β-LACTAMS RESISTANT GENES AMONG URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a multifactorial disease with a range of pathogenic microbes as causative agents including parasites, fungi and bacteria. However, the main causative pathogen in UTIs is bacteria. The UTI is one of the common reasons for nosocomial infection in the community. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of UTIs followed by investigating the most effective antibiotics and the amplification of β-lactamase (bla-TEM) gene in isolated bacteria. The Present study was conducted in the tertiary care hospitals of various areas in Peshawar, Pakistan Mid-stream urine samples were collected from UTI patients. Inoculation of entire samples on MacConkey and Blood agar followed by urease, catalase test for gram-positive and citrate, and indole test for gram-negative bacteria was done. Culture sensitivity analysis for various antibiotics was done according to CLSI guidelines. DNA extraction and molecular characterization of bla-TEM resistance genes was also performed using specific primers by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. 117/531 (22.03%) samples were positive for UTI. Among these, most of the samples belong to female population 64.9%. In the age-wise distribution, the middle to older age group has the highest prevalence of UTI. 117 isolates separated with E. coli (62.4%) followed by Klebsiella spp (11.1%) and 7.7% of Pseudomonas as the most prevalent urinary tract infectious microbes. Antibiotic susceptibility showed gentamicin and meropenem as the most resistive antibiotics. Meropenem and ciprofloxacin were the most sensitive antibiotics. Molecular characterization showed 69/117 (58.9%) and 61/117 (52.1%) sample amplification for β-lactamase and aminoglycoside-resistant genes, respectively. It is concluded that UTI is a serious multi-pathogenic problem prevailing in District Peshawar. Most of the uropathogens show resistance towards different antibiotics based on the resistance genes detected in them.

The Bacteriological Quality of Raw Cow Milk Obtained from Herdsmen in Okigwe, Imo State, Nigeria

This study was conducted to examine the bacteriological quality of cow’s raw milk obtained from herdsmen at Okigwe, Imo States. Standard microbiological procedure was used to carry out this research. A total number of five samples were gotten from different streets in Okigwe metropolis in sterile specimen containers. Ten fold serial dilution was carried with each of the sample with the 4th tube to 6th tube being inoculated on Nutrient agar, Salmonella- Shigella agar and MacConkey agar by spread plate method and incubated at 37oC for 24 hours. The microorganisms were identified were Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium sp, Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus sp, E. coli, Lactobacillus sp and Salmonella typhi. The total viable count for raw cow milk ranged from 6.6 x105CFU/ml to 1.01 x 106CFU/ml while total coliform count was from 6.2x106 CFU/ml to 1.7x106 CFU/ml. They frequency of occurrence of Lactobacillus sp was highest with a value 85 and the lowest frequency was Salmonella typhi II with a value of 2. The raw cow milk was observed to harbor some pathogenic microorganisms which can cause infections when ingested.

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated from chickens and chicken meats from local poultry slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand

This study sought to investigate the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EOH) isolated from chickens and chicken products at local poultry slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. EOH was isolated from cloacal swabs and chicken breast meat samples between January 2021 and June 2023. EOH were identified using a culture-based method and were confirmed on sorbitol MacConkey agar. Positive EOH isolates were tested via antimicrobial susceptibility testing and antimicrobial resistance profiles using the disk diffusion method and polymerase chain reaction. This study showed the prevalence of EOH isolated from chicken breast meat (11.47%) was higher than that of cloacal swab (9.32%). Most EOH isolates from cloacal swabs were resistant to oxytetracycline (65.38%), streptomycin (61.54%), amoxicillin (61.54%), and ampicillin (65.38%, and most EOH isolates from breast meat were resistant to oxytetracycline (78.12%), streptomycin (25%), amoxicillin (75%), and ampicillin (78.12%). In addition, 32 (55.17%) EOH isolates were multidrug resistant harbored the ESBL-TEM gene (65.38%), blaTEM (34.61%), int-1 (3.85%), or mcr-1 (0%). This is the first report of EOH isolated from chickens and chicken meats from domestic poultry slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province. Therefore, EOH is a public health concern in local poultry slaughterhouse processes in this area.

Magnitude of extended-spectrum β-lactamase and carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae among commonly vended street foods in Arba Minch town, southern Ethiopia

BackgroundThe rising prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESβL-PE) in street foods poses a significant risk to human health due to its epidemiological significance. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the magnitude of foodborne Enterobacteriaceae that produce carbapenemase and ESβL, as well as their patterns of antibiotic resistance, in the studied area.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was carried out from January 1st, 2023, to February 30th, 2023. One hundred randomly chosen street-vended food items (one hundred grams of each food item) were aseptically collected, and aliquots of 0.1 ml from the homogenized (25 g of samples into 225 ml of buffered peptone water (BPW)) were inoculated on MacConkey agar and Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate Agar (XLD). Enterobacteriaceae isolates were identified using various biochemical tests. ESβL and carbapenemase were first screened by indicator cephalosporins and carbapenem antibiotics, respectively. ESβL and carbapenemase were confirmed by a double-disc synergy test and modified carbapenem inactivation methods, respectively. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used for the antimicrobial-resistant test.ResultsA total of 112 Enterobacteriaceae belonging to six different genera were isolated. E. coli was attributed 39 (34.8%), followed by Citrobacter spp. 22 (19.6%) and K. pneumoniae 18 (16.1%), with only 8 (7.1%) isolated Salmonella spp. About 15.2% (n = 17) and 8.9% (n = 10) of Enterobacteriaceae were phenotypically confirmed to be extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESβL) and carbapenemase producers, respectively. The highest percentage of ESβL-producing isolates was attributed to K. pneumoniae (n = 5), E. coli (n = 4), and Enterobacter spp. (n = 3). Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. isolates were carbapenemase-negative. All carbapenemase-positive isolates were found to be ESβL-producers. 70.6% (12/17) of ESβL-producing Enterobacteriaceae were found to be multidrug-resistant (MDR).ConclusionA considerable number of multidrug-resistant ESβL and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae were identified, suggesting that street foods may be a potential source of MDR foodborne infections. Consequently, it is important to conduct routine examinations of street food items and track trends in medication resistance.

Microbial Study of Pathogenic Bacterial that Producing Biofilm Isolated From Fresh Red Meat

Contamination of meats with different species of microorganisms pose significant threats not only to the human health but also to the animal production. This study was conducted to investigate the presence of bacterial contaminants in raw meat of livestock. A total of 75 random samples were collected (included 50 cow samples and 25 goats samples) from several butcher shops and slaughterhouse stores in Basrah governorate. The samples were subjected into the biochemical tests using Enter system 18R to confirm preliminary bacterial diagnosis and subsequently cultured using a selective media (MacConkey agar). The outcomes demonstrated Escherichia. coli was the dominate bacterial isolated species in the cow and goats with the percentage estimated at (30%) and (28%), respectively. Other important isolations were also found Enterobacter cloacae in was a rate (20%) Cow meat and Klebsiella pneumonia in goat meat with a rate estimated at (20%), while the lowest isolations rate was Salmonella spp (8%) in cow meat. Staphylococcus aureus (14%) in cow meat and (12%) in goat meat. In conclusion, meats are representative the source of infection with foodborne pathogens carry hazard to public health transmitted to the humans due to mishandling and improper hygienic condition of meats. The results showed biofilm production were high percent for Staphylococcus aureus 5 (50%) strong biofilm producer, follow Klebsiella pneumonia 4 (30.76%) strong biofilm. As other isolates were biofilm producer and production of biofilm is related to the resistance.

Variovorax durovernensis sp. nov., a novel species isolated from an infected prosthetic aortic graft in a human.

A novel bacterial strain, GSTT-20T was isolated from an infected, prosthetic endovascular graft explanted from a shepherd in London, United Kingdom. This strain was an aerobic, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, Gram-stain-negative, motile, curved rod. It grew on blood agar, chocolate agar and MacConkey agar incubated at 37 °C in an aerobic environment after 48 h, appearing as yellow, mucoid colonies. Analysis of the complete 16S rRNA gene sequence showed closest similarity to Variovorax paradoxus with 99.6 % identity and Variovorax boronicumulans with 99.5 % identity. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenomic analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms within 1530 core genes showed GSTT-20T forms a distinct lineage in the genus Variovorax of the family Comamonadaceae. In silico DNA-DNA hybridization assays against GSTT-20T were estimated at 32.1 % for V. boronicumulans and 31.9 % for V. paradoxus. Genome similarity based on average nucleotide identity was 87.50 % when comparing GSTT-20T to V. paradoxus. Based on these results, the strain represented a novel species for which the name Variovorax durovernensis sp. nov. was proposed. The type strain is GSTT-20T (NCTC 14621T=CECT 30390T).

Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplemented with silver nanoparticles on Propionibacterium acnes in vitro

Abstract Background: Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilo-sebaceous unit of the follicles in the skin that most commonly affects people throughout their adolescence or teenage years. Around 85% of youngsters globally are affected by this skin condition, according to research. Acne, in contrast, is not only a teenager’s problem; in many cases, it lasts far into adulthood. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate how Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplemented with silver nanoparticles impacted Propionibacterium acnes in Mosul City. Materials and Methods: Specimens were obtained from 65 acne patients who attended Mosul’s private dermatological clinics with signs of inflamed and discharged pus. The specimens inoculate on blood agar, MacConkey agar, nutrient agar, Muller Hinton agar, and nutrient broth. Then, the effect of S. cerevisiae with silver nanoparticles on P. acnes was determied. Results: The results showed different inhibition with various concentrations of yeast extract against P. acnes in the medium, with the 50% concentration showing the highest inhibition diameter at a rate of 18 mm in the bacteria under study, while the inhibition diameter was at an average rate of 18 mm. For each bacterium, the highest rate of inhibition was at a concentration of 40% and a diameter of 15 mm, whereas the lowest rate of inhibition was at a concentration of 30% and a diameter of 12 mm. Conclusions: Silver nanoparticles, when coupled with S. cerevisiae, can be a very effective antibacterial against to P. acnes.

Detection of antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence factors for some bacterial species caused urinary tract infection among type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Abstract Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM), is a metabolic illness caused by a deficiency in insulin production, action, or both, it is characterized by hyperglycemia and disruptions of the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Urinary tracts infections (UTIs) are conditions when one or more urinary tract structures become contaminated after germs get past the body’s robust natural defenses. The most prevalent illness, UTIs can happen at any moment during a person’s lifetime. UTIs and DM have been linked for many years. Owing to a shift in the host defense mechanism, a micro-vascular illness in the kidney, and the existence of diabetic cystopathy, the incidence of UTIs is significant in DM. Urinary colonization by bacteria is made possible by high glucose concentrations in urine flow. Objective: Detection of antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence factors among bacteria causing UTIs isolated from type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: Between April and July 2022, 178 patients with diabetes who had signs of a UTI had their urine samples taken. Midstream urine samples from DM patients were inoculated into blood agar and MacConkey agar using a calibrated loop (0.001 mL). For 24 h, cultures were incubated at 37°C in an aerobic environment. To determine whether there had been any considerable growth, colonies were counted. Diagnostic microorganisms were tested for their susceptibility to various antibiotics, and virulence factors were found. Results: Significant bacteriuria was observed in 28 of 69 (40.5%) and 52 of 109 (47.7%) urine samples cultured from patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes, respectively. Sensitivity to isolates which isolated from patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes was highest for meropenem as 90% and 100%, respectively. With regard to virulence factor, it was investigated of biofilm formation, hemolysin production, protease production, urease production, and β-lactamase production. The highest ratio of these factors production in bacteria which isolated from patients with type 1 diabetes was β-lactamase (75.8%). As for patients with type 2 diabetes, the highest ratio was for biofilm formation (79.0%). Conclusion: According to this study, common antimicrobials are very resistant to many different drugs. UTIs are more common than previously thought, and type of diabetes was discovered to be one of the key contributing factors. We found an association between virulence factors of pathogens and type of diabetes.

Surveillance of bacterial carriage in the nose and hands of healthcare workers and patients attending maternity and children's hospital.

Nosocomial infections have been acknowledged as a significant pathogen responsible for human illness due to the rise in the incidence of these infections that are mainly caused by resistant strains. As a result, it is important to prevent nosocomial infections. Therefore, in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of infection bacterial carriage appears to be of great importance and in healthy persons, three patterns of carriage are observed over time. The common ecological niches of microorganisms are the anterior nares and hands; hence, the present study aims to evaluate the surveillance of bacterial carriage from the hands and noses of healthcare workers that involve doctors, nurses, and housekeeping staffs and patients involving pregnant women or mothers. An observational prospective study was conducted for 1.5 years in which collection of swabs from both the hands and nose were taken and inoculated on mannitol salt agar, blood agar, and MacConkey agar and incubated at 37°C for 24 h following which biochemical reactions were performed from isolates and 160 nasal swabs and hand swabs were studied for bacterial growth. The percentages of bacterial growth in the hands of mothers, doctors, housekeeping staff, and nurses were 17.5, 12.5, 52.5, and 25%, respectively, and in the nose were 7.5, 5, 32.5, and 12.5%, respectively. Total bacterial carriage in hand and nose swabs were 26.87 and 14.37%, respectively. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was the most common microorganism isolated and as a result to prevent its spread along with other nosocomial microorganisms, appropriate precautions should be taken as the spreading of these organisms can lead to drug resistance strains.

Surgical site infections - A threat to the health-care system: An observational study from a tertiary care hospital of Bihar

Background: A surgical site infection (SSI) is any infection occurring after a medical intervention. It is the most common nosocomial infection in low- and middle-income countries. It has raised both mortality and morbidity. Resistance to antibiotics due to irrational use has further added to the severity of the problem. Aims and Objectives: The current study was designed with the aim of determining the incidence of SSIs among patients operated on a tertiary care hospital, along with their antibiogram. Materials and Methods: An observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted on 150 patients with suspected SSI were included in this study over a period of 1 year, from August 2021 to July 2022. An adult patient with pus, serous, or seropurulent discharge from the surgical wound was included in the study. Information was obtained using a pre-designed and pre-tested schedule. Identification of the colony was done by gram staining and inoculation on 5% sheep blood agar and Mac Conkey agar plates. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing was done. The data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results: A total of 152 patients were included in the study. The incidence of SSI was found to be 38.2%. The mean age of the participants was 47.7 ± 21.6 years. The maximum incidence of SSI was noted in the 5th decade of life. Among the 58 patients’ samples, 65 aerobic bacterial colonies were isolated. Out of which Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were the commonest organisms. On performing an antibiogram, a higher degree of resistance was observed among Gram-negative organisms. Conclusion: SSI adds to the mortality as well as the morbidity of the patients. Not only this, but it also adds to the expenses. A more stringent surveillance system and reinforcement of the guidelines was the need of the hour to overcome this problem of hospital-acquired infections.

Zoonotic transmission risk of Acinetobacter baumannii from Alaskan wildlife

Abstract Introduction/Objective Acinetobacter baumannii is a multi-drug resistant gram-negative bacterium often isolated in water and soil. A challenge in both human and veterinary nosocomial infections, Acinetobacter is adaptable, forming biofilms and carbapenem resistance (CRAB). As an opportunistic infection, Acinetobacter is an emerging pathogen especially in immunocompromised individuals which include marginalized housing insecure populations. Anchorage dedicates large areas for urban park environments providing high impact of human and moose wildlife interaction. Previous studies link zoonotic transmission of bacteria through direct fecal contact or water contamination. The significant number of vulnerable unsheltered individuals in Anchorage using public green belts presents a potential risk for Acinetobacter baumannii colonization. Methods/Case Report To assess environmental Acinetobacter exposure from urban wildlife, we ground collected 150 moose fecal samples between 2019-2022. Samples were placed into support medium, cultured onto MacConkey agar and incubated at 37C. Biochemical identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed using MicroScan™ (Beckman/Coulter Brea, CA) conventional panels with antimicrobial interpretation along clinical laboratory standards (CLSI). Results (if a Case Study enter NA) Acinetobacter baumannii was isolated in moose feces, with proportion of positive samples increasing annually: 7.5% (2019), 12.5% (2020), and 14.2% (2021). Antimicrobial analysis found 100% of samples resistant to cefpodoxime, cefazolin, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, ampicillin, and ampicillin-sulbactam, with 72% resistant to ertapenem and imipenem. Aztreonam resistance was 22%, cefepime 17%, with only 5% resistant to ciprofloxacin. Conclusion The increasing colonization of moose feces with multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii potentially poses a significant public health risk in Anchorage, Alaska. With moose inhabiting areas used by the vulnerable homeless and outdoor enthusiasts, there exists a high risk for exposure potential towards opportunistic infection, and colonization. The multi-drug resistance pattern on observed on several of A. baumannii isolates suggests the possibility of CRAB. As one of the five pathogens listed as an urgent threat by the CDC, it is imperative to study potential sources of carbapenem resistant A. baumannii, including environmental exposure. Finding moose fecal samples positive for A. baumannii indicates a need for continued surveillance and risk assessment for community acquired infection.

Use of Common Herbs to Control Microbial Aerosols in Toilet Rooms

Four distinct plant species were used in an investigation into the capacity of plant active volatile essence to eradicate microorganisms in the atmosphere (bioaerosols) in restrooms: Allium sativum (garlic), Allium cepa (onion), Zingiber officinalis (ginger), and Ocimum gratissimum (scent leaf). The study was conducted in the student restrooms for microbiology at Rivers State University Nkpolu Oroworukwu in Port Harcourt. Sedimentation method of aerosol sampling was used to collect the air samples. Artificial culture media were exposed to air at different times, including nutrient agar for total heterotrophic bacteria, Mac Conkey agar for enteric bacteria, sadour and dextrose agar for aerobic fungi, thiosulfate citrate bile salt sucrose agar for vibrio, Cystine lactose electrolyte deficient agar for urinary pathogens, and mannitol salt agar for staphylococcus.
 Samples was taken from the toilet without any mashed plant and served as a control. The THB isolates identified were Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas sp, Staphylococcus sp, Lactobacillus sp, Enterococcus sp, Corynobacterium sp, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia. While the fungi isolated were Aspergillus niger, pennicillum sp, Rhizopus sp, Saccharomyces sp, Mucor Sp, Candida sp, Asperillus flavus, Fusarium sp. It can be deduced that these medicinal herbs has the ability in reducing microbial aerosol using ginger, onion, scent leaf, garlic also by combination of the herbs which are Onion & garlic, Onion & garlic, Onion & ginger, Garlic & scent leaf, Garlic & ginger, Scent leaf & ginger, Onion, garlic & scent leaf, Onion, garlic & ginger, Garlic, Scent leaf & ginger, Onion, garlic, scent leaf & ginger. Specifically the microbial aerosols in this investigation including bacteria and fungi were Bacillus species, Pseudomonas species, Staphylococcus species, Lactobacillus species, Enterococcus species, Corynobacterium, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia. Aspergillus niger, pennicillum species, Rhizopus species, Saccharomyces species, Mucors species, Candida species, Asperillus flavus, Fusarium species. This work proved that microbial load can be reduced using natural means (plant extract).

Detection of volatile organic compounds in headspace of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca colonies

IntroductionEarly diagnosis of infections and sepsis is essential as adequate therapy improves the outcome. Unfortunately, current diagnostics are invasive and time-consuming, making diagnosis difficult, especially in neonatology. Novel non-invasive analytical methods might be suitable to detect an infection at an early stage and might even allow identification of the pathogen. Our aim is to identify specific profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of bacterial species.MethodsUsing multicapillary column-coupled ion mobility spectrometry (MCC/IMS), we performed headspace measurements of bacterial cultures from skin and anal swabs of premature infants obtained during weekly screening for bacterial colonization according to KRINKO. We analyzed 25 Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) cultures on MacConkey (MC) agar plates, 25 Klebsiella oxytoca (KO) cultures on MC agar and 25 bare MC agar plates as a control group.ResultsUsing MCC/IMS, we identified a total of 159 VOC peaks. 85 peaks allowed discriminating KP and bare MC agar plates, and 51 peaks comparing KO and bare MC agar plates and 6 peaks between KP and KO (significance level of p < 0.05 after Bonferroni post hoc analysis), respectively. Peaks P51 (n-Decane) and P158 (Phenylethyl Alcohol), showed the best sensitivity/specificity/ positive predictive value/negative predictive value of 99.9% each (p < 0.001) for KP. P158 showed the best sensitivity/specificity/positive predictive value/negative predictive value of 99.9% each (p < 0.001) for KO. Comparing KP and KO, best differentiation was enabled using peaks P72, P97 and P16 with sensitivity/specificity/positive predictive value/negative predictive value of 76.0%, 84.0%, 82.6%, 77.8%, respectively (p < 0.05).DiscussionWe developed a method for the analysis of VOC profiles of bacteria. Using MCC/IMS, we demonstrated that VOCs derived from bacteria are clearly distinguishable from a bare agar plate. Characteristic peaks obtained by MCC/IMS are particularly suitable for the species-specific identification and differentiation of KP and KO. Thus, MCC/IMS might be a useful tool for in vitro diagnostics. Future studies must clarify whether similar patterns of VOCs can be detected in vivo in patients that are colonized or infected with KP or KO to enable rapid and accurate diagnosis of bacterial colonization.