Detection of antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence factors for some bacterial species caused urinary tract infection among type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Abstract

Abstract Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM), is a metabolic illness caused by a deficiency in insulin production, action, or both, it is characterized by hyperglycemia and disruptions of the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Urinary tracts infections (UTIs) are conditions when one or more urinary tract structures become contaminated after germs get past the body’s robust natural defenses. The most prevalent illness, UTIs can happen at any moment during a person’s lifetime. UTIs and DM have been linked for many years. Owing to a shift in the host defense mechanism, a micro-vascular illness in the kidney, and the existence of diabetic cystopathy, the incidence of UTIs is significant in DM. Urinary colonization by bacteria is made possible by high glucose concentrations in urine flow. Objective: Detection of antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence factors among bacteria causing UTIs isolated from type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: Between April and July 2022, 178 patients with diabetes who had signs of a UTI had their urine samples taken. Midstream urine samples from DM patients were inoculated into blood agar and MacConkey agar using a calibrated loop (0.001 mL). For 24 h, cultures were incubated at 37°C in an aerobic environment. To determine whether there had been any considerable growth, colonies were counted. Diagnostic microorganisms were tested for their susceptibility to various antibiotics, and virulence factors were found. Results: Significant bacteriuria was observed in 28 of 69 (40.5%) and 52 of 109 (47.7%) urine samples cultured from patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes, respectively. Sensitivity to isolates which isolated from patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes was highest for meropenem as 90% and 100%, respectively. With regard to virulence factor, it was investigated of biofilm formation, hemolysin production, protease production, urease production, and β-lactamase production. The highest ratio of these factors production in bacteria which isolated from patients with type 1 diabetes was β-lactamase (75.8%). As for patients with type 2 diabetes, the highest ratio was for biofilm formation (79.0%). Conclusion: According to this study, common antimicrobials are very resistant to many different drugs. UTIs are more common than previously thought, and type of diabetes was discovered to be one of the key contributing factors. We found an association between virulence factors of pathogens and type of diabetes.