Low Phase Research Articles

Design of broadband phase shifters with low phase deviation

Design of broadband phase shifters with low phase deviation

KNN composite ceramics with superior pyroelectric performance for self-powered thermal detector

The thermal detector based on pyroelectric effect has attracted widespread attention due to its self-powering and rapid response. Although phase boundary engineered lead-free potassium sodium niobate [K0.5Na0.5NbO3, KNN] based ferroelectrics exhibit promising for pyroelectric sensor application, the high dielectric constants (εr) of these materials significantly constrain their pyroelectric figures of merit (FOMs), owing to the inverse correlation between FOMs and εr. To address this problem, we innovatively introduce perovskite bismuth sodium titanate [Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3, BNT] with low εr and high pyroelectric coefficient as the second phase to construct a KNN/BNT composite. The introduction of BNT can not only remain the high pyroelectric coefficient (p=7.12 × 10−4 C m−2 K−1) of KNN matrix, but also result in superior FOMs (Fv increased by 74 %), outperforming previous KNN-based pyroelectric ceramics. The excellent pyroelectric performance originates from the unique composite microstructure with compositional heterogeneity. That is, both the low εr BNT enriched phase and refined grain size as well as the promoted vibration of Nb–O octahedron contribute to the superior pyroelectric performance. A self-powered thermal detector with great thermal response has been developed, which also exhibits potential for detecting ultraviolet energy and infrared radiation.

Effect of Process Parameters on Superelasticity of LPBF Ni-Rich Ni51.3Ti48.7 Shape Memory Alloy

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) presents both opportunities and challenges with regard to the customisation of NiTi alloy properties. This paper presents a systematic study of the influence of process parameters on the superelasticity of LPBF Ni-rich Ni51.3Ti48.7 shape memory alloy. The findings demonstrate that NiTi alloys produced through disparate process parameters exhibit disparate phase transformation behaviours and microstructures, which in turn result in varying degrees of superelasticity. At an energy density of 166.7 to 233.3 J/mm3, LPBFed Ni-rich Ni51.3Ti48.7 is predominantly in the martensite phase at room temperature due to the high phase transition temperature caused by a large amount of Ni evaporation loss, and exhibits almost no superelasticity. At an energy density of 66.7 to 116.7 J/mm3, LPBFed Ni-rich Ni51.3Ti48.7 has less Ni evaporation loss and lower phase transition temperature. It is primarily austenite phase at room temperature, and contains nano-precipitated phases internally, thereby exhibiting excellent superelasticity. The recovery rate is in excess of 5.5% at the initial compression (up to 5.7%) and in excess of 5.0% following ten cycles (up to 5.3%). Furthermore, the lower the energy density, the smaller the stress–strain hysteresis of LPBFed Ni-rich Ni51.3Ti48.7, with a variation range of 1.8–3.9 mJ/mm3.

Kinetics-controlled reaction pathway and microstructure development of Ti3SiC2-TiC composite processed through reactive spark plasma sintering

Reactive spark plasma sintering of ternary Ti-Si-C system was performed using three different powder precursors systems 3Ti/Si/2C, 3Ti/SiC/C and 2Ti/TiC/Si, to explore the fundamental physics behind Ti3SiC2 MAX phase formation, its stability and microstructure development, and, finally linked with its hardening and contact induced damage tolerance. Phase evolution in Ti-Si-C system is a complex phenomenon, and, present experimental conditions never yield a phase pure Ti3SiC2 MAX phase, rather results in varying volume fractions of Ti3SiC2-(Tix,Si1-x)C solid solution due to non-equilibrium processing conditions exerted by SPS processing which restricts coherent site specific diffusional jumps and promotes the formation of (Ti, Si)C solid-solution instead of well reported non-stoichiometric TiCx. 3Ti/SiC/C precursor was the best candidate for processing composite with highest yields of Ti3SiC2. Phase evolution is guided by the free energy of formation of different phases and chemical affinity amongst the constituent elements rather than the equilibrium phase diagram of the Ti-Si-C system. Presence of free carbon, low temperature liquid phase and slow heating rate are the key requirements for forming phase pure Ti3SiC2, where excess free carbon reduces the stability of Ti3SiC2 via decarburization. Non-equilibrium processing conditions impart nano-precipitation of coherent hexagonal Ti3SiC2 precipitates within a cubic (Ti, Si)C matrix with a distinct orientation relation of (220)matrix ║(0004)precipitate and <114>matrix ║<2–1–10>precipitate that has never been reported, instead of growing highest density plane of hcp-on-fcc matrix. Coherency strain and fine interlocking microstructure of the as-processed composite experiences ≈36 % of enhancement in hardness followed by an improved contact damage for the as-processed composite.

Introducing Bi2S3 Interlayer to Synergistically Modify Mo Back Contact and Regulate Bulk Defects in Kesterite Solar Cells.

A suitable interlayer between the Mo back electrode and kesterite absorber layer has been proven to have a positive effect on limiting the bulk defects of the absorber by the constitute diffusion. Here, a thin Bi2S3 layer is used as the back-interface intermediate layer for the first time, this innovative approach allows for simultaneous modification of the back contact and reduction of bulk defects, resulting in improving the power conversion efficiency of the kesterite device from 9.66% to 11.8%. The evaporated Bi2O3 thin films turn into the Bi2S3 interlayers after sintering the Cu2ZnSnS4 precursor thin films. The Bi2S3 interlayer can inhibit the decomposition reaction of back contact and suppress the formation of the secondary phases. It can also optimize the Fermi level offset and promote the separation of the photoinduced carriers, resulting from its characteristic of high work function. Besides, a small part of the Bi element can diffuse into Cu2ZnSn(S, Se)4 film and induce the crystal growth and restrain Zn-related defects, which is attributed to forming the low melting-point liquid BiSex phase during the high-temperature selenization process. The conclusions highlight the bifunction of the thin Bi2S3 intermediate layer, which can provide a new approach to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of kesterite solar cells.

Effects of Hormonal Contraception and the Menstrual Cycle on Maximal Strength and Power Performance.

To evaluate the effects of oral contraceptive (OC) and hormonal intrauterine device (H-IUD) use, compared to an eumenorrheic (EUM) cycle, on maximal strength and power between hormone phases. One repetition max (1RM) leg press and bench press, peak force (PF) from knee extension and upright row isometric dynamometry, and power from vertical jump height (VJH) and reactive strength index (RSI; cm/s) were measured in 60 healthy, active women (mean ± standard deviation [SD]; Age: 26.5 ± 7.0 yrs, BMI: 22.5 ± 3.7 kg/m2) who were monophasic OC users for ≥6 months (n = 21), had a H-IUD for ≥6 months (n = 20), or had regularly naturally occurring menstrual cycle for ≥3 months or were using a non-hormonal IUD (EUM; n = 19). Participants were randomly assigned to begin in the follicular phase/placebo pill (low hormone phase; LHP) or in the luteal phase/active pill (high hormone phase; HHP) and were tested once in each phase. Estimates of total lean mass (LM), leg LM, and arm LM were measured via dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Separate univariate ANCOVAs were used to assess the change from HHP to LHP between groups, with LM and progesterone as covariates. Leg press 1RM was significantly different across phases between groups (p = 0.027), with higher leg press 1RM in the HHP for the OC group (mean difference[∆HHP-LHP] ± standard error: ∆7.4 ± 15.9 kg; p = 0.043) compared to the H-IUD group (∆-8.9 ± 23.8 kg; p = 0.043). All groups demonstrated similar bench press 1RM, PF, VJH, and RSI between phases (p > 0.05). Lower body strength was greater in the HHP for OC users (5.6% increase) suggesting lower body maximal strength outcomes may be influenced by hormonal contraception type.

Microwave local oscillator signal generation with low near-carrier phase noise based on cascaded optoelectronic oscillators

A new scheme to generate microwave local oscillator (LO) signals with low near-carrier phase noise is proposed based on cascaded optoelectronic oscillators (OEOs). In the proposed scheme, an active mode-locking OEO is utilized to generate a microwave comb with low near-carrier phase noise. Through injecting the generated microwave comb into another OEO with a well-designed loop delay, microwave LO signals with low near-carrier phase noise can be generated. The feasibility of the scheme is numerically and experimentally demonstrated. In the experiment, a microwave LO signal at 10.0005 GHz is generated with a spurious suppression ratio of 25 dB and a near-carrier phase noise of −91 dBc/Hz@100 Hz. Compared with the microwave LO signal directly generated by using the OEO without injection, the near-carrier phase noise is reduced by 23 dB. The proposed scheme can thus be used to enhance the sensitivity of the pulse Doppler radar system for detecting small targets with low altitude and slow speed.

Analysis of charging performance of thermal energy storage system with graded metal foam structure and active flip method

The latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) technology based on solid-liquid phase change material (PCM) is characterized by high energy storage density, small volume change, and constant operation temperature, which is widely employed in waste heat recovery, solar thermal utilization, and equipment thermal management. This paper introduces active flipping and graded porous to strengthen natural convection and heat conduction to alleviate the issue of low thermal conductivity and non-uniform phase change of PCM. Based on the fixed grid system, the enthalpy-porosity method combined with time-dependent gravity and non-Darcy porous effect is employed to solve the solid-liquid phase change problem under different porosity gradients, dimensionless flipping times (t*), and modified Ra (Ra*) numbers. Furthermore, the effects of the Ra* on the optimal t* and porosity gradient are also discussed. The results show that the flipping method can significantly enhance flow and heat transfer within the container, improve temperature field uniformity, and increase the proportion of latent heat storage. With the increase of porosity gradient and t*, the melting time initially decreases and then increases and the optimal thermal performance is achieved at a 6 % porosity gradient and t* = 0.4. Compared to the uniform porous structure without flipping, it can shorten melting time by 49.37 % and improve thermal energy storage rate (TESR) by 76.23 %. Additionally, the optimal porosity gradient is 6 % under different Ra*, but the optimal t* decreases with the increase of Ra*. This paper explores the charging performance of the thermal energy storage system with the graded metal foam structure and active flip method, which can contribute to the study of heat transfer enhancement in LHTES technology.

A 60 GHz low phase noise VCO with second harmonic tail extraction in 40-nm CMOS

This work presents a 60 GHz continuously adjustable mm-wave cross-coupled voltage − controlled oscillator (VCO) utilizing an innovative frequency doubling technique in 40 nm CMOS technology. The extraction of the second harmonic is performed through a transformer from the tail of the 30 GHz fundamental VCO. The primary side of the transformer serves a dual purpose, functioning both as a filter for the second harmonic and as a balun simultaneously. The circuit incorporates a MOS varactor along with a four-bit binary weighed capacitor bank to achieve coarse and fine frequency tuning respectively. Post Layout simulation results indicate that the VCO spans a broad tuning range of 12.3 GHz, covering frequencies from 52.7 to 64.98 GHz. Phase noise (PN) remains below −96.3 dBc/Hz at a 1 MHz frequency offset within all bands Power consumption, including the output stage, is 21.8 mW from a 1.1-Volt supply. The VCO provides more than −13 dBm output power in all frequency bands and occupies a chip area of 0.53 mm2.

Mortality Outcomes and Contributing Risk Factors in Patients with Hospital-Associated Disability.

Background/Objectives: Hospital-associated disability (HAD), a functional decline following acute hospitalization, is a common complication associated with mortality and unfavorable prognoses in patients admitted to acute care hospitals. However, few studies have investigated mortality and associated factors in patients with HAD and have been limited by inconsistent HAD assessment tools and criteria. This study investigated mortality and risk factors in patients with HAD using specific criteria. Methods: This retrospective study evaluated patients referred to the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine with suspected HAD between June 2022 and March 2023. The collected data included medical histories, diagnostic tests for HAD (including muscle strength, balance, and modified Barthel Index), and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with mortality. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were constructed for mortality at 3 and 7 months. Results: A total of 455 patients were identified, among which 206 patients diagnosed with HAD (73.1 ± 12.5 years) were included in the analysis. The 3-month mortality rate was 27.2%. In the multivariate analysis, male sex (odds ratio (OR), 3.23; p < 0.01), a history of cancer (OR, 2.18; p < 0.05), and a low phase angle (OR, 0.69; p < 0.05) were significantly associated with mortality. A phase angle < 2.9° on BIA was associated with a significant increase in 3-month (hazard ratio (HR), 1.85; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06-3.23) and 7-month (HR, 2.80; 95% CI, 1.75-4.98) mortality. Conclusions: Patients with HAD had a high mortality rate, with several factors, particularly low BIA phase angles, associated with increased mortality.

Magnetic properties of polycrystalline bulk crystals of MnGeP2

Room temperature ferromagnetism observed in polycrystalline MnGeP2 bulk samples was investigated by different experimental techniques. The magnetization measurements show a high temperature ferromagnetic phase with a critical temperature TC = 294.0 K and a low temperature magnetic phase transition at TN = 40.5 K. As these parameters (TC,TN) correspond to those of MnP, a ferromagnetic half-metal, whose composition of the samples was further characterized by x-ray diffraction and Rutherford backscattering measurements. They confirmed the presence of orthorhombic MnP precipitates. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurements in the temperature range of T = 4 K to T = 380 K confirm the attribution of the magnetic phase to MnP and show no additional EPR or FMR signal associated with MnGeP2. We conclude that the magnetic properties of the polycrystalline MnGeP2 bulk samples grown by the horizontal gradient freeze technique are dominated by MnP inclusions and that phase pure chalcopyrite MnGeP2 is not ferromagnetic in contrary to previous reports.

Theta-burst direct electrical stimulation remodels human brain networks

Theta-burst stimulation (TBS), a patterned brain stimulation technique that mimics rhythmic bursts of 3–8 Hz endogenous brain rhythms, has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for treating a wide range of brain disorders, though the neural mechanism of TBS action remains poorly understood. We investigated the neural effects of TBS using intracranial EEG (iEEG) in 10 pre-surgical epilepsy participants undergoing intracranial monitoring. Here we show that individual bursts of direct electrical TBS at 29 frontal and temporal sites evoked strong neural responses spanning broad cortical regions. These responses exhibited dynamic local field potential voltage changes over the course of stimulation presentations, including either increasing or decreasing responses, suggestive of short-term plasticity. Stronger stimulation augmented the mean TBS response amplitude and spread with more recording sites demonstrating short-term plasticity. TBS responses were stimulation site-specific with stronger TBS responses observed in regions with strong baseline stimulation effective (cortico-cortical evoked potentials) and functional (low frequency phase locking) connectivity. Further, we could use these measures to predict stable and varying (e.g. short-term plasticity) TBS response locations. Future work may integrate pre-treatment connectivity alongside other biophysical factors to personalize stimulation parameters, thereby optimizing induction of neuroplasticity within disease-relevant brain networks.

Readout circuit for a ZnO bulk-acoustic-wave X-ray dose rate detector

Bulk Acoustic Wave (BAW) resonators based on piezoelectric semiconductors are radio frequency devices that can convert X-ray dose rate into resonant frequency offset, which exhibit strong anti-interference capabilities and low power consumption and are suitable for wireless sensing systems. In this study, we designed a readout circuit for a ZnO BAW X-ray dose rate detector. (0001)-oriented ZnO single crystals were used to fabricate the high-quality BAW X-ray detector. Under dark field and X-ray irradiation conditions, the resonant frequency offset of the detector was recorded via the readout circuit. The readout circuit consists of an oscillator circuit based on a Pierce oscillator circuit structure, a frequency mixing circuit, and an STM32 microcontroller. This design offers higher frequency stability and lower phase noise. In practical applications, it can replace the expensive and bulky vector network analyzer for detecting and storing the resonant frequency of BAW resonators with the advantages of fast readout speed and portability.

Applicability of Non-PGM Bi-Functional Electrocatalyst in a Scaled-up Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis

While non-precious metal catalyst materials are crucial for AEMWE systems, catalyst substances possessing both adequate hydrogen molecule adsorption ability and suitable electrical conductivity and hydrophilicity are still in the developmental stage.Ni-Mo alloy metals are known as those that have appropriate hydrogen molecule adsorption binding energy, making them excellent electrochemical catalysts for the cathode. However, they suffer from a high content of oxide, which hampers electrical conductivity, and the formation of a high oxidation state of Ni molecules, making hydrogen molecule detachment challenging.On the other hand, Ni-Fe alloys are recognized for their excellent -OOH group adsorption ability and high electrical conductivity, and that has a low oxidation state Ni phase for high hydrogen desorption ability.Therefore, in this study, we aimed to synthesize NiMoFe-based alloy catalysts to enhance the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity of Ni-Mo group catalysts while simultaneously increasing the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity. Using a hydrothermal synthesis method for NiMoFe catalysts we employed a high-temperature thermal reduction process to minimize the oxide layer that has poor conductivity.Evaluation of the catalyst activity through half-cell experiments demonstrated low overpotentials in both Overall water electrolysis reactions. Furthermore, an MEA-type experiment was conducted to evaluate the applicability of single-cell.Furthermore, Stability tests confirmed a stable voltage.Finally, when compared to the combination of precious metal catalysts, this exhibited superior performance. Therefore, this study suggests that non-noble catalysts could serve as a crucial stepping stone, surpassing PGM metal catalysts in alkaline media.

Experimental Investigations on Aeroelastic Stability of Combined Plunge-Pitch Mode Shapes in a Linear Compressor Cascade

Abstract The effect of mode shape and reduced frequency on the flutter stability of a linear low-speed compressor cascade was investigated experimentally, employing the aerodynamic influence coefficient (AIC) approach. This paper describes in detail the methodology, experimental setup, and measurement techniques. The paper presents experimentally determined influence coefficients, and discusses the findings with regard to the aeroelastic design parameter “plunge-to-twist incidence ratio” (PTIR), which combines reduced frequency and torsion axis setback in an attempt a design variable reduction. The influence of the vibrating blade on itself was always stabilizing, while other blades, mainly the first pressure side neighbor, vibrating at forward-traveling, low nodal diameter inter-blade phase angles (IBPAs), can destabilize the reference blade. As PTIR is increased, the phase of the complex modal force coefficients (AICs) of all blades is decreased, increasing the stabilizing effect of the vibrating blade on itself and overall cascade stability. Within the considered parameter range, the impact of reduced frequency is eliminated to a large extent if the incidence ratio is kept constant, requiring the torsion axis setback to be adjusted accordingly. The findings show that the plunge-to-twist incidence ratio is a meaningful aeroelastic design parameter that can explain the global effect of mode shape on flutter stability and should be considered early in the aeromechanical blade design process to ensure flutter-free blading.

A Multiferroic Spin-Crossover Molecular Crystal.

Spin-crossover (SCO) ferroelectrics with dual-function switches have attracted great attention for significant magnetoelectric application prospects. However, the multiferroic crystals with SCO features have rarely been reported. Herein, a molecular multiferroic Fe(II) crystalline complex [FeII(C8-F-pbh)2] (1-F, C8-F-pbh = (1Z,N'E)-3-F-4-(octyloxy)-N'-(pyridin-2-ylmethylene)-benzo-hydrazonate) showing the coexistence of ferroelectricity, ferroelasticity, and SCO behavior is presented for the first time. By H/F substitution, the low phase transition temperature (270K) of the non-fluorinated parent compound is significantly increased to 318K in 1-F, which exhibits a spatial symmetry breaking 222F2 type ferroelectric phase transition with clear room-temperature ferroelectricity. Besides, 1-F also displays a spin transition between high- and low-spin states, accompanied by the d-orbital breaking within the t2g 4eg 2 and t2g 6eg° configuration change of octahedrally coordinated FeII center. Moreover, the 222F2 type ferroelectric phase transition is also a ferroelastic one, verified by the ferroelectric domains reversal and the evolution of ferroelastic domains. To the knowledge, 1-F is the first multiferroic SCO molecular crystal. This unprecedented finding sheds light on the exploration of molecular multistability materials for future smart devices.

Hydrate phase equilibrium measurement of 50 mol.% carbon dioxide / 33 mol.% dimethyl ether / 17 mol.% propane in the presence of tetrahydrofuran, cyclopentane, tetra‑n‑butylammonium bromide, and tetra‑n‑butylammonium chloride

Hydrate-based cold storage and refrigeration offer notable efficiency and safety advantages. By leveraging the high cold storage density of CO2 hydrate and the low phase equilibrium pressure and GWP of DME and C3H8 hydrates, a gas mixture hydrate (50 mol.% CO2, 33 mol.% DME, 17 mol.% C3H8) was used as a refrigerant for phase equilibrium assessment. Results showed phase equilibrium temperatures of 274.5 to 278.9 K at pressures from 0.4 to 0.86 MPa, aligning with conventional air conditioning pressures. Additives like THF, CP, TBAB, and TBAC improved conditions. Liquid promoters (THF, CP) increased temperatures by 4.5 to 7.9 K, while solid promoters (TBAB, TBAC) raised them by 5.3 to 11.1 K. Liquid promoters shifted the phase equilibrium curve for CO2-DME-C3H8 hydrate almost parallel to the right, while solid promoters steepened the curve slope. A predictive model was developed, showing good molar phase change enthalpy.

Double-network aerogel-based eutectic composite phase change materials for efficient solar energy storage and building thermal management

Phase change materials (PCMs) have shown great promise in solar energy storage and thermal management of buildings. Nevertheless, the solid-liquid PCMs currently used in these applications face multiple challenges that need to be addressed, such as inadequate solar absorption capacity, leakage issues, and low phase change enthalpy. In this research, urea and sodium acetate trihydrate (SAT) were employed as the main PCMs, while disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate (DHPD) served as the nucleating agent. Additionally, we used polyvinyl alcohol/silica (PVA/SiO2) aerogel as a porous support structure. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were also introduced as photothermal conversion materials to fabricate a photothermal conversion-type double-network aerogel-based eutectic composite PCM (ECPCM). The prepared ECPCM exhibited excellent shape stability, high mechanical strength, and outstanding photothermal conversion performance. Moreover, the ECPCM demonstrated good flame retardancy, low supercooling, and the absence of phase separation issues. Furthermore, the ECPCM demonstrated efficient solar energy storage capacity and outstanding performance in building thermal management. This study offers a new perspective on the advancement of ECPCMs in solar energy storage and thermal management of buildings.

Respiratory modulation of sympathetic transduction to blood pressure in health and type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is often accompanied by hypertension, exaggerated blood pressure (BP) responses to sympatho-excitatory stressors, and raised cardiovascular disease risk. Appropriate respiratory-sympathetic coupling and sympathetic transduction to BP are important for short- and longer-term BP control. We tested the hypotheses that respiratory modulation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and its transduction to BP would be impaired in T2D and associated with higher BP and respiratory-coupled BP variability. Resting MSNA, respiration and beat-to-beat BP were recorded in 20 T2D (49.1 ± 7.4 years; mean ± SD) and 13 healthy control (46.3 ± 9.4 years) participants. MSNA and the transduction of sympathetic bursts (signal-averaging) to mean arterial pressure (MAP) were compared at low and high lung volume phases. The peak MAP response following a sympathetic burst was lower during the high lung volume than low lung volume phase in controls (P = 0.005), whereas it was unchanged with phase in T2D participants (P = 0.522). Respiratory modulation of MSNA was impaired in T2D participants, who had an attenuated reduction in burst incidence from low to the high lung volume phase, versus controls (27.8 ± 38.4% vs. 49.4 ± 24.6%, respectively; P = 0.043). The T2D participants were grouped into unimpaired respiratory modulators (burst incidence modulation median or above) or impaired respiratory modulators (below median). Impaired modulators had higher systolic BP (133 ± 14 vs. 121 ± 11mmHg, P = 0.046), greater Traube-Hering wave amplitudes (6.3 ± 2.4 vs. 4.6 ± 1.1mmHg; P = 0.028) and higher BP variability (MAP average real variability, 2.0 ± 0.7 vs. 1.4 ± 0.3, P = 0.033). Respiratory modulation of MSNA and sympathetic transduction to BP are altered in T2D patients and may contribute to their increased hypertension and cardiovascular risk. KEY POINTS: Respiratory-sympathetic coupling and sympathetic transduction to blood pressure (BP) contribute to short- and longer-term BP control. Our understanding of these processes in health and type 2 diabetes (T2D), a condition with high prevalence of hypertension and cardiovascular risk, is incomplete. We found that respiration and sympathetic transduction to BP are coupled in healthy individuals. The mean arterial pressure response to a sympathetic burst was reduced during the high lung volume compared to the low lung volume phase. This coupling was absent in T2D. Respiratory modulation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) is impaired in T2D, with a blunted reduction of MSNA observed during the high lung volume phase. T2D patients with impaired respiratory MSNA modulation had augmented systolic BP, respiratory-related BP excursions (Traube-Hering waves) and BP variability. Abnormal respiratory modulation of MSNA and sympathetic transduction to BP in T2D may contribute to altered blood pressure control and cardiovascular risk in this population.

A Hybrid Architecture 360° Phase Shifter With Continuously Tunable Phase Shift and Low In-Band Phase Error

A Hybrid Architecture 360° Phase Shifter With Continuously Tunable Phase Shift and Low In-Band Phase Error