Low Catalytic Efficiency Research Articles

A Glutathione-Consuming Bimetallic Nano-Bomb with the Combination of Photothermal and Chemodynamic Therapy for Tumors: An in vivo and in vitro Study.

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) faces challenges of low catalytic ion efficiency and ROS production. We developed a ROS nano-bomb, Cu/ZIF-8@GA-Fe, to address these issues. The nano-bomb was synthesized by doping copper into ZIF-8 and assembling Fe3+ and gallic acid (GA). It was tested for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in acidic conditions and its photothermal properties. In an acidic micro environment, Cu/ZIF-8@GA-Fe effectively released Fe3+ and Cu2+, depleting GSH and generating ROS. The GA-Fe coating provided photothermal heat and was used to enhance Fenton reactions via dual ions for increasing ROS production. In vivo and in vitro experiments, Cu/ZIF-8@GA-Fe inhibited tumor growth with minimal side effects. Cu/ZIF-8@GA-Fe shows promise for safe and effective CDT, offering a synergistic approach to tumor therapy.

MXene-based PCC-IS/M@TiO2 ternary integrated heterogeneous conjunctiva for efficient interfacial evaporation and photocatalytic degradation

Traditional photocatalytic materials have low catalytic efficiency due to their weak absorption capacity of light. As a new technology to obtain fresh water from seawater or sewage by using sunlight, solar interface evaporation has attracted wide attention. Therefore, it is urgent to explore new composite materials with synergistic interfacial evaporation and photocatalytic properties. A ternary integrated heteroconjunctival membrane (PCC-IS/M@TiO2) with excellent solar interfacial evaporation and photocatalytic properties has been prepared by two-step hydrothermal method and phase transformation method. Under the condition of 1 kW m−2 simulated solar illumination, the evaporation rate of the composite film can reach 1.4898 kg m−2 h−1, and the photothermal conversion efficiency can reach 82.93 %. It also has good photocatalytic performance on RhB and MB, with degradation rates of 93.34 % and 94.79 %, respectively. In addition to its recyclability and good recycling ability, its practical application ability has also been verified in outdoor experiments. PCC-IS/M@TiO2 has great application potential in the study of interfacial evaporation synergistic photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants, and provides a new idea for exploring the design of functional composite materials for treating more complex pollutant water bodies.

Creating a suprazyme: integrating a molecular enzyme mimic with a nanozyme for enhanced catalysis.

Enzyme mimics, due to their limited complexity, traditionally display low catalytic efficiency. Herein we present a strategy that enables the transformation of a slow-acting catalyst into a highly active one by creating a non-covalent suprastructure, termed "suprazyme". We show that cucurbit[7]uril macrocycles, rudimentary molecular enzyme mimics, embedded within an anionic monolayer on the surface of gold nanoparticles, outperform individual cucurbit[7]urils as well as nanoparticles, which also exhibit catalytic enzyme-like activity and thus act as nanozymes, by over 50 times, showcasing a 1044-fold acceleration in a model oxime formation reaction. The superior performance of such a suprazyme is attributed to a synergistic interplay between the organic monolayer and macrocycles, which is accompanied by a decreased local polarity and pH that favors the acid-catalyzed condensation process. The proposed approach holds promise for developing diverse suprazymes, contingent upon achieving a complementary structure and mechanism of action between the molecular catalyst and nanoparticles.

Assessment of Kaistella jeonii esterase conformational dynamics in response to poly(ethylene terephthalate) binding

The pervasive presence of plastic in the environment has reached a concerning scale, being identified in many ecosystems. Bioremediation is the cheapest and most eco-friendly alternative to remove this polymer from affected areas. Recent work described that a novel cold-active esterase enzyme extracted from the bacteria Kaistella jeonii could promiscuously degrade PET. Compared to the well-known PETase from Ideonella sakaiensis, this novel esterase presents a low sequence identity yet has a remarkably similar folding. However, enzymatic assays demonstrated a lower catalytic efficiency. In this work, we employed a strict computational approach to investigate the binding mechanism between the esterase and PET. Understanding the underlying mechanism of binding can shed light on the evolutive mechanism of how enzymes have been evolving to degrade these artificial molecules and help develop rational engineering approaches to improve PETase-like enzymes. Our results indicate that this esterase misses a disulfide bridge, keeping the catalytic residues closer and possibly influencing its catalytic efficiency. Moreover, we describe the structural response to the interaction between enzyme and PET, indicating local and global effects. Our results aid in deepening the knowledge behind the mechanism of biological catalysis of PET degradation and as a base for the engineering of novel PETases.

Exploring efficient and air-stable d2 Re(v) alkylidyne catalysts: toward room temperature alkyne metathesis.

Transition metal-catalyzed alkyne metathesis has become a useful tool in synthetic chemistry. Well-defined alkyne metathesis catalysts comprise alkylidyne complexes of tungsten, molybdenum and rhenium. Non-d0 Re(v) alkylidyne catalysts exhibit advantages such as remarkable tolerance to air and moisture as well as excellent functional group compatibility. However, the known Re(v) alkylidynes with a pyridine leaving ligand require harsh conditions for activation, resulting in lower catalytic efficiency compared to d0 Mo(vi) and W(vi) alkylidynes. Herein, we report the first non-d0 alkylidyne complex capable of mediating alkyne metathesis at room temperature, namely, the Re(v) aqua alkylidyne complex Re([triple bond, length as m-dash]CCH2Ph)( Ph PO)2(H2O) (14). The aqua complex readily dissociates a water ligand in solution, confirmed by ligand substitution reactions with other σ-donor ligands. The aqua complex can be readily prepared on a large scale, and is stable to air and moisture in the solid state and compatible with a variety of functional groups. The versatile ability of the catalyst has been demonstrated through examples of alkyne cross-metathesis (ACM), ring-closing alkyne metathesis (RCAM), and acyclic diyne metathesis macrocyclization (ADIMAC) reactions. All in all, this work presents a solution for an efficient and air-stable alkyne metathesis catalytic system based on d2 Re(v)-alkylidynes.

Enhanced removal of sulfamethoxazole by Mn(II)/bisulfite in presence of nitrilotriacetic acid: Role of Mn(III)

Currently, the research on bisulfite (BS) activation by Mn(II) is very limited probably because of the low catalytic efficiency of Mn(II). Adding ligands to Mn(II)/BS system is likely to improve the BS activation, but the relative information is very rare. Therefore, the effect of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) on Mn(II)/BS system was investigated in this work using sulfamethoxazole (SMX) as the target contaminant. The results showed that the addition of NTA enhanced SMX removal in Mn(Ⅱ)/BS system through forming Mn(Ⅱ/III)-NTA complexes driving Mn(III)/Mn(II) cycle and stabilizing Mn(III). Alcohol scavenging experiments and competitive kinetic experiments indicated that sulfate radical (SO4•−) and hydroxyl radical (HO•) were not the main reactive species in Mn(II)/NTA/BS system. Mn(Ⅲ) was the primary oxidant for SMX elimination in this system and its existence was proved by UV-Vis absorption spectrum of reaction solution. Mn(Ⅱ)/NTA/BS system could greatly degrade SMX in near-neutral conditions, while nearly no SMX removal was observed at pH 3.0. The decrease of dissolved oxygen concentration significantly inhibited BS autocatalytic stage, thus suppressing the removal of SMX. Due to the competitive complexation of HCO3− and FA with NTA for Mn(II), their addition in Mn(Ⅱ)/NTA/BS system obviously inhibited SMX degradation. Four intermediates were detected during SMX degradation in Mn(Ⅱ)/NTA/BS system, and the possible SMX transformation pathways were speculated as N-S bond breaking, hydroxylation, amino oxidation and coupling reaction.

Unveiling the electron-acceptor effect in selenium-doped Cu-N-C catalyst with atomically dispersed active sites for boosting Hg0 oxidation

M-N-C catalysts have considerable potential in the fields of catalysis, such as highly polluting gaseous elemental mercury (Hg0) oxidation. However, the direct application of these kinds of catalysts for mercury removal is stymied by their low catalytic efficiency. Heteroatom-doping in M-N-C catalysts has been proposed as a powerful strategy to the promote catalytic of Hg0, but the origin of boosting catalytic activity is still elusive. Herein, it is disclosed that selenium doping induces an obvious electron-acceptor effect for accelerating the Hg0 catalytic oxidation. The model selenium-doped Cu-N-C catalyst with atomically dispersed active sites was verified by various characterization methods, such as SEM-EDS and scanning transmission electron microscopy. The optimal Cu-NC-Se with Cu/Se ratio of 1:1 exhibited the best Hg0 removal performance, over 8-fold enhancement in their Hg0 oxidation capacities than raw selenium-free Cu-NC. At the optimal reaction temperature of 90 °C, Cu-NC-Se achieved an average Hg0 removal rate of 92.44% within 60 min under single pure N2 atmosphere. As for the influence of flue gas components, the presence of O2 promoted the removal of mercury in Cu-NC-Se, whereas CO2, NO and SO2 served as slight inhibitors. Even after five cycles of the experiment, the average mercury oxidization efficiency was still remained at 88.5%, showing that Cu-NC-Se can be reused with good maintenance of the catalytic activity and atomic dispersion of Cu and Se in the structure. The unsaturated Cu sites connected with pyridinic N on the carbon matrix can serve preferential adsorption to Hg0 and doped selenium. Meanwhile, the selenium doping accelerated Hg0 adsorption and accept sufficient electrons for promoting Hg0 oxidation to forming stable HgSe, which is also corroborated by the theoretical analysis results based on density functional theory. This work not only provides an alternative facile synthetic strategy for developing heteroatom-doping atomically dispersed M-N-C catalysts, but also represents a significant advance for deepening the understanding of the Hg0 catalytic oxidation mechanism on M-N-C catalyst.

Applications of Microbial Enzymes: The Need of an Hour

A growing need for sustainable solutions is one of the primary drivers of the demand for industrial enzymes. One of the most significant and beneficial sources of many enzymes has been and still is the microbial world. Numerous industrial procedures, such as chemical synthesis used to create chemicals and pharmaceuticals, have a number of drawbacks: Lack of enantiomeric specificity for chiral synthesis, low pH, high pressure, high temperature, and low catalytic efficiency. Enzyme research and interest are still advancing, which helps industrial biocatalysis succeed even more. There should be a lot of intriguing discoveries in the field of biotransformation over the coming years. The value of biotechnologically and industrially significant microbial enzymes is the main topic of this study, which comprises 44 papers, including research studies and review articles. Also, it offers novel insights into the micro-organisms that manufacture these enzymes as well as the procedures employed for their purification and separation.

The Advances, Challenges, and Perspectives on Electrocatalytic Reduction of Nitrogenous Substances to Ammonia: A Review.

Ammonia (NH3) is considered to be a critical chemical feedstock in agriculture, industry, and other fields. However, conventional Haber-Bosch (HB) ammonia (NH3) production suffers from high energy consumption, harsh reaction conditions, and large carbon dioxide emissions. Despite the emergence of electrocatalytic reduction of nitrogenous substances to NH3 under ambient conditions as a new frontier, there are several bottleneck problems that impede the commercialization process. These include low catalytic efficiency, competition with the hydrogen evolution reaction, and difficulties in breaking the N≡N triple bond. In this review, we explore the recent advances in electrocatalytic NH3 synthesis, using nitrogen and nitrate as reactants. We focus on the contribution of the catalyst design, specifically based on molecular-catalyst interaction mechanisms, as well as chemical bond breaking and directional coupling mechanisms, to address the aforementioned problems during electrocatalytic NH3 synthesis. Finally, we discuss the relevant opportunities and challenges in this field.

Rational engineering and insight for a L-glutaminase activity reduced type II L-asparaginase from Bacillus licheniformis and its antileukemic activity in vitro

Type II L-asparaginase (ASNase) has been approved by the FDA for treating acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), but its therapeutic effect is limited by low catalytic efficiency and L-glutaminase (L-Gln) activity. This study utilized free energy based molecular dynamics calculations to identify residues associated with substrate binding in Bacillus licheniformis L-asparaginase II (BLASNase) with high catalytical activity. After saturation and combination mutagenesis, the mutant LGT (74 L/75G/111 T) with intensively reduced l-glutamine catalytic activity was generated. The l-glutamine/L-asparagine activity (L-Gln/L-Asn) of LGT was only 6.6 % of parent BLASNase, whereas the L-asparagine (L-Asn) activity was preserved >90 %. Furthermore, structural comparison and molecular dynamics calculations indicated that the mutant LGT had reduced binding ability and affinity towards l-glutamine. To evaluate its effect on acute leukemic cells, LGT was supplied in treating MOLT-4 cells. The experimental results demonstrated that LGT was more cytotoxic and promoted apoptosis compared with commercial Escherichia coli ASNase. Overall, our findings firstly provide insights into reducing l-glutamine activity without impacting L-asparagine activity for BLASNase to possess remarkable potential for anti-leukemia therapy.

Insight into the enhanced catalytic performance of phosphate-modified ZrO2/SBA-15 for the conversion of biobased 2,5-dimethylfuran and ethylene into p-xylene

Catalytic conversion of biomass-derived platform chemicals into bulk chemicals p-xylene (PX) is appealing yet challenging due to low catalytic efficiency and severe reaction conditions. In this work, we fabricated a series of phosphate-modified ZrO2/SBA-15 (xP-Zr/SBA-15) via adjusting the addition of phosphoric acid, and used them for the catalytic conversion biomass-derived 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) and ethylene to PX. Because of the enhanced adsorption capability for the reactant molecules (DMF and ethylene) and the good synergistic effect between Brønsted acid sites (P-OH) and Lewis acid sites (Zr4+), 30P-Zr/SBA-15 revealed an excellent catalytic performance in the selective conversion of DMF into PX. The DMF conversion was 98.5%, PX yield was 92.0% at 250 °C for 12 h, and the corresponding PX productivity was upto 50.5 mmolPX·gcat−1·h−1. The results are far superior to those obtained on most previously reported catalysts in the literature under similar reaction conditions. The kinetic study revealed that 30P-Zr/SBA-15 has a lower apparent activation energy for the tandem reaction including the Diels-Alder reaction (57.0 kJ·mo−1) and dehydration reaction (37.7 kJ·mo−1). Moreover, the 30P-Zr/SBA-15 catalyst exhibited the excellent recyclability and could be recycled at least six times without a significant loss of activity. On the basis of the temperature-programmed surface reaction of DMF and ethylene, a reasonable reaction mechanism was proposed.

Rational design of imine reductase for asymmetric synthesis of α-methyl-benzylaminonitrogen heterocycles

The potential applications of imine reductases (IREDs) in chiral amine synthesis have garnered significant attention. However, there is still limited research on IRED for reacting with bulky substrates. In this study, we addressed this gap by mutating engineered IRED M5 when confronted with a bulky amine substrate, α-methylphenylethylamine. Our investigation revealed the relatively low catalytic efficiency of engineered IRED M5 when tasked with α-methylphenylethylamine. To enhance the catalytic performance of IRED M5, the mutants M203V and F260A were obtained by rational design. F260A exhibited a substantial improvement in the conversion of tert‑butyl 3-(((R)-1-phenylethyl)amino)piperidine-1-carboxylate, exceeding 2-fold. This enhancement suggests that the F260A mutation likely led to a more conducive active site or increased substrate binding affinity. Furthermore, F260A demonstrated a significant enhancement in stereoselectivity when applied to tert‑butyl 4-(((S)-1-phenylethyl)amino)azepane-1-carboxylate, with the enantiomeric excess (e.e.) increasing from 9% to 86% (S). M203V increased conversions for 3-(((R/S)-1-phenylethyl)amino)piperidine-1-carboxylate. In addition, we revealed a possible the underlying molecular mechanism of the effect of F260A and M203V on catalytic performance. Our study provides a deeper understanding of the rational design according to the interaction between IRED cavity and substrate.

Validation of Ablation and Thermal Response Model for Three-Dimensional Multifunctional Ablator

A semi-empirical physics-based ablation and thermal response model was developed for the 3-Dimensional Multifunctional Ablative Thermal Protection System (3D-MAT) material. Model validation was achieved through comparison between computation and available data obtained in the arc-jet test series, which were conducted at NASA Ames Research Center from 2014 to 2020. The charring ablator simulations for arc-jet test models presented in this work were computed by the Two-Dimensional Implicit Thermal Response and Ablation (TITAN) code, and the Data-Parallel Line Relaxation Method (DPLR) code was used for arc-jet flow simulations to estimate the arc-jet stream total enthalpy and define the aerothermal boundary conditions over the test model surface for TITAN simulations. Because of low surface catalytic efficiency of 3D-MAT char, the exact surface heating could not be determined. Thus, three different types of boundary conditions, including 1) fully catalytic surface heating, 2) noncatalytic surface heating, and 3) surface temperature and recession, were used in the TITAN simulation for model validation. The predicted surface and in-depth temperature history for arc-jet test models were compared with pyrometer and thermocouple data, and the predicted test model surface recession and char depth were compared against the posttest measurements.

Mitochondria-targeting Cu3VS4 nanostructure with high copper ionic mobility for photothermoelectric therapy.

Thermoelectric therapy has emerged as a promising treatment strategy for oncology, but it is still limited by the low thermoelectric catalytic efficiency at human body temperature and the inevitable tumor thermotolerance. We present a photothermoelectric therapy (PTET) strategy based on triphenylphosphine-functionalized Cu3VS4 nanoparticles (CVS NPs) with high copper ionic mobility at room temperature. Under near-infrared laser irradiation, CVS NPs not only generate hyperthermia to ablate tumor cells but also catalytically yield superoxide radicals and induce endogenous NADH oxidation through the Seebeck effect. Notably, CVS NPs can accumulate inside mitochondria and deplete NADH, reducing ATP synthesis by competitively inhibiting the function of complex I, thereby down-regulating the expression of heat shock proteins to relieve tumor thermotolerance. Both in vitro and in vivo results show notable tumor suppression efficacy, indicating that the concept of integrating PTET and mitochondrial metabolism modulation is highly feasible and offers a translational promise for realizing precise and efficient cancer treatment.

Ultrafast degradation of organic pollutants in an Fe3O4-CoS2-x activated persulfate catalytic system with an Fe-Co catalytic cycle involving oxygen and sulfur vacancies

Processes that ensure the rapid degradation of organic pollutants are urgently required in wastewater treatment. Heterogeneous catalysts in sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) have a low catalytic efficiency, long reaction time, and are difficult to recover. Rationally designed magnetically separable Fe3O4-CoS2-0.4 that was rich in sulfur and oxygen vacancies was used as an efficient catalyst for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation to rapidly degrade various dyes and antibiotics. The synergistic effect of Fe, Co and S on the activation of PMS and the sulfur and oxygen vacancy generated by the composite greatly promoted the catalytic performance, in which the singlet oxygen (1O2) generated was the main active species in the degradation process. Fe3O4-CoS2-0.4 is easily separated from the reaction solution by magnets and shows good recyclability and stability in removing MB, achieving removal rates of 100%, 100% and 96.07% in the first, second and third cycles, respectively. Fe3O4-modified CoS2 also greatly reduces the ion leaching of cobalt ions and the secondary pollution. In addition, for several other typical dyes and antibiotics (metronidazole, phenol, tetracycline, levofloxacin, crystal violet, malachite green, and rhodamine B), high removal rates (100%, 100%, 88.3%, 90.3%, 100%, 100%, and 100%, respectively) were achieved in a short time.

Identification and characterisation of MdUGT78T2 as a galactosyltransferase with dual activity on flavonol and anthocyanidin substrates in red-skinned apple fruit (Malus domestica L.).

Anthocyanidin and flavonol glycosides have been linked to the health-promoting effects associated with apple consumption. However, very few enzymes involved in flavonoid glycosylation have been characterised to date. Here, we present the identification and phylogenetic analysis of 234 putative glycosyltransferases involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, and detail the biochemical and structural characterisation of MdUGT78T2 as a strict galactosyltransferase involved in the formation of quercetin-3-O-galactoside and cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, the major glycoconjugates of flavonoids in apple. The enzyme is also active on other flavonoids but with a lower catalytic efficiency. Our data, complemented with gene expression analysis suggest that MdUGT78T2 synthesises the glycoconjugates at both the early and late stages of fruit development. This newly discovered type of catalytic activity can potentially be exploited for in vitro modification of flavonoids to increase their stability in food products and to modify apple fruits and other commercial crops through breeding approaches to enhance their health benefits.

Fabrication of multi-morphological Bi2O2(OH)NO3-BiVO4 Z-Scheme heterojunction for enhanced photocatalytic antibiotic removal performance

Due to the suitable band gap, good stability, and convenient preparation, bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) is regarded as one of potential semiconductor photocatalyst. However, the practical application was restricted by low catalytic efficiency and the poor charge separation. To address these obstacles, a novel Bi-based Bi2O2(OH)NO3-BiVO4 heterogeneous composite was constructed and synthesized by a mild and convenient hydrothermal method. The results of XRD, SEM, XPS, and DRS characterizations indicated that the Bi2O2(OH)NO3-BiVO4 heterogeneous catalyst were prepared successfully. The as-synthesized Bi2O2(OH)NO3-BiVO4 composite had good surface properties and catalytic stability. The results of photocatalytic degradation demonstrated that the tetracycline removal capacity of Bi2O2(OH)NO3-BiVO4 composite was obviously enhanced, and the highest degradation rate could reach 95% after 90 min. The results of quenching experiments revealed that both active species of·OH,·O2- and h+ were involved in the Bi2O2(OH)NO3-BiVO4 catalytic system. The possible degradation pathways for tetracycline degradation were proposed by detecting the intermediate products of the degradation process using UPLC-MS technology. Under the interference of pH, common ions and organic matter in aquatic systems, the degradation system can still remain high degradation efficiency. It shows that the Bi2O2(OH)NO3-BiVO4 composite may be a promising photocatalyst for practical application. The current study provides new insight into developing more effective photocatalysts for antibiotic wastewater treatment.

Protein engineering and iterative multimodule optimization for vitamin B6 production in Escherichia coli

Vitamin B6 is an essential nutrient with extensive applications in the medicine, food, animal feed, and cosmetics industries. Pyridoxine (PN), the most common commercial form of vitamin B6, is currently chemically synthesized using expensive and toxic chemicals. However, the low catalytic efficiencies of natural enzymes and the tight regulation of the metabolic pathway have hindered PN production by the microbial fermentation process. Here, we report an engineered Escherichia coli strain for PN production. Parallel pathway engineering is performed to decouple PN production and cell growth. Further, protein engineering is rationally designed including the inefficient enzymes PdxA, PdxJ, and the initial enzymes Epd and Dxs. By the iterative multimodule optimization strategy, the final strain produces 1.4 g/L of PN with productivity of 29.16 mg/L/h by fed-batch fermentation. The strategies reported here will be useful for developing microbial strains for the production of vitamins and other bioproducts having inherently low metabolic fluxes.

Recent Progress in Design Strategy of Anode for Seawater Electrolysis

Direct electrolysis of inexhaustible seawater to generate green hydrogen represents a more environment‐friendly technology relative to freshwater electrolysis. However, current seawater splitting suffers from a low catalytic efficiency and poor operation stability caused by anodic competition between the oxygen evolution reaction and the chlorine oxidation reaction as well as the severe chloride corrosion. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the latest achievements in promoting the selectivity and stability in seawater electrolysis. Beginning with the fundamentals of the anode reactions during seawater splitting, various strategies to design advanced anodic electrocatalyst including surface selective layer engineering, structural regulation by heteroatoms doping and vacancies, and heterostructure construction are discussed in detail. Finally, the conclusion and the challenges in developing seawater electrolysis technology are highlighted.

Hierarchical porous structure of urushiol mediated Fe3O4/three-dimensional graphene composites towards enhanced Fenton degradation of tetracycline

The Fenton like catalyst Fe3O4 is still limited in wastewater treatment due to its narrow pH range, metal shedding and low catalytic efficiency. Here, a robust urushiol mediated Fe3O4/three-dimensional (3D) graphene was proposed to tackle these challenges. Fe3O4/3D-PU-G (H) was established by loading dense Fe3O4 nanoparticles onto urushiol functionalized 3D graphene via simple solvothermal and mild post-heating. It exhibited rapid degradation (50.3% in 10 s, 97.3% in 10 mins) and reusability (86.8% after 7 cycles) of tetracycline (TC) in a wide pH range (3–11) and various waste water samples. Such excellent performance was attributed to the formation of a stable and compact 3D porous conductive network, which promotes the electron transfer between Fe species and H2O2, the activation of H2O2 to generate OH and the reaction between OH and TC. This work provides a feasible approach for the preparation of efficient heterogeneous catalytic materials.