Low Transition Temperature Research Articles

Room-Temperature Ferromagnetism in Layered Mn-Substituted MoS2

Intrinsically two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnetic materials normally exhibit a low transition temperature, above which they would lose their magnetic properties. This makes it difficult to develop them for practical applications. Substituting transition metal atoms into 2D systems provides a straightforward way for achieving room-temperature ferromagnetism. Here, we propose a one-step chemical vapor deposition method to prepare Mn-substituted MoS2 monolayers, which exhibit robust magnetism, as confirmed by a combined study of physical property measurement systems and magneto-optical measurements. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Raman signals, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis have all shown that the manganese atoms in MoS2 act as a substitute for the molybdenum sites. The microscopic origin of magnetism in Mn-MoS2 is further revealed on the basis of first-principles calculations, which corroborate the experimental results obtained. Our study demonstrates a simple route to creating 2D ferroelectric materials with broad prospects in spintronic devices and next-generation memory components.

Electro-Elastic Modeling of Multi-Step Transitions in Two Elastically Coupled and Sterically Frustrated 1D Spin Crossover Chains

One-dimensional spin crossover (SCO) solids that convert between the low spin (LS) and the high spin (HS) states are widely studied in the literature due to their diverse thermal and optical characteristics which allow obtaining many original behaviors, such as large thermal hysteresis, incomplete spin transitions, as multi-step spin transitions with self-organized states. In the present work, we investigate the thermal behaviors of a system of two elastically coupled 1D mononuclear chains, using the electro-elastic model, by including an elastic frustration in the nearest neighbors (nn) bond length distances of each chain. The chains are made of SCO sites that are coupled elastically through springs with their nn and next-nearest neighbors. The elastic interchain coupling includes diagonal springs, while the nn inter-chain distance is fixed to that of the high spin state. The model is solved using MC simulations, performed on the spin states and the lattice distortions. When we only frustrate the first chain, we found a strong effect on the thermal dependence of the HS fraction of the second chain, which displays an incomplete spin transition with a significantly lowered transition temperature. In the second step, we frustrate both chains by imposing different frustration rates. Here, we demonstrate that for high frustration values, the thermal dependence of the total HS fraction exhibits multi-step spin transitions. The careful examination of the spin state structures in the plateau regions showed the coexistence of special dimerized ferro–antiferro patterns of type LL-HH-LL-HH along the first chain and HH-LL-HH-LL (H=HS and L=LS) along the second one, revealing that the two chains are antiferro-elastically coupled. This type of spatial modulation of the spin state and bond length distances is very attractive because it anticipates the possible existence of periodic structures in 2D lattices, made of alternate 1D SCO strings with HLHLHL structures, coupled in the ferro-like fashion along the interchain direction.

Experimental and molecular dynamics simulation study of toluene absorption by nanofluids

It is well known that the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a significant threat to human health and the ecological environment, and toluene is a typical representative of aromatic VOCs, whose elimination makes an important contribution to the prevention and control of air pollution. Absorption is the classical process to eliminate air pollutants, but the application of absorption is often constrained by absorbent and gas-liquid mass transfer. In recent years, process intensification has become an important development in the chemical industry, and nanotechnology can effectively reduce mass transfer resistance and improve gas-liquid mass transfer effectiveness. This work aims to evaluate the effect of adding nanoparticles on the gas-liquid mass transfer process. The effects of TiO2, Al2O3, and SiO2 nanoparticles on the removal of toluene by green solvent low transition temperature mixtures (LTTM) were investigated experimentally and theoretically. The mass transfer enhancement factors of the toluene absorption process were measured at different concentrations and sizes of TiO2, Al2O3, and SiO2 nanoparticles, absorption temperatures and number of cycles. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the microscopic properties of LTTM and toluene were performed. Based on the MD simulation results, the toluene density distribution, interaction energy, radial distribution function, spatial distribution function, and self-diffusion coefficient were calculated, which helped to explain the absorption mechanism of toluene gas. The findings demonstrated that nanoparticles can alter the gas-liquid mass transfer process, and provided a method and theoretical reference for enhancing the toluene absorption process.

Hydrogen-bonded structures and low temperature transitions of the confined water in subnano channels

The interfacial and confined water have long been attractive objects due to their crucial roles in biological, geological processes, etc. In this paper, we investigate the hydrogen-bonded structures of water and their low temperature transitions in the subnano channels of AlPO4-11 for the first time on the basis of infrared spectroscopy. The number of the adsorbed water molecules is estimated to be 8.45 per channel in one unit cell by thermogravimetric analysis. It is found that the confined water molecules are involved in saturated and unsaturated coordination with different hydrogen bond strengths at ambient temperature. The former refers to ice-like four-coordinated water and the latter includes liquid-like structures, Al-coordinated and relatively free water molecules. Unique coordination between water molecules and framework Al sites is responsible for the ice-like structures in the channels above the ice melting point. The appearance of liquid-like structures is closely related to the strong channel confinement, which does not allow the formation of extensive tetrahedral hydrogen-bonded configuration. As temperature decreases, a structural transformation of confined water happens in the channels of AlPO4-11. Isolated small water oligomers and two new components with stronger hydrogen bonds, such as low-density amorphous ice-like structures and a kind of low-density liquid-like structures are preferred. Our results provide important insights into the structural organizations and thermal-dynamic behaviors of confined water in extreme narrow channels.

Validating the Use of Gaussian Process Regression for Adaptive Mapping of Residual Stress Fields.

Probing the stress state using a high density of measurement points is time intensive and presents a limitation for what is experimentally feasible. Alternatively, individual strain fields used for determining stresses can be reconstructed from a subset of points using a Gaussian process regression (GPR). Results presented in this paper evidence that determining stresses from reconstructed strain fields is a viable approach for reducing the number of measurements needed to fully sample a component's stress state. The approach was demonstrated by reconstructing the stress fields in wire-arc additively manufactured walls fabricated using either a mild steel or low-temperature transition feedstock. Effects of errors in individual GP reconstructed strain maps and how these errors propagate to the final stress maps were assessed. Implications of the initial sampling approach and how localized strains affect convergence are explored to give guidance on how best to implement a dynamic sampling experiment.

Effect of neurodegenerative mutations in NEFL gene on thermal denaturation of the neurofilament light chain protein

The effects of amino acid substitutions E90K, N98S and A149V in the light chain of neurofilaments (NFL) on the structure and thermal denaturation of the NFL molecule was investigated. By using the circular dichroism spectroscopy, it was shown that these substitutions do not lead to a changes in the α-helical structure of NFL, but they caused a noticeable effects on the stability of the molecule. We also identified calorimetric domains in the NFL structure by using the differential scanning calorimetry. It was shown that the E90K replacement lead to the disappearance of the low-temperature thermal transition (domain 1). The mutations lead to changes in the enthalpy of melting of NFL domains, as well as lead to significant changes in the melting temperatures (Tm) of some calorimetric domains. Thus, despite the fact that all these amino acid substitutions are associated with the development of Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy, and two of them are even located very close to each other in the coiled-coil domain 1A, they differently effects on the structure and stability of the NFL molecule.

Preparation and Application of Polymeric Molecularly Imprinted Adsorbents in Accordance with the Principles of Green Chemistry

Molecularly imprinting technology is a suitable tool for the development of selective materials for the isolation and separation of substances, and targeted use. The aim of this paper was to compile an overview of current trends in the preparation of MIP (Molecularly Imprinted Polymers). We focused on the implementation of ecologically acceptable solutions in the procedures for the fabrication and application of MIP, mainly for the purposes of chemical analyses. Theoretical approaches and simulations for the selection of optimal components of the polymerization mixture, the application of ultrasonic and microwave light in MIP synthesis, as well as microextraction procedures for the preparation of complex samples for analysis are successfully applied in analytical methods based on MIP adsorbents. While the use of low transition temperature mixtures (deep eutectic solvents, ionic liquids) and biomass components as a replacement or modification of porogens, functional and cross-linking monomers or other components of the polymerization mixture can help to transform the polymerization processes into more environment-friendly ones, it still requires an investigation of the synthesis mechanisms and their influence on the properties of the prepared MIPs.

Thermochromic properties of BN/VO2/BN trilayer films with low phase transition temperature and high hysteresis width

Thermochromic properties of BN/VO2/BN trilayer films with low phase transition temperature and high hysteresis width

Effect of titanium substitution on magnetic and dielectric properties of BaFe12O19 ceramics prepared by solid-state and co-precipitation methods

Barium ferrite has been modified by addition of titanium ions according to the formula BaTixFe(12-x)O19, with values of x as 0.00, 0.07, 0.14, 0.42, and 0.70. Samples were synthesized via solid-state and co-precipitation methods and then characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as thermal analysis of dielectric constant and magnetization. The majority phase of barium ferrite with a hexagonal structure is observed in all samples, while the presence of Ti 2p was confirmed in the titanium-substituted samples. The saturation magnetization values for samples with x = 0.00, 0.07, and 0.14 are near the 50 emu/g. In contrast, samples with higher x values as 0.42 and 0.70 show significant magnetization loss with some low-temperature magnetic transition observed for x = 0.42. Dielectric characterization performed by thermal scanning of dielectric permittivity shows a substantial increase in the dielectric constant. It reveals the presence of a paraelectric-like transition at high temperatures induced by the addition of titanium.

Understanding the Molecular Conformation and Viscoelasticity of Low Sol-Gel Transition Temperature Gelatin Methacryloyl Suspensions.

For biomedical applications, gelatin is usually modified with methacryloyl groups to obtain gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), which can be crosslinked by a radical reaction induced by low wavelength light to form mechanically stable hydrogels. The potential of GelMA hydrogels for tissue engineering has been well established, however, one of the main disadvantages of mammalian-origin gelatins is that their sol-gel transitions are close to room temperature, resulting in significant variations in viscosity that can be a problem for biofabrication applications. For these applications, cold-water fish-derived gelatins, such as salmon gelatin, are a good alternative due to their lower viscosity, viscoelastic and mechanical properties, as well as lower sol-gel transition temperatures, when compared with mammalian gelatins. However, information regarding GelMA (with special focus on salmon GelMA as a model for cold-water species) molecular conformation and the effect of pH prior to crosslinking, which is key for fabrication purposes since it will determine final hydrogel's structure, remains scarce. The aim of this work is to characterize salmon gelatin (SGel) and salmon methacryloyl gelatin (SGelMA) molecular configuration at two different acidic pHs (3.6 and 4.8) and to compare them to commercial porcine gelatin (PGel) and methacryloyl porcine gelatin (PGelMA), usually used for biomedical applications. Specifically, we evaluated gelatin and GelMA samples' molecular weight, isoelectric point (IEP), their molecular configuration by circular dichroism (CD), and determined their rheological and thermophysical properties. Results showed that functionalization affected gelatin molecular weight and IEP. Additionally, functionalization and pH affected gelatin molecular structure and rheological and thermal properties. Interestingly, the SGel and SGelMA molecular structure was more sensitive to pH changes, showing differences in gelation temperatures and triple helix formation than PGelMA. This work suggests that SGelMA presents high tunability as a biomaterial for biofabrication, highlighting the importance of a proper GelMA molecular configuration characterization prior to hydrogel fabrication.

A Scalable, Incoherent‐Light‐Powered, Omnidirectional Self‐Oscillator

Light‐fueled self‐oscillators based on stimuli‐responsive soft materials have been explored toward the realization of a myriad of nonequilibrium robotic functions, such as adaptation, autonomous locomotion, and energy conversion. However, the high energy density and unidirectionality of the light field, together with the unscalable design of the existing demonstrations, hinder their further implementation. Herein, a light‐responsive lampshade‐like smart material assembly as a new self‐oscillator model that is unfettered by the abovementioned challenges, is introduced. Liquid crystal elastomer with low phase transition temperature is used as the photomechanical component to provide twisting movement under low‐intensity incoherent light field. A spiral lampshade frame ensures an equal amount of light being shadowed as negative feedback to sustain the oscillation upon constant light field from omnidirectional excitation (0°–360° azimuth and 20°–90° zenith). Different‐sized oscillators with 6, 15, and 50 mm in diameter are fabricated to prove the possibility of scaling up and down the concept. The results provide a viewpoint on the fast‐growing topic of self‐oscillation in soft matter and new implications for self‐sustained soft robots.

Theoretical insights into the reversible CO2 absorption by ethylene glycol/KOH/boric acid low temperature transition mixture

The Low Temperature Transition Mixture (LTTM) formed by ethylene glycol, potassium hydroxide and boric acid experimentally demonstrated to reversibly absorb carbon dioxide (see J. Mol. Liq. 340 (2021) 117180). In this paper, we study the speciation of the components and the absorption/desorption mechanism by Density Functional Theory, providing reasonable hypotheses to explain all the experimental facts for which it was not possible to provide a satisfactory explanation. In addition, we used the recently developed Extended Transition State-Natural Orbitals for Chemical Valence (ETS-NOCV) analysis of concerted transition states (cTS), in order to isolate and quantitatively evaluate the relative importance and asynchrony of all the concurrent molecular events embedded in the cTS.

A Magnetic Bio-Inspired Soft Carrier as a Temperature-Controlled Gastrointestinal Drug Delivery System.

Currently, gastrointestinal bleeding in the colon wall and the small bowel is diagnosed and treated with endoscopes. However, the locations of this condition are often problematic to treat using traditional flexible and tethered tools. New studies commonly consider untethered devices for solving this problem. However, there still exists a gap in the extant literature, and more research is needed to diagnose and deliver drugs in the lower gastrointestinal tract using soft robotic carriers. This paper discusses the development of an untethered, magnetically-responsive bio-inspired soft carrier. A molding process is utilized to produce prototypes from Diisopropylidene-1,6-diphenyl-1,6-hexanediol-based Polymer with Ethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate (DiAPLEX) MP-3510 - a shape memory polymer with a low transition temperature to enable the fabrication of these carriers. The soft carrier design is validated through simulation results of deformation caused by magnetic elements embedded in the carrier in response to an external field. The thermal responsiveness of the fabricated prototype carriers is assessed ex vivo and in a phantom. The results indicate a feasible design capable of administering drugs to a target inside a phantom of a large intestine. The soft carrier introduces a method for the controlled release of drugs by utilizing the rubbery modulus of the polymer and increasing the recovery force through magneticactuation.

Printable Thermochromic Hydrogel-Based Smart Window for All-Weather Building Temperature Regulation in Diverse Climates.

Thermochromic smart windows are widely developed to modulate building energy exchange to save building energy consumption. However, most smart windows have fixed working temperatures, moderate energy-saving efficiency, and are not suitable for diverse (cold and hot) climates. Here smart windows with strong temperature modulation over a broad range of hydrogels with adjustable transition temperatures for all-weather building temperature regulation in different climates are reported. Thermochromic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N, N-dimethylacrylamide) hydrogels, with lower critical transition temperatures ranging from 32.5 to 43.5°C, are developed for smart windows with solar modulation up to 88.84% and intrinsic transmittance up to 91.30% over full spectrum without energy input. Simulated indoor investigations are performed in different cities from 23 °N to 39 °N from winter to summer. The results indicate that smart windows have a strong solar modulation in summer to reduce indoor temperature up to 7.3°C and efficient heat conservation in winter to save energy up to 4.30Jm-3 , in comparison to glass windows. Smart windows with grid patterns and Chinese kirigami are fabricated by using 3D printing of the hydrogels to achieve both solar modulation and light incidence. The strategy offers an innovative path for thermochromic smart windows for low carbon economy.

Magnetic frustration driven by conduction carrier blocking in Nd2Co0.85Si2.88

The intermetallic compound ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{2}{\mathrm{Co}}_{0.85}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2.88}$ having a triangular lattice could be synthesized in single phase only with defect crystal structure. Investigation through different experimental techniques indicate the presence of two magnetic transitions in the system. As verified experimentally and theoretically, the high-temperature transition ${T}_{\mathrm{H}}\ensuremath{\sim}$ 140 K is associated with the development of ferromagnetic interaction between itinerant Co moments, whereas the low-temperature transition at ${T}_{\mathrm{L}}\ensuremath{\sim}$ 6.5 K is due to the coupling among $\text{Nd}\text{\ensuremath{-}}4f$ and $\mathrm{Co}\text{\ensuremath{-}}3d$ moments, which is antiferromagnetic in nature. Detailed studies of temperature-dependent dc magnetic susceptibility, field dependence of isothermal magnetization, nonequilibrium dynamical behavior, viz., magnetic relaxation, aging effect, magnetic-memory effect, and temperature dependence of heat capacity, along with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, suggest that the ground state is magnetically frustrated spin glass in nature, having competing magnetic interactions of equivalent energies. DFT results further reveal that the $3d/5d$-conduction carriers are blocked in the system and act as a barrier for the $4f\text{\ensuremath{-}}4f$ RKKY interactions, resulting in spin frustration. Presence of vacancy defects in the crystal are also conducive to the spin frustration. This is an unique mechanism of magnetic frustration, not emphasized so far in any of the ternary ${R}_{2}T{X}_{3}$ ($R$ = rare earth, $T$ = transition elements, and $X$ = Si, Ge, In) type compounds. Due to the competing character of the itinerant $3d$ and localized $4f$ moments, the compound exhibits anomalous field dependence of magnetic coercivity. The system also exhibits a considerable magnetic entropy change of $\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{S}_{\mathrm{M}}\ensuremath{\sim}$ 13.3 J/kg K with a relative cooling power (RCP) of 220 J/kg and adiabatic temperature change $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{T}_{\mathrm{ad}}$ of 6 K for magnetic field change of 70 kOe.

Bottom-up building of two-dimensional magnetic materials with self-assembly of superatom TM@Sn12 (TM = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe) clusters

The miniaturization of electronic devices is increasingly requiring some low-dimensional magnetic materials with excellent properties, so ultra-thin two-dimensional magnetic materials have attracted extensive attention. However, most two-dimensional materials exfoliated from bulk either lack intrinsic magnetism or have low magnetic transition temperatures, which greatly limits their practical applications. Here, using magnetic superatom TM@Sn12 (TM = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe) clusters as building blocks, a series of two-dimensional materials are designed and the underlying mechanism for magnetic order and stability are explained by direct exchange of outer superatom orbitals (1G, 2P and 2D). The honeycomb lattice of TM@Sn12 (TM = V, Cr, Fe) and the square lattice of Ti@Sn12 are ferromagnetic. The Cr@Sn12 honeycomb lattice has a large out-of-plane magnetic anisotropic energy of 2.21 meV and its Curie temperature reaches 162 K, while the Fe@Sn12 honeycomb lattice has a large in-plane magnetic anisotropic energy of 3.58 meV. This research provides a new avenue for developing novel magnetic materials with excellent properties.

Phase behavior of medium-length hydrophobically associating PEO-PPO multiblock copolymers in aqueous media

HypothesisThe micellization of block copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) is driven by the dehydration of PPO at elevated temperatures. At low concentrations, a viscous solution of isolated micelles is obtained, whereas at higher concentrations, crowding of micelles results in an elastic gel. Alternating PEO-PPO multiblock copolymers are expected to exhibit different phase behavior, with altered phase boundaries and thermodynamics, as compared to PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymers (Pluronics®) with equal hydrophobicity, thereby proving the pivotal role of copolymer architecture and molecular weight. ExperimentsMultiple characterization techniques were used to map the phase behavior as a function of temperature and concentration of PEO-PPO multiblock copolymers (ExpertGel®) in aqueous solution. These techniques include shear rheology, differential and adiabatic scanning calorimetry, isothermal titration calorimetry and light transmittance. The micellar size and topology were studied by dynamic light scattering. FindingsMultiblocks have lower transition temperatures and higher thermodynamic driving forces for micellization as compared to triblocks due to the presence of more than one PPO block per chain. With increasing concentration, the multiblock copolymers in solution gradually evolve into a viscoelastic network formed by soluble bridges in between micellar nodes, whereas hairy triblock micelles jam into liquid crystalline phases resembling an elastic colloidal crystal.

Effect of MgO doping on energy storage and electrocaloric properties of ferroelectric 0.6Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3–0.4(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 ceramics

This study highlights the effect of MgO doping on microstructure, dielectric, ferroelectric, energy storage and electrocaloric properties of lead-free (1-x)(0.6Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3–0.4(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3)–xMgO ceramics with x varying from 0-5%. X-ray diffraction studies revealed that BZCT-MgO ceramics exhibited a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB), i.e. coexistence of both tetragonal and rhombohedral phases at room temperature for x ≤ 1%. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed that grain size is decreased with the increase of MgO content. The Raman analysis and temperature dependent dielectric studies further confirm the MPB behaviour at low MgO content. Besides, the MgO additive improves the diffused phase transition (DPT) behaviour of BZCT ceramics, lowers transition temperature and enhances their relaxor behaviour. It is observed that 0.99BZCT–0.01MgO showed optimum energy storage properties with a recoverable energy density of 177.6 mJ/cm3 and an efficiency of 79% at an electric field of 45 kV/cm. Moreover, they exhibited a robust energy storage performance even after passing 107 cycles. Further, the electrocaloric temperature change and responsivity are found 1.12 K at 45 kV/cm and 0.024 Kcm/kV, respectively in 0.99BZCT–0.01MgO ceramics.

The stress release of morphological change on thermochromic properties of nitrogen-incorporated VO2 thin films

VO2 thin films are fabricated by the reactive high power impulse magnetron sputtering technique. Their thermochromic properties are found to be greatly affected by the addition of nitrogen during the deposition process. These include an effect of localized surface plasmon resonance due to isolated island structures. Furthermore, low transition temperatures below 45 °C are observed due to oxygen-deficient conditions. Also, the transition temperature decreases with an increase in the thickness of the TiO2 buffer layer. The reduction in transition temperature could be as low as 39 °C with a solar modulating ability of 4% at a thicker buffer of 300 nm under a high gas ratio of 21.7% for nitrogen. The crystalline phase is identified by x-ray diffraction, showing that the intensity of monoclinic crystallites at a diffraction angle of 2θ = 27.8° for (011) phase decreases with an increase in the amount of nitrogen, whereas a relaxing shift is detected near the diffraction angle of 2θ = 37.0° for (2¯11) phase. Similar behavior is seen in the peak shift of the (004) phase for TiO2. The d-spacing of the crystallization phase with island structure is identified by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The evolution of stress release, which is strongly dependent on surface morphology, is consistent with x-ray pole figure representation. The visible transmittance and solar modulation ability as functions of the amount of nitrogen and the buffer thickness of TiO2 are discussed.

Thermochromic composite film of VO2 nanoparticles and [(C2H5)2NH2]2NiBr4@SiO2 nanospheres for smart window applications

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) has attracted consideration because of its thermochromic performance in smart windows. However, the practical applications of VO2-based smart windows are seriously hindered by their low luminous transmittance (Tlum), poor solar modulation efficiency (ΔTsol), and the monotonous “brown-yellowish” color. This study aims at developing a newly reported metal complex [(C2H5)2NH2]2NiBr4 and its core–shell structure of [(C2H5)2NH2]2NiBr4@SiO2, combined with the thermochromic VO2 to enhance optical performance (Tlum and ΔTsol). Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the as-obtained metal complex is thermodynamically stable, and the weaker NH…Br hydrogen bond makes the complex possesses a lower phase transition temperature (TC = 57.6 °C) than the reported [(C2H5)2NH2]2NiCl4 (TC = 75.4 °C). In addition, it is found that the SiO2 shell can effectively inhibit the deliquescence of the [(C2H5)2NH2]2NiBr4 complex, and DFT calculations reveal that the oxygen of SiO2 can bond with the hydrogen of ammonium, thus the water molecules in the air cannot continue to react with the complex. Interestingly, the combination of [(C2H5)2NH2]2NiBr4@SiO2/Polystyrene film with VO2/Polyvinylbutyral film demonstrates exemplary solar modulation abilities (Tlum,low = 52.9 %, Tlum,high = 37.3 %, ΔTsol = 25.7 %, Haze = 26.5 %), 2.1 times better than that of VO2/Polyvinylbutyral film (Tlum,low = 55.9 %, Tlum,high = 54.2 %, ΔTsol = 12.4 %, Haze = 17.2 %). Moreover, the color of VO2-based film changes from light-brown (at low temperature) to green (at high temperature).