Low Level Of Difficulty Research Articles

Terminology as a source of difficulty in translating international legal discourses: an empirical cross-genre study

Abstract Despite the persistent focus on terminology in legal translation studies, to date, no large-scale research has empirically explored the difficulty of terminology in translating legal genres. Approaches to translation difficulty in translation studies more broadly remain limited in scope. To fill this gap, a study was conducted to measure the difficulty associated with the translation of legal terminology and phraseology, as well as with terminology of other domains, in the LETRINT 1+ corpus, including nine representative genres of three institutional settings (the European Union, the United Nations and the World Trade Organization). For comparative purposes, four levels of translation difficulty were assigned to multiple terminological features by a group of specialized translators through a consensus-building process of annotation based on the cognitive effort estimated for translation decision-making. The difficulty scores obtained confirm the correlation between legal singularity and higher translation difficulty, as well as the connection of more commonly used legal terms and phrasemes, and core economic terms, with lower difficulty levels. The findings also provide evidence of the prominence of non-legal specialized terminology in institutional legal discourses, and the aggregate terminological difficulty levels of each genre examined, which can be particularly useful for informing translation quality assurance, project management and translator training.

Alterations in Multi-channel EEG Dynamics During a Stressful Shooting Task in Virtual Reality Systems.

This paper explores power spectrum-based features extracted from the 64-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) signals to analyze brain activity alterations during a virtual reality (VR)-based stressful shooting task, with low and high difficulty levels, from an initial resting baseline. This paper also investigates the variations in EEG across several experimental sessions performed over multiple days. Results indicate that patterns of changes in different power bands of the EEG are consistent with high mental stress levels during the shooting task compared to baseline. Although there is one inconsistency, overall, the brain patterns indicate higher stress levels during high difficulty tasks than low difficulty tasks and in the first session compared to the last session.

Effects of Knee Injury Length on Jump Inside Kick Performances of Wushu Player.

Background and Objectives: When performing the jump inside kick in Wushu, it is important to understand the rotation technique while in mid-air. This is because the score varies according to the mid-air rotation, and when landing after the mid-air rotation, it causes considerable injury to the knee. This study aimed to compare the differences in kinematic and kinetic variables between experienced and less experienced knee injuries in the Wushu players who perform 360°, 540°, and 720° jump inside kicks in self-taolu. Materials and Methods: The participants’ mean (SD) age was 26.12 (2.84) years old. All of them had suffered knee injuries and were all recovering and returning to training. The group was classified into a group with less than 20 months of injury experience (LESS IG, n = 6) and a group with more than 20 months of injury experience (MORE IG, n = 6). For kinematic measurements, jump inside kicks at three rotations were assessed by using high-speed cameras. For kinetic measurements, the contraction time and maximal displacement of tensiomyography were assessed in the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius lateralis, gastrocnemius medialis, and tibialis anterior. The peak torque, work per repetition, fatigue index, and total work of isokinetic moments were assessed using knee extension/flexion, ankle inversion/eversion, and ankle plantarflexion/dorsiflexion tests. Results: Although there was no difference at the low difficulty level (360°), there were significant differences at the higher difficulty levels (540° and 720°) between the LESS IG and the MORE IG. For distance and time, the LESS IG had a shorter jump distance, but a faster rotation time compared to those in the MORE IG. Due to the characteristics of the jump inside kick’s rotation to the left, the static and dynamic muscle contractility properties were mainly found to be higher in the left lower extremity than in the right lower extremity, and higher in the LESS IG than in the MORE IG. In addition, this study observed that the ankle plantarflexor in the LESS IG was significantly higher than that in the MORE IG. Conclusion: To become a world-class self-taolu athlete while avoiding knee injuries, it is necessary to develop the static and dynamic myofunctions of the lower extremities required for jumping. Moreover, it is considered desirable to train by focusing on the vertical height and the amount of rotation during jumping.

Reliability and Validity of an Instrument to Evaluate Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards Measures for Preventing the Spread of COVID-19 in Malaysia: A Pilot Study

Preventing the spread of COVID-19 is crucial in flattening the COVID-19 infection curve. General population control measures should emphasise on understanding the knowledge about the disease and importance of following regulations related to restriction on movement. The aim of this pilot study was to develop a valid, reliable and practical instrument on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards Measures for Preventing the Spread of COVID-19 in Malaysia. The instrument was developed based on a Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) conceptual framework. The instrument in the form of a questionnaire was distributed online to a sample of 40 adults. The initial questionnaires contained 16, 17 and 14 questions on knowledge, attitude and practices domains, respectively. The content validity was assessed by the experts. The reliability of the instrument was measured using internal consistency reliability, which was measured using alpha coefficient reliability of Cronbach Alpha. The analysis showed that the total Cronbach Alpha value for knowledge, attitude and practice were 0.93, 0.89 and 0.87 respectively. After one item dropped from the attitude domain, the findings of this pilot study show that the instrument is valid and reliable to be used in a further larger study. This study demonstrated that the three scales of knowledge, attitude and practice were reliable and valid for assessing the prevention of spread of COVID-19 in Malaysia, although further analysis are needed to improve especially on the knowledge scale due to the low level of difficulty.

Do attentional focus instructions affect real-time reinvestment during level-ground walking in older adults?

This study represents the first attempt in exploring whether attentional focus instructions could affect real-time reinvestment (conscious movement processing) in older adults during level-ground walking. Forty-five community-dwelling older adults were instructed to walk at a self-selected pace along a 6-m level-ground walkway under three randomized attentional focus conditions (i.e., Internal, External, and Control) for a total of fifteen trials (five trials for each condition). Electroencephalography (EEG) T3-Fz coherence was utilized as an objective measurement of real-time reinvestment during walking. The Chinese version of the Movement-Specific Reinvestment Scale (MSRS-C) was used to measure the trait reinvestment propensity. Results revealed that the EEG T3-Fz coherence did not differ among the three conditions. The EEG T3-Fz coherence at the Control condition was not correlated with the scores of the MSRS-C. Our findings suggest that the measurement of trait reinvestment propensity (MSRS-C) may not be sensitive enough to reflect real-time reinvestment. Moreover, attentional focus instructions do not affect real-time reinvestment during level-ground walking, possibly due to the low level of motor task difficulty in level-ground walking for healthy older adults. Future studies should investigate this influential issue with a more challenging walking task.

Typical Errors Made by Children and Adolescents with Developmental Dyscalculia

Abstract. Background: Poor numeracy and numerical learning problems are very common in our society and present serious obstacles in daily live, school or professional success. Accordingly, the goal of this study was to identify typical error patterns and problem solving strategies in children and adolescents with developmental dyscalculia (DD). Methods: We have examined 86 participants; half had a diagnosed DD (mean 15.5 years) and were compared to typically developing peers (mean 13.9 years). Numerical skills were tested by the standardized test battery BASIS-MATH 4–8. In addition, intelligence, alertness, spatial working memory, and math anxiety were assessed. Results: Results showed that subtractions, completion, and division are particularly challenging for DD. This applied notably to basic operations with large numbers, crossing tens/hundreds, but also simpler calculation problems. Item analyses revealed 10 calculation problems that differentiated best between groups. Moreover, DD used efficient calculation strategies to a lower extent. Discussion: In summary, basic numerical skills in DD, including those of lower difficulty levels, are clearly limited and even adolescents fail in such tasks. Moreover, we were able to identify 10 numerical tasks that would be particularly meaningful to implement in a DD-screener. Finally, our findings highlight the importance of considering individual problem-solving strategies when evaluating people with DD in a clinical, therapeutic or school setting.

Correlation of surgical case volume and fellowship training with performance on simulated procedural tasks

High-volume and fellowship-trained surgeons have superior outcomes. However, in gynecology, a large proportion of cases are performed by low-volume surgeons. Simulation has been shown to be useful in assessing surgical skill and may be a useful tool in hospital credentialing and maintenance of privileges. To determine the correlation between a surgical case volume and fellowship training with performance on simulated procedural tasks. A total of 108 obstetricians and gynecologists with laparoscopic privileges at 2 academic institutions completed a pre-test survey and performed 3 tasks on the LapSim laparoscopic virtual reality simulator. The pre-test survey inquired about the monthly laparoscopic case volume and prior training. Simulations included a basic skills task (peg transfer) followed by a procedural task (salpingectomy) of 2 difficulty levels (low and moderate). Spearman correlation and Wilcoxon tests were used to determine correlations between the survey responses and performance metrics. Participants included 67 generalists (62%) and 41 fellowship-trained specialists (38%). There was an observed weak correlation among surgical volume (more than 6 cases per month), time to completion, and the amount of blood loss when performing the low-difficulty level salpingectomy (r=-0.32, P=.0007 and r=-0.29, P=.002, respectively). The economy of movement (instrument path length) was correlated to high surgical volume (r=-0.35, P=.0002). Compared with generalists, surgeons with fellowship training performed tasks faster (410.8 seconds [interquartile range, 309.7-595.2]) vs 530.2 seconds (interquartile range, 406.2-605.0; P=.0009), more efficiently at 6.1 m (interquartile range, 4.8-7.3) vs 8.1 m (interquartile range, 5.8-10.7; P=.0003), and with less blood loss at 21.7 mL (interquartile range, 11.8-37.7) vs 42.9 mL (interquartile range, 18.1-70.6; P=.002). Regarding the case volume and fellowship background, there was no difference in ovarian diathermy damage. In addition, there was no difference among most performance parameters for the peg transfer task and the moderate-difficulty salpingectomy procedure. Surgical experience obtained through higher case volume and fellowship training correlate with higher performance scores during simulated procedural tasks. In a previous study, we found a similar correlation with simulated basic skills tasks. The current study is a continuation of an ongoing quality initiative to establish a summative assessment of laparoscopic surgical skills using virtual reality simulator for the maintenance of credentials among obstetrical and gynecologic surgeons. Future studies will compare the performance metrics from laparoscopic procedures performed on virtual reality simulator with the performance in the operating room and clinical outcomes.

Financial Resources for the Investments in Renewable Self-Consumption in a Circular Economy Framework

The availability of financial resources has been pointed out as one of the determining factors for the investment in renewable self-consumption solutions for the energy transition in the European Union. In economic terms, the barriers to investment are related to low levels of profitability and difficulties in accessing financing in some European regions. These barriers must be overcome to foster a sustainable energy transition. However, this topic of analysis is still underexplored in the literature to date. This study provides a characterisation of the financial resources applied to self-consumption from an economic–financial approach to the decision-making investors in a case study in Spain from a novel focus on the subject. The relevance of alternative financial resources as a mechanism to reduce existing barriers is revealed through the analysis of the active role that installers play in making investment decisions, facilitating the growth of self-consumption. The alternative financial channels and the bank intermediation for renewables are topics of interest to promote the energy transition towards a low-carbon economy.

Translation, cultural, adaptation and validity evidence of the negative mood regulation scale for the Brazilian context

The aim of the present study was to translate and adapt the Negative Mood Regulation Scale (NMR-S) into Brazilian Portuguese (NMR-B) and to seek evidence of dimensionality, reliability, convergent and discriminant validity. The translation and cultural adaptation of the NMR-B went through of six steps: 1) translation of the instrument from the source language into the target language; 2) synthesis of the translations; 3) review of the synthesis by expert judges; 4) assessment of the instrument by the target audience; 5) back-translation; 6) pretesting. In the process of cultural adaptation of the scale, seven items were created, specifically for the Brazilian version. Four hundred and forty-six participants were evaluated, between 18 and 59 years old, through online data collection (67.5% women). The psychometric results show a unidimensional model, and the analysis of the modification indices indicated 35-item for of NMR-B. This model showed satisfactory internal consistency (a = 90). In addition, the results of convergent validity indicated significant associations between higher levels of NMR-B with lower levels of difficulty in emotion regulation, and with levels of depression, anxiety and stress, and higher levels of NRM-B were negatively related to internality. The results of the present research have demonstrated that NMR-B is an adequate and reliable instrument to in Brazilian population.

Interaction mechanism between location and sequence in letter cognition

A previous study used days as a sequence symbol to investigate the interaction mechanism between location and sequence in sequence symbol cognition; the study findings suggested that the spatial stimulus-response compatibility effect and the Simon effect could not co-exist with the SNARC-like effect when processing sequence symbols. The previous study did not include the influence of the difficulty of identifying sequence symbols on the Simon effect in the investigation, so it is unclear whether the conclusion about processing sequence symbols with considerable identification difficulty can be extended to the processing of sequence symbols with less identification difficulty. Therefore, the present study explored letters that have a low level of identification difficulty to investigate the interaction mechanism between location and sequence in sequence symbol cognition. Participants were asked to classify a probe letter, which was randomly displayed on the left or right side of the screen, according to its location (Experiment 1), its sequence (Experiment 2) or its colour (Experiment 3). The results indicated that (1) only the spatial stimulus-response compatibility effect and Simon effect were present in the letter location classification task and letter colour classification task, respectively. (2) The Simon effect co-existed with the SNARC-like effect, and these two effects interacted with each other in the letter sequence classification task. From these results, it can be concluded that the task determines whether the Simon effect and the SNARC-like effect can co-exist, with differences presented across sequence symbols.

Effect of tonal noise and task difficulty on electroencephalography and cognitive performance

ABSTRACT Objectives. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of tonal noise and task difficulty on electroencephalography (EEG) and cognitive performance. Methods. Twelve healthy volunteers participated in the present study. Four noise signals were generated by four prominence tone levels (0, 2, 5 and 9) at background noise levels of 55 dBA and frequency of 500 Hz using the Test Tone Generator from Esser Audio (USA). The participants were asked to perform the tasks with low, moderate and high levels of difficulty while exposed to the noises in an acoustics laboratory. The values of reaction time, correct rate and missed numbers were recorded during each step. Moreover, the EEG signals were measured. Results. The results showed that higher tone level and more task difficulty significantly decreased the correct rate, and increased the miss numbers. However, no significant effect was observed on reaction times. Furthermore, tone level and task difficulty significantly increased activity of the θ and β bands and decreased activity of the α band. Conclusion. Task difficulty and tone level could significantly affect the parameters of performance and the activity of EEG bands. Therefore, noise control can help sustain appropriate performance.

GAME 3D PENGENALAN HADIS DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN TEKNIK PEMBELAJARAN IJMALI

This paper discusses the development of a 3D game as a medium to improve the method of learning hadiths with Ijmali method and aims to measure the level of interest and desire of teenagers to study Hadith using the game. Ijmali method explains Hadiths in a clear, concise, and direct way. The game development is carried out using the Waterfall method. The software used for the development is Unity 3D. The evaluation was then carried out using questionnaires that consists of two stages. In the first stage, the experts were asked for their opinion about the game. Next, the questionnaire was distributed to the target respondents. Based on the result in the first testing stage, the lowest value is the Relevance aspect. Based on the result in the second testing stage, the lowest value is Usability. This shows that the game should have been designed with a lower level of difficulty to suit children aged 13-15 years. However, overall, the hadiths used in the game are valid and suitable for the students. It can be concluded that the use of the Ijmali technique as a hadith learning technique is quite effective for students.

Archive-based multi-criteria Artificial Bee Colony algorithm for whole test suite generation

Testing an object-oriented software is harder than testing a structural program due to inheritance, states, behaviour of different objects, association, and polymorphism properties of the object-oriented software, which is established based on classes. The classes should be carefully tested using predefined test cases to optimize coverage goals. Because generating test cases manually is labour-intensive, search-based software testing methods that maximize coverage criteria by a search algorithm can be used to generate test cases automatically. Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm is a powerful search tool that performs balanced exploration and exploitation. In this study, two new multi-criteria and combinatorial ABC algorithms using mutation and crossover operators are proposed to generate a test suite that maximizes a fitness function combining various goals for object-oriented software. First, an archive-based ABC algorithm is proposed to keep covered targets in the archive to use available search resource efficiently. Second, the archive-based ABC algorithm is improved to bring more diversity in the population. To investigate the effect of the archive, the basic ABC algorithm and the archive-based ABC algorithms are compared on a set of classes from SF110 corpus. To validate efficiency of the proposed methods, they are compared to state-of-the-art evolutionary test suite generators and random testing methodology on the classes divided into difficulty levels based on their weight method class values. The experimental results reveal that introducing an archive into the ABC algorithm provides fast convergence compared to the basic ABC and the improved archive-based ABC produces higher coverage for the problems with both low and high difficulty levels.

Interpersonal difficulties in heterosexual relationships and perfectionist automatic thoughts in Ecuadorian university students

The interpersonal difficulties of university students may affect their academic performance. Regarding students who manifest perfectionist automatic thoughts, they tend to show difficulties in heterosexual relationships. This research aimed to examine the relationship and predictive capacity of constructs related to perfectionism on difficulties in relationships with people of the opposite sex. 1298 Ecuadorian university students were recruited. 51.8% of the sample were men (n = 672). The Perfectionism Cognition Inventory and the Cuestionario de Evaluación de Dificultades Interpersonales en la Adolescencia were answered by the participants. Statistically significant differences were found in the different variables of perfectionistic automatic thoughts (i.e., Perfectionist Concerns, Perfectionist Demands, and Perfectionist Efforts) according to high and low levels of difficulties in heterosexual relationships. It was also found that the variable Perfectionist Efforts is a negative and significant predictor of high difficulties in heterosexual relationships. However, the variables Perfectionist Concerns and Perfectionist Demands are a positive and significant predictor of high levels in this type of interpersonal difficulties. All these results confirm that perfectionist automatic thoughts are related and are predictors of difficulties that Ecuadorian university students manifest in their heterosexual relationships.

Spatial Ability Analysis of Students in Applying the Van Hiele Theory with Autograph Media Assisted

This study aims to describe the level of spatial ability of the VIII grade students of SMP Wiraswasta Batang Kuis after the implementation of the Van Hiele theory with the help of autograph media and to determine the level of difficulty of students in solving spatial problems in learning Van Hiele theory with autograph assistance. Batang Quiz, totaling 25 students. The research instrument was a test of spatial ability and interview guidelines. Data analysis was performed using the Miles and Huberman model. Of the 23 students of class VIII SMP Wiraswasta Batang Kuis who took the test, 15 students (65.21%) with low spatial ability, 4 students (17.39%) who had moderate spatial ability levels. high spatial ability as many as students (17.39%). Based on this, there are still many students who have a low level of spatial ability. Difficulties experienced by S-1s with low levels of proficiency are in facts, concepts, operations and principles, as well as S-2s with low levels of spatial abilities, the difficulties experienced in operations and principles. Students with low levels of spatial ability, namely S-3 and S-4, experience the same difficulties, namely in the concepts and principles section. Furthermore, S-5 with a high level of spatial ability experienced conceptual difficulties, and S-6 with a high level of spatial ability had no difficulty at all. Likewise S-2 with a low level of spatial difficulty experienced on operations and principles. Students with low levels of spatial ability, namely S-3 and S-4, experience the same difficulties, namely in the concepts and principles section. Furthermore, S-5 with a high level of spatial ability experienced conceptual difficulties, and S-6 with a high level of spatial ability had no difficulty at all. Likewise S-2 with a low level of spatial difficulty experienced on operations and principles. Students with low levels of spatial ability, namely S-3 and S-4, experience the same difficulties, namely in the concepts and principles section. Furthermore, S-5 with a high level of spatial ability experienced conceptual difficulties, and S-6 with a high level of spatial ability had no difficulty at all. Keywords: Spatial Ability, Van Hiele, Autograph DOI: 10.7176/JEP/12-2-07 Publication date: January 31 st 2021

Effectiveness, efficiency, engagement: Mapping the impact of pre-lecture quizzes on educational exchange

Our study addresses a systemic issue facing higher education – a lack of rigorous educational research alongside new technology-assisted ways of teaching and learning. The issue highlights the disciplinary disconnect as many academics do not research outside their discipline, yet are tasked with educational modernisation through trying out new educational technology. Addressing this issue, we present our conceptual framework, the course transaction space (CT-space), and use it to analyse the impact of an intervention we designed that involved the use of regular online pre-lecture quizzes in a university mathematics course. The aim of the intervention was to optimise the effect of distributed (spaced) practice on long-term retention. Our findings suggest that a relatively small change in course instruction can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of educational exchange. Our analyses of data from multiple sources provide evidence that our intervention resulted in a sustained increase in the frequency of students’ engagement with the content, increased attendance of lectures, and improved grades. Additionally, we discuss the impact of our intervention on the quality of student engagement with reference to competence related beliefs and self-efficacy. Finally, we discuss how our intervention can be used in other contexts for supporting an evidence-based approach to teaching and learning.
 Implications for practice or policy 
 
 For teachers designing an intervention with the aim of improving students’ learning engagement during a course of tertiary study, we advise incorporating a series of frequent low stakes online quizzes with low level of difficulty.
 For students, these will act as an incentive, enabling improvement in the frequency of their learning engagement and its quality.
 The course transaction space (CT-space) model can be used to explore and analyse the impact of a variety of interventions introduced in tertiary courses through the lens of engagement.

TRANSPARÊNCIA PASSIVA DAS PREFEITURAS DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO

This study aimed to understand how compliance with the guidelines contained in the Access to Information Law (LAI) is carried out by the executive powers of the municipalities of the State of Rio de Janeiro. The State of Rio de Janeiro has an amount of 92 cities throughout its territory. Three requests were made with low, medium and high levels of demand and difficulty, respectively: digital copy of the Budget Guidelines Law (LDO), including all annexes; the collection of the Urban Property and Land Tax (IPTU) over the last ten years; and, the total of overtime hours worked by professionals placed in the Mayor's Office, with the respective amount paid during the year. Of the total number of municipalities, in 84 (91.30%) complete answers were not obtained: in 9 (9.78%) city halls it was not possible to send the request, while for 75 (81.52%) city halls this sending was not possible. it was possible, but there was no return, or it was unsatisfactory. Already 8 (8.70%) city halls retrieve everything that was requested. Non-compliance with the regulations was noticed in most city halls, in different ways, either due to problems in the digital routing, or due to no problem with returning the requests in which the submission was possible, or in other words, regarding the type of content required. Thus, it is clear that the posture adopted by the municipalities reveals that the passive behavior towards the requested requests has not yet been institutionalized, with a gap between a concrete conduct and a prescribed norm.

Assessment of Migrants’, Refugees’ and Asylum Seekers’ Hard Skills: Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the NADINE Hard Skill Tests

The present paper aims at presenting the development of the NADINE Hard Skill Tests for migrants, refugees and asylum seekers. The NADINE tests are assessing the following skills: Observation, Language learning aptitude, Numeracy, Accuracy, Mechanical, ICT skill, Decision making, Problem solving, Dexterity, Spatial ability, Cognitive/analytical skills and Technical skills. The paper focuses on the linguistic and cultural adaptation and equivalency of the English, Farsi, French, Arabic and Spanish versions of the tests. To determine the degree to which the items, the response scale and the instructions are comprehensible and culturally relevant to the target population, four focus groups were formed, rating all items in terms of clarity and cultural relevance. The review resulted in minor changes. Furthermore, the Farsi, Arabic and French versions of the tests were administered to 120 migrants/refugees/asylum seekers and we calculated the difficulty level of each item and its contribution to the scale’s internal reliability coefficient. Items with extremely low or high difficulty level and items that reduced reliability were eliminated. The remaining items had difficulty levels between 0.20 and 0.80 (with few exceptions), while all reliability coefficients were above 0.70 (the vast majority being above 0.80). Finally, the new versions of the test were administered to 427 participants and factor analyses were conducted to ensure that each test was measuring only one factor. Moreover, we calculated Tucker’s congruence coefficient for each test to ensure cross-cultural equivalency. All Tucker’s phi coefficients were above the 0.90 cut-off point. Results of this study support the case of linguistic and cultural equivalence between the different language versions of the tests, which constitute the NADINE Hard Skill Tests valid and reliable instruments that can be used by career practitioners to accurately assess the skills of migrants, refugees and asylum seekers.

Parenting Socialization: Efforts to Provide Parent Training at Bimbingan Belajar Ceria Karawaci , Tangerang

Home care and education at school are important pillars of child development. Economic conditions, geographical position, educational background of parents, and the stigma that develops in society towards women who do not need to be highly educated have a significant effect on parenting patterns, especially mother-to-child care. In fact, not all Indonesian children receive proper care. Data from the National Service Agency (KOMNAS) for Children in 2006 showed that there were still 1,124 violence against children, 433 children experienced physical violence and 106 experienced psychological violence. Various bad facts about the concern for Indonesian children have encouraged UPH Lecturers to contribute in community service to provide training for parents of students at Bimbingan Belajar Ceria Karawaci , Tangerang. They come from families with low levels of education and difficulties. It is hoped that this training activity can provide insight into their parents and have an impact on the mindset of the community around Bimbingan Belajar Ceria regarding proper parenting for their children. Various efforts were made in community service in Bimbingan Belajar Ceria, stated in this paper. This paper aims to share awareness about the parental training efforts that have been carried out by Pelita Harapan University lecturers, with the hope of forming a smart and stable society. The result of this community service are the parents get many parental skills and the feedback are positive even they want this program to be continued and give more knowledge for them.
 
 Keywords: parenting, community service, education
 

Interrogating the role of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus in memory encoding in aging

AbstractBackgroundThe locus coeruleus‐norepinephrine system (LC‐NE system) supports the process of encoding of emotionally salient events. LC integrity varies in healthy elderly and is associated with altered cognitive functions in aging. Post‐mortem as well as structural indicators suggest that the modulation of the LC‐NE system is reduced in elderly. This reduction in ageing is also of note as it might be one of the earliest pre‐symptomatic indicators of dementia‐related brain pathology. Indeed, LC neuron degeneration is already observable in early stages of tau pathology before any cognitive symptoms are clinically notable in Alzheimer´s disease (AD). The main aim of this study was to investigate age differences in functional activations of the LC during (emotionally) salient events.MethodA total of 50 people (28 younger, 22 older healthy adults) participated in the experiment. A reversal learning task has been chosen as it provokes the release of NE. The study used neuromelanin (NM) ‐ sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and high‐resolution functional MRI (fMRI) to visualise age differences in LC structure and function. Functional indicators can add sensitivity over structural indicators, which is important considering the fact of neuronal function loss before cell death occurs.ResultReduced LC integrity was related to lower memory performance for negative emotional events in elderly only. Moreover, unexpectedly, stronger functional responses of dopaminergic and noradrenergic midbrain structures to (emotionally) salient events during memory encoding were observed in older adults.ConclusionThese results are discussed in light of age differences in adapting to high and low levels of task difficulty. The study has shown the feasibility of investigating age differences in neuromodulatory nuclei. Therefore, the observed reduction in LC integrity might be a typical sign of healthy ageing or a sign of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and thus also for AD.