Lower Economic Class Research Articles

Water and Food Nexus: Role of Socio-Economic Status on Water–Food Nexus in an Urban Agglomeration Hyderabad, India Using Consumption Water Footprint

Cities are complex and evolving systems with various factors playing key roles, e.g., population increase, the migration of population, the availability of resources, and the flexibility of policies. Consumers’ socioeconomic status is also an important aspect that needs to be studied in the context of a self-reliant urban city in its resource consumption. In this regard, the association between water–food and socio-economic attributes was analyzed based on the consumer-centric approach for the Hyderabad Metro Development Authority (HMDA) region, India. In this study, the embedded water content in food consumption was estimated and analyzed for nine food groups and twelve economic classes of the HMDA region. The middle economic classes were found to correspond to ~80% of embedded water content in the HMDA region, followed by the upper and lower economic classes. Except for cereals, per capita, the water consumption of all food groups increased with the spending power of the economic class. The green, blue, and grey consumption water footprints (WFs) suggested that much of the water that is being consumed in the HMDA region is precipitation-driven, followed by surface and groundwater resources. Limited water resources, water resource variability, climate change consequences including future climate projections, uncertainty in data, WF estimates, and region’s future growth imply a detailed study in drafting policies to become a self-reliant region.

Socio-economic and demographic profile of farmer's death cases in rural medical college of central India: An autopsy based study

Medico-legally term suicide is the act of taking one's own life voluntarily. It has been observed that among all unnatural deaths, accident tops the list followed by suicide and homicide. Farming is one of the oldest industries in the world and often portrayed as a happy way of life. Despite this, agriculture industry has one of the highest rates of suicides than others. The present study comprises cases of alleged suicide among the Farmers’ brought for medicolegal autopsy at the Medical College in Rural area of Central India. A retrospective and prospective study was carried out over the period of 4 years from August 2013 to July 2017. 196 cases of suicides were studied during above mentioned period. Causative factors for suicide were Bankruptcy or Indebtedness 103(52.55%) cases and Farming Related Issues 52 (26.53%) cases followed by Family problems, illness, marriage related issue and poverty, accounting for 11(5.61%), 6(3.06%), 1 (0.51%) and 1 (0.51%) respectively. Maximum deaths was noted in young adult age group of20-40 years, Male (91.84%) outnumbered the female (8.16%). The majority (80.61%) were married and from lower economic class. maximum victims of farmers’ suicidal deaths were educated among 1st to 10th standard (71.94%), followed by illiterate (19.39). Maximum farmers’ suicide occurred in rainy season (37.24%); followed by winter season (31.63%).

Low Economic Class Might Predispose Children under Five Years of Age to Stunting in Ethiopia: Updates of Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background Malnutrition is major public health problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries including Ethiopia. In 2016, out of 667 million children under five years of age, 159 million were stunted worldwide. The prevalence of stunting has been decreasing greatly from 58% in 2000 to 44% in 2011 and 38% in 2016 in Ethiopia. However, the prevalence of stunting is still high and considered as public health problem for the country. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the prevalence of stunting and its associations with wealth index among children under five years of age in Ethiopia. Methodology. The databases searched were MEDLINE, Scopus, HINARI, and grey literature studies. The studies' qualities were assessed by two reviewers independently, and any controversy was handled by other reviewers using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist. The JBI checklist was used in assessing the risk of bias and method of measurement for both outcome and independent variables. Especially, the study design, study participants, definition of stunting, statistical methods used to identify the associations, results/data presentations, and odds ratios (ORs) with confidence intervals (CIs) were assessed. In the statistical analysis, the funnel plot, Egger's test, and Begg's test were used to assess publication bias. The I2 statistic, forest plot, and Cochran's Q-test were used to deal with heterogeneity. Results In this review, 35 studies were included to assess the pooled prevalence of stunting. Similarly, 16 studies were used to assess the estimated effect sizes of wealth index on stunting. In this meta-analysis, the pooled prevalence of stunting was 41.5% among children under five years of age, despite its considerable heterogeneity (I2 = 97.6%, p < 0.001, Q = 1461.93). However, no publication bias was detected (Egger's test p=0.26 and Begg's test p=0.87). Children from households with a medium or low/poor wealth index had higher odds of stunting (AOR: 1.33, 95% CI 1.07, 1.65 or AOR: 1.92, 95% CI 1.46, 2.54, respectively) compared to children from households with a high/rich wealth index. Both of the estimated effect sizes of low and medium wealth indexes had substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 63.8%, p < 0.001, Q = 44.21 and I2 = 78.3%, p < 0.001, Q = 73.73) respectively). In estimating the effect, there was no publication bias (small-studies effect) (Egger and Begg's test, p > 0.05). Conclusions The pooled prevalence of stunting was great. In the subgroup analysis, the Amhara region had the highest prevalence of stunting, followed by the Oromia and Tigray regions, respectively. Low economic status was associated with stunting in Ethiopia. This relationship was found to be statistically more accurate in Oromia and Amhara regions. The government should emphasize community-based nutrition programs by scaling up more in these regions, just like the Seqota Declaration.

Towards a principle of most-deeply affected

This article argues that all-affected principle needs to be reconceptualized to account for the differences in the historical and current social position of those who are or who should be making legitimacy claims. Drawing on Butler’s theory of vulnerability, this article advances a new and more robust all-affected principle that affords a stronger claim to legitimacy to those most-deeply affected by both the current decision in question and the historical process and practices shaping the choices available. In particular, this article identifies three sets of exclusions of groups and claims that drive this reformulation: first, cases of historical injustice such as indigenous peoples; second, cases of current processes of minoritization which silence or render some groups and opinions as marginal such as women, ethnic minorities or even people in lower economic classes; and third, cases of state establishment of boundaries and ‘worthy’ citizenship such as refugees making claims for relocation and asylum.

Gross Motor Function in Children with Congenital Zika Syndrome.

Little information on gross motor function of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) children is available. To evaluate gross motor function in CZS children aged up to 3 years, and its associated factors and changes in a minimum interval of 6 months. One hundred children with CZS and cerebral palsy (36 with confirmed and 64 with presumed CZS) were evaluated with the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) and Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-88/GMFM-66). Forty-six were reevaluated. Wilcoxon tests, Wilcoxon tests for paired samples, percentile scores, and score changes were performed. Clinical and socioeconomic characteristics (except maternal age), GMFM scores and GMFCS classification of confirmed and probable cases, which were analyzed together, were similar. The mean age was 25.6 months (±5.5); the median GMFM-88 score was 8.0 (5.4-10.8); and the median GMFM-66 score was 20.5 (14.8-23.1); 89% were classified as GMFCS level V. Low economic class, microcephaly at birth, epilepsy, and brain parenchymal volume loss were associated with low GMFM-66 scores. The median GMFM-66 percentile score was 40 (20-55). On the second assessment, the GMFM-66 scores in two GMFCS level I children and one GMFCS level IV child improved significantly. In one GMFCS level III child, one GMFCS level IV child, and the group of GMFCS level V children, no significant changes were observed. Almost all CZS children had severe cerebral palsy; in the third year of life, most presented no improvement in gross motor function and were likely approaching their maximal gross motor function potential.

Community Based Study of Rural, Tribal Women Seeking Induced Abortions in a Extremely Low Resource Region

Background Induced abortions are globally sought, whether permitted, or not permitted. Community based information about abortion seeking by rural tribal women is scarce. Objectives Community based study was carried out to know the magnitude, profile, reasons, places, persons performing IA for rural tribal women. Material Methods Study was conducted in 118 villages to get the study subjects . Women from every fourth house were interviewed for desired information. Results and Conclusion Of all abortions, 2.17% in Melghat and 24.38 %in Sewagram were IA. Most women who had IA were young and 19% in Melghat region, 2.6% in Sewagram region were illiterate. Majority of Sewagram region, were housewives of low middle class, in Melghat unskilled workers of low economic class. In Melghat region all women reported seeking IA at health facilities,63% Private hospitals (PH), 18.5% Sub centres (SC), 7.4% Medical College (MC), 7.4% District hospital(DH), 3.7% Primary Health Centres (PHCs) and In Sewagram region 58% PH, 23% MC, 6.7% PHCs, 3.9% DH, 3.9% SCs and 3.9% at home. Most women said they had IA for spacing with no contraceptive use or contraceptive failure, poor health, poverty, IA were done medically in 76.2%, surgically 23%. No sex–selective IA were reported and there was no evidence Many women lacked awareness and had misconceptions, more so in Melghat region. In focus group discussions, common reasons for disfavoring IA were personal beliefs (34%), practice restrictions (19%). There was extreme poverty, still PH were used. Lot of awareness is required.

Considerations for development of low-cost supplementary foods for lactating women in India – a review

Purpose Malnutrition is a serious public health problem, which occurs because of an inadequate supply of nutrients and therefore affects many children and women (especially pregnant and lactating women of low economic class) worldwide. There is a great need to develop cost-effective fortified food supplements to overcome this problem. Therefore, this study aims to examine the factors that should be considered in the development of low-cost supplementary foods for breastfeeding women. Design/methodology/approach A wide variety of relevant publications were identified through search in electronic databases (ScienceDirect, PubMed, SciELO, Google Scholar, SpringerLink and ResearchGate) based on different keywords such as malnutrition, specific considerations, supplementary foods and breastfeeding women, which were published before 2020. After looking for adequate literature, 71 articles were examined, which provided an overview of these aspects. Findings Various food supplements and food products already available in the market are generally expensive and go beyond the purchasing power of lower- or middle-class families. Traditionally, efforts have been made to prepare such supplements at home, but the composition of these products varies based on the economic status of consumers. Therefore, the nutritional status is clearly compromised because of the low standard of living, which requires a great need to develop low-cost nutritious food products, accessible to all and that meet the appropriate nutritional, sensory and economic attributes without ignoring the regulatory guidelines. Originality/value This review is majorly focused on the specific considerations, alternative sources, ensuring nutritional and sensorial attributes and economic aspects for the development of supplementary low-cost food products for breastfeeding women with the goal of eliminating malnutrition.

PERFIL SOCIECONÔMICO E DE PRÁTICA ESPORTIVA DE ATLETAS DE BOCHA PARALÍMPICA DE SANTA CATARINA/BRASIL

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o perfil socioeconômico e de prática esportiva de atletasque participaram do Circuito Catarinense de Bocha Paralímpica. A pesquisa possui delineamentotransversal, tendo o total de 22 atletas participantes da pesquisa. Foi realizada uma entrevista com uso deinstrumento com perguntas fechadas sobre questões socioeconômicas e de prática esportiva no âmbitodo treinamento e no ambiente escolar. Os resultados indicaram que a maioria dos atletas era do sexomasculino (72,7%) que tiveram até oito anos de frequência escolar (68,4%) e de classe econômica baixa.Na parte de prática esportiva, a média foi de cinco anos de prática de bocha e a maioria não participou e/ou não participava das aulas de Educação Física na escola (55,1%). Conclui-se que a maioria dos atletasera do sexo masculino, de baixo nível socioeconômico e que não participaram das aulas de EducaçãoFísica em ambiente escolar.&#x0D; Recebido em: 19/05/2020&#x0D; Reformulado em: 02/06/2020&#x0D; Aceito em: 02/06/2020

Clinicoepidemiological and laboratory profile of children with severe acute malnutrition admitted to a tertiary care centre

Background: Severe Acute Malnutrituon (SAM) is a form of malnutrition where there is an imminent threat of death to the child. The chances of complications are very high and in most case child requires hospitalization for stabilization and rehabiliatation. Objective of study the clinicoepidemiological and laboratory profile of children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) admitted to a Nutritional Rehabilitation Centre (NRC) of our hospital.Methods: A retrospective chart review of admitted patients. Nutritional Rehabilitation centre (NRC) at GB Pant Hospital Government Medical College Srinagar over a one year period between June 2017 and June 2018.Results: Total of 187 patients of SAM was admitted in NRC during the study period. One hundred and eight (57.7%) were males and 79(42.3%) were females .Patients were equally among various districts. Infants (&lt;12months) constituted the majority of admissions (54.5%). Marasmus was by far the commonest phenotype presenting as SAM (85.5%).Respiratory comorbidity was the commonest present in about 41 (26.3%) followed by daiarrhea in 32(20.5%). Delayed initiation of complimentary feeding was found in 75(40.1%) while early weaning was found in another 55 children (29.4%). Birth order more than three was present in 92 children (49%). Mother’s literacy status had a direct bearing on the prevalence of SAM. Most of the children were from rural background (75%).Most belonged to low economic and income class as around 65.2% had a very meager family income.Conclusions: SAM is more common in Infants and in children from rural background. It is highly associated with faulty feeding practices including lack of breast feeding and presence of mixed and faulty feeding. It is also associated with increasing birth order, low maternal education and low family income Pneumonia and diarrhea are leading comorbidities. Hypoglycemia and hypothermia are leading complications. Marasmus is the commonest phenotype.

Criminalization Of Adultery During The Covid 19 Pandemic

The purpose of this study is to find out the criminology of adultery perpetrators during the Covid 19 Pandemic. The type of research used is empirical legal research. While sample withdrawal uses purposive sampling and data analysis using qualitative research approaches. The results showed that cases of adultery occur of course triggered by various factors both internal factors and external factors. In the current pandemic period where the majority of people ranging from high economic class to low economic class experience severe economic crisis, primary and secondary needs are difficult to meet to cause feelings of stress and stress that can trigger quarrels in the household, these quarrels can also trigger divorce in households caused by the economy or other actions. In addition, the problem of economic crisis can also trigger adultery were to meet the economy, they commit such unworthy deeds to earn money as well as commercial sex workers. There needs to be increased understanding of the law by law enforcement and the government towards citizens to avoid actions that can harm themselves and others, especially legal counseling to the younger generation.

Motherhood in early adolescence: a case-control study in Southern Brazil.

This paper investigates factors associated with motherhood among adolescents from 14 to 16 years of age in Porto Alegre, Brazil. This is a case-control study with 431 adolescent mothers (cases) and 862 adolescents who had never given birth (controls). D. ata were obtained through home visits by an interviewer-applied questionnaire. Sociodemographic characteristics, quality of social and family relationships, lifestyle and history of abuse were studied as potential determinants to early adolescent motherhood. Conditional logistic regression was used for data analysis according to a two-stage hierarchical model. Results showed that lower economic class, schooling failure, tobacco consumption, alcoholic drunkenness at least once in life and having a mother who gave birth before 20 years of age were positively associated with early adolescent motherhood. Later menarche and having relatives or having friends in whom to trust remained as protective factors. Schooling failure, which obtained the highest risk, points to the important role of the school in this population's development and its potential to stimulate healthy life habits.

Proporción de costo total del acero dentro de los costos directos de proyectos de viviendas en la provincia de Santo Domingo (República Dominicana) para el año 2019

Este trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo determinar la proporción de costo total del acero dentro de los costos directos de proyectos de viviendas de clase económica, media y alta en la provincia de Santo Domingo, República Dominicana, para el año 2019. Para realizar el cálculo de dicho indicador se tomaron como muestras presupuestos de cada tipo de vivienda, a partir de los cuales se homogenizó el costo directo de acero para luego ser llevado a valor presente. Este documento presenta los antecedentes y la situación actual del objeto de estudio, la metodología utilizada para la selección de la muestra, la recopilación de datos y su posterior análisis. Además, se incluye una descripción de los proyectos seleccionados como casos de estudio, los resultados obtenidos, y las conclusiones obtenidas a partir de los mismos.

THE PREVENTION OF OBESITY AT THE AGE OF YOUTH AND THE ASSISTANCE OF DETECTION OF OBESITY IN PERSPECTIVE LAWS OF HEALTH

Slowly, the Indonesian people may be used to being free from the problem of nutritional deficiencies. What happened actually entered a transition from malnutrition to excess nutrition. In fact, the problem of excess nutrition began to afflict low economic class society. That is, those with low economic levels, are not likely to suffer from chronic degenerative diseases such as the heart. Although energy and nutrient requirements are greater in adolescents than adults, there are some teenagers who eat too much more than they need to be fat. Adolescent age (10-18 years) is a period of nutritional susceptibility due to various reasons, namely first teenagers need higher nutrition because of increased physical growth. Second, there are changes in lifestyle and eating habits. Third, adolescents have special nutritional needs, for example the needs of athletes. Changing eating habits one of them occurs due to widespread globalization. Teenagers are one of the target groups who are at risk of experiencing more nutrition. More nutrition in adolescents is characterized by relatively excessive body weight when compared to the age or height of adolescent age, as a result of excessive accumulation of fat in body fat tissue. According to Law No. 36 of 2009 concerning Health explained that health efforts are any activities and / or a series of activities carried out in an integrated, integrated and sustainable manner to maintain and improve public health degrees in the form of disease prevention, health improvement, disease treatment, and health recovery by the government and / or community. Therefore it is necessary to strive to prevent obesity by means of counseling and giving obesity detection devices. The method used in this extension activity is in the form of focused discussion which begins with a lecture and then is carried out by asking questions directly. Through lectures instructors can deliver material that is important to be known and understood by students while through question and answer can complement unclear material and to help provide input on the problems faced by students about obesity. The provision of obesity detection devices is expected to help students to pay more attention to their health problems.

Doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e fatores associados em adultos numa área urbana de pobreza do nordeste brasileiro

The scope of this study is to analyze the prevalence and factors associated with Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases (CNCD) in adults living in an impoverished urban area located in Recife in the Brazilian northeast. It is a cross-sectional study with a sample of 631 adults of 20 to 59 years of age. The possible associations of CNCD with demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral and health-related factors were analyzed using Poisson Regression, considering a p value of < 0.05 as being statistically significant. The prevalence of CNCD was 56.7%; highest among males (60.8%); adults aged 50-59 years (80.5%); lower economic class (57.7%); and lower level of schooling (62%). The problem was also associated with individuals with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (34.2%) as well as individuals who reported poor health status (76.4%). In the multivariate hierarchical model, the statistically significant variables were: schooling, BMI, health perception, gender and age bracket. A high prevalence of at least one CNCD was observed, as well as a statistically significant association between CNCD and the following variables: schooling, BMI, health perception, gender and age bracket. These results suggest the need to intensify health promotion actions in poor communities, aiming at enhanced control of health in general.

Prevalence of Lower Extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease among Diabetic Patients and Its Relationship with Quality Of Life (QOL) In Primary Care: A Single Centre Experience

Introduction: Peripheral Occlusive Arterial Disease (POAD) is an important cardiovascular morbidity especially among diabetics. The goal of the treatment is to improve patients’ quality of life (QoL) starting by quantifying the disease burden in our population especially among high risk group such as diabetics. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study aims to provide a data on the prevalence of POAD among diabetic population in a primary health care in Kuantan and its’ effects on the patient’s QoL. Additionally, we examined for any other stipulated associated factors that may have contributed towards the development of POAD. We applied a universal sampling for the purpose of patient selection. POAD is universally defined as ankle-brachial index (ABI) of lower than 0.9. Individuals were assessed on validated Malay version of WHOQOL BREF to assess their QoL parameters. P value of &lt;0.05 considered as statistically significant. This study was registered with the National Medical Research Register (NMRR registration no. 17-1375-35710). Results: The prevalence of PAD among diabetic patients in Klinik Kesihatan (Local General Practitioner) Jaya Gading, Kuantan was found to be 20%. We found a significant relationship between lower levels of education (p = 0.016), older age group (p = 0.02) and lower economic class (p = 0.03) with the presence of POAD among diabetics. The presence of POAD has a significant adverse effect on QoL evidenced by lower Physical Domain (p=0.001), Psychological Domain (p=0.066), Social Domain (p=0.005), and Environmental Domain (p=0.027) scores using validated WHOQOL BREF questionnaires. Conclusion: The significant prevalence of POAD among diabetics prompts a greater urgency for early detection to prevent the development of its’ associated morbidity and deterioration of their QoL.

Prevalence of smoking and reasons for continuing to smoke: a population-based study.

ABSTRACTObjective:To investigate the prevalence of smoking and the reasons for continuing to smoke among adults in Brazil. Methods:This was a cross-sectional, population-based study including 1,054 individuals ≥ 40 years of age, residents of the city of Florianopolis, Brazil, of whom 183 were smokers. All of the smokers completed the University of São Paulo Reasons for Smoking Scale (USP-RSS). Depressive symptoms were evaluated with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and spirometry was performed to screen for COPD. Results:Of the 183 smokers, 105 (57.4%) were female, 138 (75.4%) were White, and 125 (63.8%) were in a low economic class. The mean level of education among the smokers was 9.6 ± 6.1 years. The mean smoking history was 29 ± 15 pack-years, 59% of the men having a ≥ 30 pack-year smoking history. Approximately 20% of the smokers had COPD, and 29% had depressive symptoms, which were more common in the women. The USP-RSS scores were highest for the pleasure of smoking (PS), tension reduction (TR), and physical dependence (PD) domains (3.9 ± 1.1, 3.6 ± 1.2, and 3.5 ± 1.3, respectively). Scores for the PS, TR, and weight control (WC) domains were significantly higher in women. Smokers with a > 20 pack-year smoking history scored significantly higher on the PD, PS, automatism, and close association (CA) domains. Smoking history was associated with the PD, PS, TR, and CA domains. Depressive symptoms were associated with the PD, social smoking, and CA domains (p = 0.001; p = 0.01; p = 0.09, respectively). Female gender and a low level of education were associated with the PS domain (p = 0.04) and TR domain (p < 0.001). Conclusions:The prevalence of smoking in our sample was relatively high (17.4%). The USP-RSS domains PS, TR, and WC explain why individuals continue smoking, as do depressive symptoms.

Prevalence of Systemic Arterial Hypertension and Associated Factors Among Adults from the Semi-Arid Region of Pernambuco, Brazil.

BackgroundSystemic arterial hypertension is a substantial public health problem responsible for millions of deaths per year worldwide. However, little is known about the epidemiology of this disease in areas distant from large urban centers in Brazil. Such information is necessary to plan health promotion strategies.ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of hypertension and determine its associated factors in adults residing in the semi-arid region of the state of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil.MethodThis is a cross-sectional study conducted with a random sample of male and female adults. Individuals with systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm/Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm/Hg and those who reported being under treatment with antihypertensive drugs were considered hypertensive. We collected data on demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, and anthropometric characteristics, as well as health and nutrition. The statistical analysis used Pearson’s chi-square test, the chi-square test for trend, and multivariate Poisson regression analysis. A p-value < 0.05 in the final model was considered indicative of statistical significance.ResultsThe sample consisted of 416 individuals, and the prevalence of hypertension was 27.4% (95%CI 23.2 - 32.0). In the final model, the independent predictors of hypertension were age of 40 years or older (p = 0.000), low economic class (p = 0.007), smoking (p = 0.023), overweight determined by the body mass index (p = 0.003), and reduced glucose tolerance/diabetes mellitus (p = 0.012).ConclusionThe prevalence of hypertension was high and related to important risk factors. Thus, prevention and control strategies are recommended.

Effect analysis of environmental factors on the children’s Amazon community neuropsychomotor development

&#x0D; Introduction: The early years of a child’s life are marked by a significant development, as well as high sensitivity to environmental influences such as poverty, housing, quality and family structure. Thus, the identification of environmental risk factors and delayed neurodevelopment, coupled with early intervention, are essential for an healthy development.&#x0D; Objective: To analyze the effect of environmental factors on the neuropsychomotor development of children in the Amazon community.&#x0D; Methods: This is a quantitative and qualitative study of analytical and cross-sectional approach with 50 children between 24 and 36 months of age, of both sexes, living in an Amazonian community. Two types of the socio-economic-environmental questionnaire were used; a) Infant/Toddler (IT) HOME Inventory to analyze the quality of the family environment; b) the Denver Screening Test II for screening neurodevelopment. Also, a descriptive analysis was performed using a calculation of means and standard deviations.&#x0D; Results: The study found that a significant majority of the children had normal neuropsychomotor development; however, children classified as delayed, the more significant impact variable in the development was the quality of the family environment, which in turn was influenced by the lower economic class, lack of water treatment, lack of electricity and external toilet.&#x0D; Conclusion: Environmental factors were not significant on the neuropsychomotor development of the local children of the Amazon community.&#x0D;

Fatores relacionados à autopercepção do estado de saúde em idosos residentes no meio rural do Brasil

AIMS: To compare the self-perception of health status between rural and urban elderly and their possible associated factors.METHODS: The study consisted of a secondary analysis of data from the National Health Survey of 2013, conducted by the National Institute of Geography and Statistics, which included elderly who lived in rural and urban environments. The dependent variable was the self-perception of health status (evaluated as very good, good, fair, bad and very bad); and the independent variables were socio-demographic factors, clinical data, functionality of the elderly and household data. Relationships between the variables were tested by the chi-square test, and adjusted by self-perception of health status. The analysis were performed through the Epi InfoTM program version 7.2.1, accepting p&lt;0.05 as significant.RESULTS: Rural elderly people were predominantly males, brown, married, illiterate and gainfully employed, despite having a low economic class. Among the rural elderly, self-perceived health status was more often regular or poor, the household was more often enrolled in the Family Health Strategy and most had no complementary health plan. Rural elderly also had better performance in the Basic Activities of Daily Living and worse performance in the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, had less depressive symptoms and less multimorbidity. Rural elderly presented lower chances of self-perception of good or very good health, even adjusting for gender, race, marital status, occupation, socioeconomic class, coverage by the Family Health Strategy, depressive symptoms, multimorbidity, and performance in the Basic Activities of Daily Living.CONCLUSIONS: The rural elderly have worse self-perception of health status than the urban elderly, even controlling socio-demographic, economic, clinical and health access characteristics.

Poverty as an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality in community-acquired pneumonia: A study in a developing country population.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the most severe lower respiratory tract infections with a high in-hospital mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate the socioeconomic and medical risk factors affecting the prognosis of acute pneumonia. The results of this study can mention the value of socioeconomic backgrounds like poverty and illiteracy in clinical practice, even in a well-known biological phenomenon (eg acute pneumonia). In this cross-sectional study, all admitted patients to a tertiary teaching hospital with a diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia in a 12-month period were enrolled. Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, underlying conditions, clinical manifestations and para-clinical test results at admission registered prospectively. A logistic regression model was conducted using in-hospital mortality as the dependent variable. A total of 621 patients was included in this study. Among them, 47 patients (7.6%) died during the hospitalisation period. In multiple logistic regression analysis, pleural effusion, a higher CURB-65 score, hyponatremia, hyperglycaemia and poverty (being in the lower economic class) were identified as independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality in community-acquired pneumonia. Numerous factors can influence the prognosis of CAP. In addition to the CURB-65 score and some other medical risk factors, socioeconomic backgrounds can also affect the early outcome in CAP. In this study, being in the lower economic class (as an indicator of poverty) is interpreted as an independent risk factor for a poor prognosis in CAP.