Lower Viscosity Values Research Articles

Line Spread as a Visual Clinical Tool for Thickened Liquids

Preparing modified liquids to a target level of consistency is critical to patients' nutritional care. This study examined the relationship of line spread (i.e., the distance a liquid flows) to viscometer measurements for a variety of product/liquid combinations and determined if flow distance visually differentiated nectar-thick versus honey-like consistency. Combinations of 4 thickening products (3 starch-based and 1 gum-based thickener) prepared with 6 serving-temperature liquids that had various levels of fat, fiber, and added nutrients were tested. A total of 32 product/liquid combinations tested within the target range of 80-800 centipoise (cP). Measurements were recorded using line spread and a Brookfield RVDV-II+ viscometer. Nectar-thick and honey-like consistencies significantly differed in their degree of line spread. Using our line spread apparatus, a value of 4.5 cm differentiated between nectar-thick and honey-like consistencies. There was an inverse correlation (-.75) between viscometer data and line spread results. That is, high viscosity values represented samples with less flow distance (line spread), and low viscosity values represented samples with more flow distance. Line spread appears to be a quick, objective, and visual method that might be used to help patients and their caregivers achieve more accurate and consistent thickened liquid preparation.

Thermal-Sensitive Viscosity Transition of Elongated Micelles Induced by Breaking Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding of Amide Groups

A heat-induced viscosity transition of novel worm-like micelles of a long alkyl-chain amidoamine derivative (C18AA) bearing intermolecular hydrogen-bonding group was investigated by cryo-TEM, FT-IR, and rheological measurements. At lower temperature, C18AA forms straight elongated micelles with a length on the order of micrometers due to strong intermolecular hydrogen-bonded packing of the amide groups, although the micelles rarely entangle and have low value of zero-shear viscosity. The straight elongated micelles likely became flexible and underwent a morphological transition from straight structure to worm-like structure at a certain temperature, which caused a drastic increase in viscosity due to entanglement of the micelles. This morphological transition was caused by a defect of intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the amide groups on heating. Furthermore, addition of LiCl, which acts as hydrogen-bond breaker, also promoted the viscosity transition, leading to a lowering of the transition temperature.

Effects of different polymers on mechanical properties of bituminous binders and hot mixtures

In this study, rheological and mechanical properties of bituminous binders and hot mixtures modified by different polymeric additives, Kraton D1101, Kraton MD243 and Evatane®2805, were examined. In all samples, the amount of the polymeric additive was kept constant at 4wt.% of the bituminous binder. The experiments showed that with the addition of the polymer to binder, Marshall stability, retained Marshall stability, indirect tensile strength, tensile strength ratio, stiffness and fatigue life values of the bituminous hot mixtures increased. The effect of the EVA on stiffness modulus and fatigue life was found to be notable. When toughness index values were compared, it was detected that mixtures with SBS- Kraton MD243 demonstrated the highest elasticity, while those with EVA-Evatane®2805 showed the least. The rheological experiments on the binders figured out that by the use of MD243, a new type of styrene–butadiene–styrene additive, low viscosity values could be obtained. This implies that if MD243 is utilized to bituminous mixtures, an effect on bituminous mixtures similar to that created by D1101 addition could be obtained by consuming less amount of energy.

Replacing Fat and Sugar with Inulin in Cakes: Bubble Size Distribution, Physical and Sensory Properties

The replacement of fat and sugar in cakes is a challenge as they have an important effect on the structural and sensory properties. Moreover, there is the possibility to incorporate an additional value using novel replacers. In this work, inulin and oligofructose were used as fat and sugar replacers, respectively. Different combinations of replacement levels were investigated: fat replacement (0 and 50 %) and sugar replacement (0, 20, 30, 40 and 50 %). Simulated microbaking was carried out to study bubble size distribution during baking. Batter viscosity and weight loss during baking were also analysed. Cake characteristics were studied in terms of cell crumb structure, height, texture and sensory properties. Fat and sugar replacement gave place to batters with low apparent viscosity values. During heating, bubbles underwent a marked expansion in replaced cakes if compared to the control cake. The low batter stability in fat-replaced samples increased bubble movement, giving place to cakes with bigger cells and less height than the control. Sugar-replaced samples had smaller and fewer cells and lower height than the control. Moreover, sugar replacement decreased hardness and cohesiveness and increased springiness, which could be related with a denser crumb and an easily crumbled product. Regarding the sensory analysis, a replacement up to 50 % of fat and 30 % of sugar—separately and simultaneously—did not change remarkably the overall acceptability of the cakes. However, the sponginess and the sweetness could be improved in all the replaced cakes, according to the Just About Right scales.

Processing, rheology and characterization of polypropylene nanocomposites and their blown films

Polypropylene nanocomposites were melt blended and analyzed for both high shear and low shear rheology. Rheological characterization carried out at high shear rates showed lower viscosity values for the nanocomposites compared to the neat polypropylene. Complex viscosity values at low shear rates have shown an increasing trend on increasing nanoclay content. Zero-shear viscosity was found to increase with nanoclay loading. Steady rate sweep test results showed shear thinning of polypropylene and nanocomposites occurring in three steps. First normal stress difference showed higher values for 5 phr nanocomposite up to intermediate shear rate and subsequently lower values. Extensional viscosity experiments were carried out at different strain rates of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 s−1. Polypropylene nanoclay samples showed better strain-hardening behavior compared to that in neat polypropylene. Polypropylene nanocomposites blown films prepared at different nip-roll speeds were characterized for their tensile properties and film in-homogeneity.

Isolation basin records of late Quaternary sea-level change, central mainland British Columbia, Canada

Isolation basin records from the Seymour-Belize Inlet Complex, a remote area of central mainland British Columbia, Canada are used to constrain post-glacial sea-level changes and provide a preliminary basis for testing geophysical model predictions of relative sea-level (RSL) change. Sedimentological and diatom data from three low-lying (<4 m elevation) basins record falling RSLs in late-glacial times and isolation from the sea by ∼11,800–11,200 14C BP. A subsequent RSL rise during the early Holocene (∼8000 14C BP) breached the 2.13 m sill of the lowest basin (Woods Lake), but the two more elevated basins (sill elevations of ∼3.6 m) remained isolated. At ∼2400 14C BP, RSL stood at 1.49 ± 0.34 m above present MTL. Falling RSLs in the late Holocene led to the final emergence of the Woods Lake basin by 1604 ± 36 14C BP. Model predictions generated using the ICE-5G model partnered with a small number of different Earth viscosity models generally show poor agreement with the observational data, indicating that the ice model and/or Earth models considered can be improved upon. The best data-model fits were achieved with relatively low values of upper mantle viscosity (5 × 1019 Pa s), which is consistent with previous modelling results from the region. The RSL data align more closely with observational records from the southeast of the region (eastern Vancouver Island, central Strait of Georgia), than the immediate north (Bella Bella–Bella Coola and Prince Rupert-Kitimat) and areas to the north-west (Queen Charlotte Sound, Hecate Strait), underlining the complexity of the regional response to glacio-isostatic recovery.

Delamination vs. break‐off: the fate of continental collision

AbstractThe fate of a convergent continental margin is investigated. We perform a set of 2D numerical models to study how and why continental collision can evolve in different scenarios. Since the rheology of continental lithosphere has a major control on the dynamics of subduction, we explore a range of different lithosphere and lower crust viscosity values to understand their sensitivity on the possible scenarios. We find that with a rheologically layered crust both delamination and break‐off are feasible. We identify three modes: (1) slab detachment, in which the lithospheric mantle and the crust are strongly coupled, subduction slows down and the slab eventually breaks; (2) delamination of the lithospheric mantle that separates from the crust and continue to subduct and (3) an intermediate mode where the lithospheric mantle and the crust remain partially coupled, resulting in an initial stage of delamination followed by the slow down and cessation of subduction.

Preparation of a New Class of Whey-Stabilized ZnO Nanoparticles for Degradation of Bisphenol A in Water

Degradation of bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disruptor from water has recently attracted great interest. The primary objective of this work was to prepare ZnO nanoparticles and to study the effect of these nanoparticles on changing the viscosity and zeta potential value of water and simultaneous degradation of BPA. Whey material was used as a dispersant for the preparation of nanoparticles. Analysis of BPA in water was carried out using the ultrafast method (15 s per sample) based on the Laser Diode Thermal Desorption/Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (LDTD/APCI) coupled to tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS). The whey stabilized nanoparticles displayed lower agglomeration with higher BPA degradation power than those prepared without a stabilizer. The sample with whey stabilized nanoparticle showed lower viscosity and higher zeta potential value in the medium leading to higher degradation of BPA as compared to non-stabilized one. The whey stabilized ZnO nanoparticles were able to degrade 100% BPA from the medium as compared to 60% with the nonstabilized one. The application of a stabilizer for ZnO nanoparticles may substantially enhance the performance of nanoparticles for environmental applications.

A pyrrolidinium nitrate protic ionic liquid-based electrolyte for very low-temperature electrical double-layer capacitors

This study describes the use of the pyrrolidinium nitrate ([Pyrr][NO3]) protic ionic liquid (PIL) in a mixture with gamma butyrolactone (γ-BL) as an electrolyte for carbon-based supercapacitors with an operating voltage of 2.0 V and at very low temperature. Thermal and transport properties of this electrolyte were firstly evaluated from -40 °C to 80 °C. The evolution of conductivity with the addition of γ-BL rendered it possible to determine the optimal composition for electrochemical application, with a molar fraction of γ-BL of 0.6. This mixture shows a Newtonian behavior with a low viscosity value of 5 mPa s at 25 °C, and exhibits high conductivity values of up to 65 mS cm(-1) at 80 °C. At the same time, exceptional residual conductivity was measured for this composition at -40 °C (9 mS cm(-1)), thanks to the superionic character of pyrrolidinium nitrate PIL. Electrochemical characterization of this electrolyte demonstrated, at first, a passivation on the aluminum collector, secondly good cycling performances with an activated carbon electrode from 50 °C to -40 °C with capacitance up to 132 F g(-1) at room temperature and a wide voltage window (2.0 V). Finally at very low temperature (-40 °C), this system demonstrates an unprecedented combination of high specific capacitance (up to 117 F g(-1)), and rapid charging-discharging even at high current density, which is very promising for the progress of energy storage systems with environmentally friendly electrolytes at such very low temperatures.

Effect of NH4I and I2 concentration on agar gel polymer electrolyte properties for a dye-sensitized solar cell

Gel polymer electrolytes were prepared using agar polymer host, NH4I, and I2 salts. The sample of agar paste with 1.0 M of NH4I and 0.2 μM of I2 exhibits the highest conductivity and lowest viscosity values at room temperature of (2.64 ± 0.19) × 10−3 S cm−1 and 1.17 ± 0.29 Pa s, respectively. All of the gel polymer electrolytes display Arrhenian behavior, and the optimum agar paste gave the lowest activation energy of 0.25 eV. It also had a good physical appearance compared with the other samples. This gel polymer electrolyte had a good potential and was applicable to a role as electrolyte in ITO-ZnO (N719 dye)/agar paste + 1.0 M NH4I + 0.2 μM I2/Au-Pd-ITO dye-sensitized solar cell.

The coseismic and postseismic deformation of the L’Aquila, 2009 earthquake from repeated GPS measurements

We analyze more than 100 GPS time series of continuous and discontinuous GPS stations located in the Abruzzi region (Italy) surrounding the epicentres of the L'Aquila 2009 seismic sequence. The purpose of this work is to reconstruct the coseismic displacement field caused by the 6th April (Mw 6.3) main shock from a dense network of survey-mode stations surrounding the epicentral area and to characterize the early postseismic deformation field. In the months following the main shock, an extensive GPS survey was carried out on the existing Central Apennines Geodetic Network (CAGeoNet), with the intention of collecting a robust data set and to study the co- and postseismicdeformation field of this Apenninic normal faulting earthquake. The analysis is carried out with two independent procedures and software (Bernese and Gamit) in order to provide reliable and validated geodetic solutions. The analysis of the postseismic transients and the knowledge of long-term inter-seismic velocities at all GPS stations, issued from permanent and CAGeoNet sites, allow us to derive a dense co- and postseismic displacement field for the L'Aquila Mw 6.3 main shock in a wide area around the epicentre. The highest deformation rate occurs during the first 4-5 months after the main shock and persists in the following at slightly slower rate throughout the whole monitoring period. Fast deformation rates imply that most of the observed deformation is due to a process different from a pure viscoelastic relaxation of the stress perturbation. Since the observed rates would imply a too low effective viscosity value (below 1017 Pa s), we rather suggest that most of the observed deformation in the first months after the earthquake is due to different processes, most likely frictional afterslip possibly modulated by the presence of fluids. The new coseismic displacement field is used to invert for the main shock fault geometry, analysing the consistency among the different geodetic solutions and the combined one, with the goal of validating the two data sets.

Dynamic analysis for axially moving viscoelastic panels

In this study, stability and dynamic behaviour of axially moving viscoelastic panels are investigated with the help of the classical modal analysis. We use the flat panel theory combined with the Kelvin–Voigt viscoelastic constitutive model, and we include the material derivative in the viscoelastic relations. Complex eigenvalues for the moving viscoelastic panel are studied with respect to the panel velocity, and the corresponding eigenfunctions are found using central finite differences. The governing equation for the transverse displacement of the panel is of fifth order in space, and thus five boundary conditions are set for the problem. The fifth condition is derived and set at the in-flow end for clamped–clamped and clamped-simply supported panels. The numerical results suggest that the moving viscoelastic panel undergoes divergence instability for low values of viscosity. They also show that the critical panel velocity increases when viscosity is increased and that the viscoelastic panel does not experience instability with a sufficiently high viscosity coefficient. For the cases with low viscosity, the modes and velocities corresponding to divergence instability are found numerically. We also report that the value of bending rigidity (bending stiffness) affects the distance between the divergence velocity and the flutter velocity: the higher the bending rigidity, the larger the distance.

Simulation of wave damping during a cold front over the muddy Atchafalaya shelf

The Atchafalaya Shelf off the Louisiana coast in the United States is characterized by fine grained sediments dispersing into the shelf from the lower Atchafalaya River and Wax Lake outlets. Rapid seaward flushing of the sediment-laden river plumes, due to water level set-down during cold front passages forms a fluid mud layer close to the bottom, which effectively dampens the wave energy. In this study, the performance of a phase-averaged spectral wave model was skill assessed based on the wave data recorded close to the southern periphery of the mud zone during several days in March 2009. Separation of wave spectra into sea and swell partitions showed that the wave model overestimated the sea waves generated by northerly wind during the cold front passage. A non-stationary scheme was needed to solve the wave action balance equation to include the wind dynamics during the cold front passages over the study area. A recently developed mud-induced dissipation term was improved by modifying its algorithm for solving the implicit dispersion equation. The modified model became efficient enough to be used for non-stationary calculations. The thickness, density, kinematic viscosity of the mud layer, and its offshore extent were determined by trial and error. The mud-induced energy dissipation term enabled the model to reproduce the energy attenuation of short waves by the fluid mud. A high value of mud viscosity (0.01–0.1m2/s) was required to obtain good agreement with in situ measurements when the maximum wave height occurred. However, the model using lower values of mud viscosity (0.001–0.01m2/s) was more successful in reproducing the measured wave spectra from a few hours after the maximum wave activity. The simulation results also showed that presence of fluid mud with high value of mud viscosity hindered the wave growth in shallow water due to suppression of high frequency waves.

Characterization of Bio-oils Produced from Fast Pyrolysis of Corn Stalks in an Auger Reactor

Corn stalks were converted to bio-oils by fast pyrolsis in an auger fed reactor at 400 and 450 °C. Both acid-pretreated and untreated corn stalks were pyrolyzed. Proximate and ultimate analyses of the corn stalk feeds and bio-oils were performed, and the bio-oils were characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), 13C and 1H NMR spectroscopy, pH, ash, and viscosity measurements, and solids content and water analyses. Corn stalks have lower lignin content than wood, leading to lower bio-oil yields, more water produced and different chemical compositions than pine wood bio-oil generated in the same auger reactor. Acid pretreatment of stalks increased the bio-oil yields and decreased the char yields at both pyrolysis temperatures. Acid-treated stalks had lower water content, and pH, viscosity, and filterable solid values were lower than those of bio-oil from untreated stalks. Several compounds found in the bio-oil from untreated stalks were not detected in...

Enrichment of Extruded Snack Products with Coproducts from Chestnut Mushroom (Agrocybe aegerita) Production: Interactions between Dietary Fiber, Physicochemical Characteristics, and Glycemic Load

Mushrooms are a common vegetable product that have also been linked to pharmaceutical and medicinal uses. However, the production of the fruiting bodies of mushrooms results in a large quantity of food waste in the form of spent compost. Hyphae and the base of fruit bodies from Agrocybe aegerita were retrieved from spent mushroom compost and refined as a freeze-dried powder. This fiber-rich ingredient was used in the manufacture of ready-to-eat extruded cereal snack products. Inclusions rates were 0, 5, 10, and 15% w/w replacement levels for wheat flour from a control recipe. Inclusion of mushroom coproduct material (MCM) was significantly correlated to increased product expansion (r = 0.848) and density (r = 0.949) but negatively correlated to water absorption index (WAI; r = -0.928) and water solubility index (WSI; r = -0.729). Fiber content could not be correlated to differences in pasting properties of extruded snacks even though snack products with MCM showed significantly lower final viscosity values compared to the control. The potential glycemic response of foods was significantly lowered by including MCM (p < 0.05) with a negative correlation between fiber content and overall AUC following a standardized in vitro digestion method (r = -0.910). Starch content, WAI, and WSI were positively correlated to AUC of extruded snacks (r = 0.916, 0.851, and 0.878. respectively). The results illustrate a reduction in the potential glycemic response from including 5% (w/w) of MCM in extruded snacks exceeds 20%. Thus, the incorporation of MCM in ready-to-eat snack foods may be of considerable interest to the food industry in trying to regulate the glycemic response of foods.

Production of biodiesel from crude neem oil feedstock and its emissions from internal combustion engines

This study investigates biodiesel production using crude neem oil having high acid value, as a feedstock. The effects of some operating variables were ascertained and its combustion performance was assessed in an internal combustion engine. Due to its high acid value, the neem oil was processed via two step acid – base transesterification process. The first step reduced the acid level to <2 mgKOH/g while the second step involved direct conversion to fatty acid methyl ester using 1% NaOH as catalyst. The lowest viscosity value was used as a proxy measure to determine the extent of the reaction. The results reveal the optimum conditions for biodiesel production to be ratio 1:6 of oil to methanol and 1.5 h reaction time. The viscosity at this condition was 5.53 cSt. The same procedure was repeated for NaOCH3 catalyst concentrations of 0.5, 0.75, 1 and 1.25%. The lowest viscosity of 6.79 cSt was recorded at both 1 and 1.25% catalyst concentrations. The fuel properties of the biodiesel compared favorably with the recommendation by the American Standard Testing Method. The emissions of different blends showed that neem biodiesel has lower emissions of CO and NO than petrol diesel but higher NOX. Thus, neem oil as non-edible oil can be a good renewable raw material for biodiesel production. Key words: Neem, biodiesel, internal combustion, transesterification, free fatty acid.

Effect of added calcium chloride on the physicochemical and rheological properties of aqueous mixtures of sodium caseinate/sodium alginate and respective oil-in-water emulsions

Changes induced by addition of calcium chloride in particle size distribution and electrokinetic potential were determined in sodium caseinate/sodium alginate mixtures dissolved in water or acetate buffer at ambient temperature. Rheological properties of aqueous mixtures and respective oil-in-water emulsions (30% oil w/w) were evaluated using a low-stress rheometer. Stability and particle diameter of emulsions were measured. Caseinate and alginate solutions were negatively charged and showed negative electrokinetic potential; however values of mixtures were between those of the values for the individual hydrocolloids. When calcium ions were added the electrokinetic potential diminished while the negative charge was preserved. Aqueous mixtures of caseinate and alginate showed average particles size between of those of caseinate or alginate samples. We observed low viscosity values and Newtonian behavior for both caseinate (1 and 2%) and alginate (0.1%). Addition of 5 mM CaCl2 to alginate solutions induced shear-thinning behavior as well as the development of viscoelasticity. Both the viscosity and the elastic modulus of these polysaccharide solutions were attenuated by the presence of protein or dispersed oil in mixtures or emulsions, respectively. High average particle diameter of emulsions prepared was obtained (close to 10 μm), however, stability of emulsions was possible only with the addition of CaCl2 to the mixtures, in both water and acetate buffer. In these cases elastic behavior predominated to viscosity in the formation of emulsions, confirming the prevalence of aqueous phase rheology on emulsions.

Complementary biodiesel combination from tung and medium-chain fatty acid oils

The complementary blending of tung oil biodiesel with coconut oil and palm kernel oil biodiesels was investigated to improve the biodiesel properties. Tung oil is considered a potential non-edible oil feedstock for biodiesel production. However, tung oil biodiesel has unfavorable fuel properties, including a high density, kinematic viscosity, and iodine value and low oxidation stability because of the high content of α-elaeostearic acid (C18:3). In contrast, medium-chain saturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) such as lauric acid methyl ester (C12:0) is the predominant component in palm kernel oil and coconut oil biodiesels. The palm kernel oil and coconut oil biodiesels exhibited a low density, kinematic viscosity, and iodine value as well as high oxidation stability, features that are complementary to the deficiencies of tung oil biodiesel. An optimum blending ratio obtained comprised the COME, PKME, and TME at a weight ratio of 20:20:60. Most of the fuel properties of the optimum biodiesel blend could meet the biodiesel specifications, with the exception of the oxidation stability. In addition, the multiple linear correlations between the properties of biodiesel blends and their FAME composition were established. Furthermore, the effectiveness of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), N,N′-di-sec-butyl- p -phenylenediamine (PDA), and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) at concentrations between 1000 and 20,000 ppm was investigated to improve the oxidation stability of the biodiesel blend. ► Coconut and palm kernel oil biodiesels were complementary to tung oil biodiesel. ► An optimal ratio of coconut, palm kernel, and tung oil biodiesels was 20:20:60 wt.%. ► N,N′-di-sec-butyl- p -phenylenediamine was suggested to stabilize the biodiesel blend.

Conductive Composites Based on Metallocene Isotactic Poly(propylene): Preparation and Properties

AbstractSummary: The research deals with the preparation and the further comprehensive characterization of metallocene polypropylene‐based composite materials by incorporation of carbon black nanoparticles. Composites containing up to 10 wt% of carbon black were prepared by direct melt mixing in a single screw extruder Brabender Extrusiograph type 30/25D with attached static mixer at melt temperature of 200 °C and a screw speed of 30 rpm, according to a two‐step process. Some composites were treated with 3 wt% maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAH‐PP). The rheological behaviour of the miPP nanocomposites was determined by cone/plate rheological measurements at 180 °C. The composites were characterized by SEM for morphological details and uniaxial stress‐strain measurements for determining the mechanical parameters. Electric conductivity of injection molded plates from these composites was investigated. The different miPPs studied are ranked in an ascending order according to their increasing molecular weight concerning the magnitude of their rheological parameters. The maleic anhydride compatibilizer leads to lower viscosity values even at high shear gradients and to better homogenization of the nanofiller in the polymer matrix. The processing conditions, carbon black concentration and viscosity of the virgin polymer have an impact on the final conductivity of the miPP/carbon black composites.

The Effect Of Iomeprol On Platelet Aggregation And Potential Risk Of Thrombogenecity

Iomeprol is a newer triiodinated nonionic low osmolar monomeric radiographic contrast agent. The physicochemical characteristics of this compound show high water solubility (aqueous solutions of higher iodine concentrations) which allows the formulation of contrast media to have lower osmolalities and viscosities. Lower viscosity values make this contrast agent flow better through catheters, allowing easier manual injection. Its formulation contains 400 mg iodine/ml, the highest concentration so far available on the market for non-ionic contrast media, resulting in better X-ray attenuation and image quality. Although Iomeprol appears to have a favorable profile because of the absence of EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid) and the presence of trometamol, hydrochloric acid, water as buffer and stabilizer in its structure, it is still unknown whether this has a distinct advantage on thrombogenicity. In this article, we investigated the potential thrombogenicity of Iomeprol, a non-ionic, low osmolar radiocontrast medium, by measuring its effect on platelet reactivity and noted similarities with other non-ionic low osmolar agents. With the use of ADP, AYPGKF, and collagen stimulation, this contrast agent inhibited platelet aggregation at 50% contrast concentration, whereas the contrast medium did not inhibit aggregation at 10% concentrations. This behavior was similar to other non-ionic agents in its class in terms of platelet reactivity despite its unique properties.