Lower Viscosity Values Research Articles

Organic Additives Used as Binders and Pore-Forming Elements of TIO<sub>2</sub> Ceramics

When starches / proteins are added to the ceramic matrix, they originate pores whose morphology and sizes are varied. However, ceramic final properties are influenced by the interaction kinetics amongst particulate materials. This work was designed to analyze the interactions between proteins and disaccharides and their influence on the properties of TiO2 ceramics. Compositions containing protein and protein-sucrose were added to TiO2 powder. Rheological parameters, shear stress and viscosity were studied in order to understand the protein behavior. Furthermore, sintered ceramics were characterized as for porosity, roughness and image analysis by light microscopy. The dispersions produced with sucrose-protein showed lower viscosity and shear stress values and characteristics of a Newtonian fluid. The samples, from compositions which used 40% solids (80 wt% protein and 20 wt%), showed a higher apparent porosity (23.28%) and larger pore sizes (4947.07 μm2).

Higher harmonic anisotropic flow of identified particles in Pb–Pb collisions with the ALICE detector

Anisotropic flow plays a crucial role in establishing the equation of state of the Quark Gluon Plasma. The results at RHIC and LHC have demonstrated that the matter created in heavy-ion collisions behaves as a nearly perfect fluid reflected in the low value of the shear viscosity over entropy density ratio (η/s). The higher flow harmonics are particularly sensitive to the value of η/s in hydrodynamic calculations. In this analysis, we present the first ALICE results on the pT differential v2, v3 and v4 for π±,K±,p(p‾) from the high statistics 2011 heavy-ion run. We investigate how these vn coefficients evolve with particle mass and centrality for the 0–1% and 20–30% centrality ranges. These new measurements aim at differentiating between models that use different initial conditions, constraining further the value of η/s and allowing to decouple the influence of the late hadronic stage from the hydrodynamic evolution of the system.

Honey, trehalose and erythritol as sucrose-alternative sweeteners for artisanal ice cream. A pilot study

The use of sucrose-alternative sweeteners in ice cream production could satisfy requirements of modern consumers focused on natural and nutritionally balanced foods. The aim of this work was to fill the gap in basic knowledge about the effects of honey, trehalose, and erythritol on the properties of artisanal ice cream. A milk-based sucrose-sweetened ice cream was produced as reference sample (REF), using then the alternative sweeteners to partially (50%) or totally (100%) substitute sucrose. With respect to REF, honey-containing ice cream mix revealed a significantly lower value of soluble solids (30.4 °Bx vs. 34.5 °Bx) and apparent viscosity (36.5 mPa s vs. 47.6 mPa s) and a significantly higher extrusion time (8.18 min vs. 7.04 min). The total substitution of sucrose with trehalose and erythritol led to a melting rate (2.07 and 1.56 g/min, respectively) significantly lower than REF (2.75 g/min), a very high firmness (508 and 725 N vs. 4 N), and a higher extrusion temperature (−7.1 and −5.3 °C vs. −9.3 °C). The results of this study represent a guideline for the successfully utilization of honey, trehalose, and erythritol in peculiar ice cream formulations (e.g. non-sweet or low-calorie products).

In situ thermosensitive Tamoxifen citrate loaded hydrogels: An effective tool in breast cancer loco-regional therapy

One of the main challenges for using Tamoxifen citrate (TMC) in breast cancer therapy is achieving proper target and efficient delivery of adequate concentration to the adenocarcinoma without harming healthy glandular and soft fatty tissue. Herein, TMC niosomal thermosensitive hydrogels were proposed as a tool to resolve this challenge. Niosomes were prepared by film hydration technique and incorporated into Pluronics thermosensitive gels prepared using cold method. The prepared hydrogels were evaluated for gelation temperature, rheological behavior and in vitro drug release. Moreover, in vivo anti-tumor activity was examined in Ehrlich carcinoma mice model through reporting solid tumor volume regression and tissue distribution of TMC. Type and ratio of used poloxamers were manipulated to provide the optimal gelation temperature (34–37 °C). Rheological analysis showed low viscosity and elasticity values at low and room temperature while these values significantly increased at the physiological temperature. A prolonged diffusion-driven release of TMC was detected. In vivo data showed, evidently, that anticancer activity was improved with significant retention of the drug at the tumor site. These encouraging results confined that this in situ hydrogel depot offers an attractive approach for controlled delivery of TMC and clinically expected to be useful delivery system in loco-regional therapy for breast cancer.

Evaluation of low viscosity variations in fluids using temporal and spatial analysis of the speckle pattern.

The noninvasive detection of a material's viscoelasticity is of great importance in the medical field. In fact, certain diseases cause changes in tissue structure and biological fluid viscosity; tracking those changes allows for detection of these diseases. Rheological measurements are also imperative in the industrial field, where it is necessary to characterize a material's viscoelasticity for manufacturing purposes. In this Letter, we present a noncontact, noninvasive, and low cost method for determining low viscosity values and variations in fluids. Laser speckle and viscometric measurements are performed on test samples having low scattering coefficients and low viscosities. The speckle spatial analysis proved to be as accurate as the speckle temporal correlation method reported in previous studies. Very low viscosities of the order of 1 mPa.s were retrieved for the first time using speckle images with either a frame rate of 1950 fps or a single acquired image.

Effect analysis of alprostadil combined with irbesartan in patients with early diabetic nephropathy

Objective To discuss the effect of alprostadil combined with irbesartan in patients with early diabetic nephropathy. Methods Ninety-six patients with early diabetic nephropathy were divided randomly and voluntarily into the control group(n=48) and observation group(n=48). All patients were given regular treatment, the patients of the control group were given irbesartan(150 mg, oral) based on regular treatment while the observation group were given alprostadil(intravenous drip alprostadil 10 g with saline 250 ml, 1 times a day) based on treatment of the control group, the course was four weeks.The blood rheology, serum albumin, 24 hours urinary albumin excretion rate(UAER) and urea nitrogen(BUN), serum creatinine(Scr) and clinical effect between the two groups were compared. Results After treatment, the whole blood midst shear viscosity values, whole blood low shear viscosity values and whole blood high shear viscosity values of observation group were respectively (5.32±1.16) mPa·s, (8.73±2.15) mPa·s and (3.52±0.52) mPa·s, significantly lower than of control group((6.74±1.92) mPa·s, (9.96±2.43) mPa·s, (4.53±0.64) mPa·s), the differences were statistically significant(t=4.627, 4.728, 4.226; P<0.05). The Alb of observation group was (36.36±7.24) g/L, obviously higher than that of control group(29.73±5.36) g/L, the difference was statistically significant(t=5.336, P<0.05), while the UAER, BUN and Scr of observation group were respectively (375.84±24.24) mg/L, (9.61±1.42) mmol/L and (136.36±26.73) μmol/L, obviously lower than that of control group((636.42±43.56) mg/L, (13.45±3.14) mmol/L, (176.32±41.62) μmol/L), the differences were statistically significant(t=6.738, 4.628, 6.662; P<0.05). The total effective rate of observation group was obviously higher than that of control group, the differences were statistically significant(93.75%(45/48) vs.66.67%(32/48); χ2=6.637, P<0.05). Conclusion Alprostadil combine with irbesartan can effectively improve the blood rheology and renal function in patients with early diabetic nephropathy and improve the living quality, the effect is better than irbesartan only, it is worth popularization and application. Key words: Diabetic nephropathy; Alprostadil; Irbesartan; Renal function

Very large and giant microsurgical bifurcation aneurysms in rabbits: Proof of feasibility and comparability using computational fluid dynamics and biomechanical testing

BackgroundGiant aneurysms are challenging lesions with unacceptable high rates of aneurysm recanalization and rerupture following embolization. Reliable in vivo models are urgently needed to test the performance of new more efficient endovascular devices. Materials and methodsAneurysms were created in 11 New Zealand white rabbits (4.5–5.5kg): A long venous pouch (length 25–30mm) mimicking the aneurysm sac was derived from the external jugular vein and sutured into a microsurgically created bifurcation between both common carotid arteries. After 4 weeks the rabbits underwent 3T Magnetic resonance angiography (3T-MRA). Exemplary computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed to compare the flow conditions of giant rabbit and human aneurysms. We used species-related boundary conditions, in particular, we measured blood viscosity values. Biaxial mechanical tests were performed for the mechanical characterization and comparison. Comparison with exisiting method(s)None. ResultsNo peri- or postoperative mortality was observed. 3T-MRA showed aneurysm patency in 10 out of 11 aneurysms (90.9%). Aneurysm lengths ranged from 21.5–25.6mm and aneurysm necks from 7.3–9.8mm. CFD showed complex flow profiles with multiple vortices in both, rabbit and human aneurysms. Lower blood viscosity values of the rabbit (3.92mPas vs. human 5.34mPas) resulted in considerable lower wall shear stress rates (rabbit 0.38Pa vs. human 1.66Pa). Mechanical tests showed lower stiffness of rabbit aneurysms compared to unruptured human aneurysms. ConclusionsThe proposed model showed favorable aneurysm patency rates, low morbidity and good hemodynamic comparability with complex flow patterns. Biomechanical testing suggests that experimental aneurysms might be even more fragile compared to human aneurysms.

Macroscopic spray characteristics of kerosene and diesel based on two different piezoelectric and solenoid injectors

In this study, the behaviours like injection momentum and spray characteristics for piezoelectric and solenoid injectors were compared. With piezoelectric injector, the macroscopic spray characteristics of kerosene and diesel were investigated. The characteristic like spray penetration, spray velocity, spray angle and air entrainment were used to understand the fuel spray behaviours. The result shows that the piezoelectric injector has the advantage of faster injection response and needle opening than the conventional solenoid injector, which will enable precise and rapid injection control and must be beneficial to air–fuel mixing before ignition in a real engine. Due to the lower value of viscosity in kerosene, the injection durations for kerosene are longer than diesel. Also longer injection intervals will be needed for kerosene to realize multiple injections. Kerosene has shorter spray penetration and lower spray velocity compared with diesel, while the spray angle of kerosene is larger than diesel. Entrained air mass is a typical trade-off result of comprehensive influence of spray penetration, spray angle and charge density. Kerosene sprays get more entrained air than diesel, which means the usage of kerosene has advantage in fuel–air mixing.

High temperature rheological properties of crumb rubber modified asphalt binders with various modifiers

This study aimed to analyze the rheological properties of the modified asphalt binders based on the effects of base binder type and other five polymers or acid combined with 7% dosage ground tire rubber (GTR) at the high temperature. The test results included viscosity, fail temperature, G∗/sinδ, phase angle, viscometry, amplitude sweep, frequency sweep, creep and creep recovery, and stress relaxation in this study. The results indicated that two of alternative polymers modified binders had noticeably lower viscosity values compared to SBS modified binders. Additionally, the addition of polyphosphoric acid could remarkably decrease the polymer dosage to produce PG76 binder. Meanwhile, asphalt source played a key role in determining the characteristics of all modified binders. The terminally and laboratory blended binders generally had approaching rheological properties in this study.

Statistical Investigation of the Effect of Process Parameters on the Shear Strength of Metal Adhesive Joints

The objective of the work was to optimize sheet metal joining parameters such as adhesive material, adhesive thickness, adhesive overlap length and surface roughness for single lap joint of aluminium sheet shear strength using robust design. An orthogonal array, main effect plot, signal-to-noise ratio and analysis of variance were employed to investigate the shear strength of the joints. The statistical result shows vinyl ester is best candidate among other two polymers viz. epoxy and polyester due to its low viscosity value compared to other two polymers. The experiment results shows that the adhesive thickness 0.6 mm, overlap length 50 mm and surface roughness 2.12 µm for obtained maximum shear strength of Al sheet joints. The ANOVA result shows one of the most significant factors is overlap length which affect joint strength in addition to adhesive thickness, adhesive material, and surface roughness. A confirmation test was carried out as the optimal combination of parameters will not match with the any of the experiments in the orthogonal array.

Impact of visco-metric profile of composite dough matrices on starch digestibility and firming and retrogradation kinetics of breads thereof: Additive and interactive effects of non-wheat flours

The impact of wheat (WT) flour replacement up to 45% (weight basis) by incorporation of ternary blends of teff (T), green pea (GP) and buckwheat (BW) flours on the viscometric pasting and gelling profiles of quaternary blended dough matrices was investigated by applying cooking and cooling cycles to rapid viscoanalyser (RVA) canisters with highly hydrated samples (3.5:25, w:w). Viscometric cooking and cooling parameter trends related to suitable patterns for lower and slower starch hydrolysis, and lower and/or slower firming and starch retrogradation kinetics in blended breads mainly include higher viscosity values for peak viscosity, breakdown on cooking and viscosity of hot (95 °C) paste, but lower viscosity values after gelling (50 °C). These visco-metric requirements for achieving suitable textural and thermal features in blended breads, were met by adding T/GP/BW to replace 22.5% of WT flour in blended dough formulations. Larger WT flour replacement by 37.5% of the ternary mixture T/GP/BW (7.5/15/15) provided hydrated blends with higher values for viscosity of hot (95 °C) paste, and lower viscosity values after gelling (50 °C), in good accordance with poorer formation of rapidly digestible starch and total digestible starch, and more prominent formation of resistant starch and slowly digestible starch in breads, respectively.

Modelling sea level data from China and Malay-Thailand to estimate Holocene ice-volume equivalent sea level change

This study presents a new model of Holocene ice-volume equivalent sea level (ESL), extending a previously published global ice sheet model (Bassett et al., 2005), which was unconstrained from 10 kyr BP to present. This new model was developed by comparing relative sea level (RSL) predictions from a glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) model to a suite of Holocene sea level index points from China and Malay-Thailand. Three consistent data-model misfits were found using the Bassett et al. (2005) model: an over-prediction in the height of maximum sea level, the timing of this maximum, and the temporal variation of sea level from the time of the highstand to present.The data-model misfits were examined for a large suite of ESL scenarios and a range of earth model parameters to determine an optimum model of Holocene ESL. This model is characterised by a slowdown in melting at ∼7 kyr BP, associated with the final deglaciation of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, followed by a continued rise in ESL until ∼1 kyr BP of ∼5.8 m associated with melting from the Antarctic Ice Sheet. It was not possible to identify an earth viscosity model that provided good fits for both regions; with the China data preferring viscosity values in the upper mantle of less than 1.5 × 1020 Pa s and the Malay-Thailand data preferring greater values. We suggest that this inference of a very weak upper mantle for the China data originates from the nearby subduction zone and Hainan Plume. The low viscosity values may also account for the lack of a well-defined highstand at the China sites.

Development of alternative ship propulsion in terms of exhaust emissions

The introduction of new emission limits for exhaust emissions of ship engines contributes to the development of new powertrain solutions. New solutions in the simplest approach concern the reduction of the concentration of sulfur in motor fuels. Typically, the aforementioned fuels have a lower value of viscosity which causes a number of supply system problems. It is becoming more and more common to use fuel cells in engine rooms of various types of marine vessels. Unlike conventional systems that use internal combustion engines, these systems have zero exhaust emissions. Hydrogen, methanol, methane and other substances may be used as a fuel in fuel cells. However, so far the best operating parameters are manifested by cells powered by hydrogen, which is associated with difficulties in obtaining and storing this fuel. Therefore, the use of turbine engines allows the obtaining of large operating and environmental advantages. The paper presents a comparison of the ecological parameters of turbine and piston engines.

Combustion of Microalgae Oil and Ethanol Blended with Diesel Fuel

Using renewable oxygenated fuels such as ethanol is a proposed method to reduce diesel engine emission. Ethanol has lower density, viscosity, cetane number and calorific value than petroleum diesel (PD). Microalgae oil is renewable, environmentally friendly and has the potential to replace PD. In this paper, microalgae oil (10%) and ethanol (10%) have been mixed and added to (80%) diesel fuel as a renewable source of oxygenated fuel. The mixture of microalgae oil, ethanol and petroleum diesel (MOE20%) has been found to be homogenous and stable without using surfactant. The presence of microalgae oil improved the ethanol fuel demerits such as low density and viscosity. The transesterification process was not required for oil viscosity reduction due to the presence of ethanol. The MOE20% fuel has been tested in a variable compression ratio diesel engine at different speed. The engine test results with MOE20% showed a very comparable engine performance of in-cylinder pressure, brake power, torque and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) to that of PD. The NOx emission and HC have been improved while CO and CO2 were found to be lower than those from PD at low engine speed.

Improvements in thermo-mechanical and rheological properties of SiO2/epoxy composites using different types of SiO2

Single-size 400 nm-SiO2 and multi-size 1 and 5 μm-SiO2 were used as fillers in epoxy matrix. The fillers with the larger particle size and multi-size SiO2 particles mixing is beneficial to lower the viscosity and increase the filler loading. Among the composites, the 60 wt% 5 μm-SiO2 epoxy composite has the best properties with both low coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of 28.8 ppm/°C and low viscosity of ~50 Pa s, which shows its capability to achieve the required low CTE and viscosity values in the electronic packaging. Different theoretical proposals were used to estimate the CTE. Maxwell–Garnett equation fits the experimental data well. In addition, the mixture law and Bruggeman effective medium theory offer the upper and lower limits to the CTE.

Sensory Characteristics of Dressing made with gugija(Lycium chinense)

Considering sensory characteristics Herbal mayonnaise, Herbal yoghurt and Herbal italia dressing with extracts of gugija(Lycium chinense) as additives, this study attempts to develop dressing that meets preference of people of Korea through sensory characteristics. The test results of moisture, pH, color, viscosity and sensory testing dressings with 10%, 15% and 20% extracts of gugija(Lycium chinense) as follow; Moisture contents increase in proportion to addition of the extracts of gugija(Lycium chinense). Sugar contents decrease in proportion to addition of the extracts of gugija(Lycium chinense). Also pH values of dressings increase with addition of gugija(Lycium chinense) extracts. Lower Hunter L values are observed from the dressings with the extracts of gugija(Lycium chinense) than control groups. Higher Hunter a values are observed from the dressing with gugija(Lycium chinense) extracts, whereas lower Hunter b values are observed from the dressings with gugija(Lycium chinense) extracts. The lower viscosity values are observed with addition of the extracts of gugija(Lycium chinense)s than control groups. For mayonnaise dressing, ML3 with 20% gugija(Lycium chinense) extract(MC1) mark highest overall preference. For yoghurt dressing, YL3 with 20% gugija(Lycium chinense) extract show highest overall preference. For Italian dressing, IL3 with 20% gugija(Lycium chinense) extract impart highest Overall preference. According to the results of this study, the dressings with the extracts of gugija(Lycium chinense) are preferred in color, flavor, taste and overall preference to control groups. This study might provide significant data for developing dressings with herbal medicine match with dishes to meet the needs for health of our contemporaries.

Synthesis and properties of ferromagnetic Fe-based (Fe, Ni, Co)–Mo–P–C–B bulk metallic glasses with large supercooled liquid region

New ferromagnetic Fe-based (Fe, Co, Ni)67.5Mo7.5P10C10B5 bulk metallic glasses have been developed based on an Fe75P10C10B5 alloy. These alloys exhibit large supercooled liquid region of 97–102K, low glass transition temperature of 727–738K, high glass-forming ability (GFA) with critical sample diameters of 3–4mm, and low viscosity values on the order of 107Pas in the supercooled liquid state. The magnetic and mechanical measurements reveal that the alloys also possess good soft magnetic and mechanical properties, i.e., low coercive force of 3.04–4.37A/m, rather high saturation magnetization of 0.77–0.83T, high yield strength of 3344–3463MPa, and large plastic strain of 0.6–1.1%. In addition, the effects of Mo, Co and Ni addition on the stabilization of supercooled liquid and GFA in the Fe–P–C–B alloy system have been discussed.

Numerical study of influence of biofuels on the combustion characteristics and performance of aircraft engine system

The atomization and combustion flowfield of the combustion chamber with swirl-nozzle were simulated using different biofuels; the thermodynamic cycle of the aircraft engine system were also analyzed, influences of biofuels on the combustion characteristics and performance of aircraft engine system were explored. Results show that viscosity and caloric value are key factors affecting the atomization and combustion characteristics of biofuels, and then dominate the distribution of the temperature and NO concentration. Due to the characteristic of low viscosity and low caloric value for biofuels adopted, the biofuels accumulate near the head of combustion chamber, and the corresponding NO emission is lower than that it has for conventional kerosene. When biofuels with low caloric value are used under the operation condition which is same as the condition for the conventional kerosene, lower turbine inlet temperature, lower thrust and higher specific fuel consumption would be achieved for the aircraft engine.

From Sugarcane To Jet Fuel

A California-based research team has shown that chemical building blocks derived from sugarcane can be converted in nearly 100% yield to a new family of potentially high-performing jet fuels. An environmental impact analysis of the biobased strategy suggests that it would lead to a reduction of up to 80% in greenhouse gas emissions, compared with an approach that makes the same compounds from petroleum (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2015, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1508274112). To reduce global dependence on petroleum and mitigate the harmful effects of climate change, numerous research groups have developed methods for producing biobased car and truck fuels and various types of chemicals. Stringent specifications for aviation fuels, however, have limited researchers’ success in producing those products from biological sources. For example, aviation fuels need to be formulated from oxygen-free compounds that yield high-energy-density blends with low freezing points and low viscosity values. Those high-altitude requir...

Analytical characterization of some pasteurized apple juices during storage

Abstract The aim of the study was to assess the effect of three weeks of storage on the chemical and rheological properties of apple juices obtained from Idared and Jonatan apples variety. Total antioxidant activity, levels of bio-active compound groups and the viscosity were measured to characterize the investigated juices. The method applied for the determination of ascorbic acid concentration was with 2, 6-diclorophenolindophenol. Total phenols (TP) in apple juices were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau method and antioxidant activity by the use of DPPH free radical method. The viscosity of apple juices was investigated by a rotational viscometer, Brookfield viscometer (Brookfield Engineering Inc., Model RV-DV I Prime) with RV spindles. During three weeks of storage, different rates of all measured properties have been observed decreasing for both studied apples varieties juices. The juices from Jonatan apples have higher antioxidant activities that are correlated with the higher content in polyphenols and lower values of viscosity.