Low Resistivity Values Research Articles

Multi-level Storage Characteristics of MoSe2 Resistive Random Access Memory

Resistive Random Access Memory (RRAM) is a type of non-volatile memory (NVM) device that stores information by switching between high and low resistance values. It has attracted widespread attention due to its promising potential for miniaturization. In this study, molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) was successfully synthesized via the hydrothermal method, and the RRAM was fabricated with MoSe2 as the resistance change layer. Furthermore, the MoSe2 samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results demonstrate that the prepared MoSe2 forms flower-like nanospheres assembled by nanosheets, with a particle size is about 200 nm. In addition, RRAM has a low operating voltage (< 1V), a high OFF/ON-state resistance ratio (> 102), a good endurance (103 cycles), and its resistance switching mechanism is dominated by the trap-controlled space charge limited current (SCLC) mechanism in the high resistance state (HRS) and by the ohmic mechanism in the low resistance state (LRS). Furthermore, multi-level storage is achieved by adjusting the compliance currents (Icc) and the stop voltage (Vstop).

An integrated alkali metal thermoelectric converter with sodium hydroxide thermoelectric water splitter and organic Rankine cycle for efficient power and hydrogen production

This study proposes the integration of the NaOH thermochemical water splitting cycle with both an alkali metal thermoelectric converter and an organic Rankine cycle. The objective of the proposed model is to enhance the overall efficiency by utilizing the waste heat generated by the NaOH thermochemical water splitting process and redirecting the heat from the alkali metal thermoelectric converter using bypass when hydrogen demand is low.Performance parameters such as system efficiency, system power, hydrogen production, AMTEC power production, and ORC power production were examined in the study. The results indicated an increase in power and hydrogen production with higher hot-end temperatures, along with an overall reduction in system efficiency for low values of load resistance. The system achieved a maximum efficiency of 53.37%.The system efficiency reached its peak at an AMTEC hot end temperature of 1173 °C, achieving 53.37 % efficiency at an RL value of 1.01 O. When the system operates at its maximum AMTEC power production, the AMTEC modules supply 12.81 kW, while the ORC generates 5.57 kW, and the hydrogen compressor consumes 0.13 kW. The total electrical power generation is 18.38 kW. The findings also indicate that the utilization of the bypass led to a reduction in hydrogen production while increasing the power output of the organic Rankine cycle.

Identification of shale gas existence based on 2-dimensional magnetotelluric data in the Kutai basin, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Research on unconventional methods in the shale gas exploration process has begun to be developed to meet the demand for oil and natural gas sustainability. The research area is located in the Kutai Basin, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The current study from the Geological Survey Center shows that the Kutai Basin has 46.79 TCF of shale gas potential. The magnetotelluric (MT) method was applied in this study to describe the distribution of subsurface resistivity values. The inversion schemes performed in the MT method are 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional inversions. In this study, there are 8 measurement stations in one line. The presence of low resistivity values or conductive zones identifies the potential for black shale layers. The potential for shale gas is suspected to be detected at station KT29, which is included in the Pamaluan Formation, and at stations KT12, KT31, KT13, and KT15, which are included in the Pulaubalang Formation, because it is associated with source rock from petroleum in the Kutai Basin system, as supported by previous research data.

The Practicality of Resistivity Method for Recognizing Vertically Distributed Anomalies Using Simulated Models

In brownfield sites, two proposed shallow horizontal targets were numerically modelled to mimic variable underground conditions; these targets were sequenced vertically in a different manner. Synthetic 2D electrical resistivity datasets were generated using the RES2DMOD and then inverted by using RES2DINVx64. These targets have different lengths, one with a higher and the second with a lower resistivity value relative to the background resistivity. The effectiveness of dipole-dipole, Wenner, and Wenner-Schlumberger configurations was tested by conducting a qualitative comparison. The inverted resistivity images suggest that the target sequence has a significant effect on the configuration detectability. The high resistivity target was conveniently recognized when it overlies a low resistivity target. Dipole-dipole configuration showed optimum results in recognizing complicated underground conditions.

Dielectric spectroscopy of ferroelectric nematic liquid crystals: Measuring the capacitance of insulating interfacial layers

Numerous measurements of the dielectric constant ɛ of the recently discovered ferroelectric nematic (NF) liquid crystal (LC) phase report extraordinarily large values of ɛ′ (up to ∼30 000) in the NF phase. We show that what is in fact being measured in such experiments is the high capacitance of the nonferroelectric, interfacial, insulating layers of nanoscale thickness that bound the NF material in typical cells. Polarization reorientation as a linear response to AC electric field drive renders the NF layer effectively electrically conductive, exhibiting low resistance that enables the charging of the interfacial capacitors. We analyze the commonly employed parallel-plate cell filled with NF material of high polarization , oriented parallel to the plates at zero applied voltage. Minimization of the dominant electrostatic energy renders spatially uniform and orients the polarization to make the electric field in the NF as small as possible, a condition under which the voltage applied to the cell appears almost entirely across the high-capacity interfacial layers. This coupling of orientation and charge creates a combined polarization-external capacitance (PCG) Goldstone reorientation mode requiring applied voltages orders of magnitude smaller than that of the NF layer alone to effectively transport charge across the NF layer. The NF layer acts as a low-value resistor, and the interfacial capacitors act as reversible energy storage reservoirs, lowering the restoring force (mass) of the PCG mode and producing strong reactive dielectric behavior. Analysis of data from a variety of experiments on ferroelectric LCs (chiral smectics C, bent-core smectics, and the NF phase) supports the PCG model, showing that deriving dielectric constants from electrical impedance measurements of high-polarization ferroelectric LCs, without properly accounting for the self-screening effects of polarization charge and the capacitive contributions of interfacial layers, can result in overestimation of the ɛ′ values of the LC by many orders of magnitude. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Analyzing the Influence of Conservation Tillage and Manure on Soil Parameter Modulations in Croplands.

Nowadays, when the human impact on the environment becomes prominent daily, specific steps are needed to mitigate or halt those changes. By far, agricultural land is most affected by the degradation process, leading to soil erosion and decreased soil quality. Sustainable measures are needed to find a solution to that problem. This study, located in an agricultural area in northwestern Croatia, gives an insight into how different tillage systems (conventional and conservation) with the addition of manure will affect soil physicochemical properties, hydrology response, and overall yield. To assess hydrological response, a rainfall simulator was used; meanwhile, soil samples were taken to determine bulk density, soil water content, water-stable aggregates, and soil organic matter. Soil water content did not show significant differences, whereas bulk density and penetration resistance yielded significantly higher values at 15-30 cm depth compared to 0-15 cm depth. Also, the conservation manure recorded lower bulk density and penetration resistance values than conventional tilled treatments. Water-stable aggregates and soil organic matter were severely affected by manure addition and yielded an increase after harvest. Hydrological response was delayed for the treatments with manure addition. Crop yield was also significantly higher for the conventional treatment with manure addition, whereas the control plots had lower yields. The results of this study show the positive aspects of conservation tillage, especially with manure addition, where soil quality is preserved or even increased.

Bioelectrical Impedance in Premature Newborns and Its Relationship with Diet Therapy in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

(1) Background: To estimate resistance, reactance, and phase angle values among moderate preterm infants and their variation according to neonatal and maternal characteristics and nutritional intake. (2) Methods: This was a cohort that evaluated 43 moderate preterm infants using bioelectrical impedance analysis. The study variables included resistance, reactance, and phase angle measurements, in addition to classification of nutritional intake. (3) Results: Mean resistance was 602.0 ± 118.2 Ω, reactance was 57.2 Ω (IQR = 42.6-65.2), and phase angle was 522° (IQR = 4.1-6.6). Lower resistance values were found in the presence of risky pregnancy (532.2 ± 111.9 Ω vs. 650.9 ± 97.9 Ω, p < 0.001) and lower reactance values, in the presence of harmful maternal lifestyle habits at both the first (p = 0.01) and second assessments (p = 0.01). Eight preterm infants were considered to have insufficient nutritional intake (23.5%); 17, sufficient (50.0%) and 9, partially sufficient (26.5%). There was less reactance among preterm infants with insufficient nutritional intake (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: The bioelectrical impedance analysis measurements were within the range of values reported in other studies. There was an association between full diet and adequate nutritional intake with higher resistance values, while a lower reactance value was associated with the presence of risky pregnancy and harmful maternal lifestyle.

Conductivity enhancement of Ag nanowire ink by decorating in situ formed Ag particles under low-temperature sintering

Silver nanowires (AgNWs) have attractive applications in the fabrication of flexible electronics because of their adequate electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, and oxidation resistance. However, the film produced by AgNW ink needs to be sintered at temperatures above 200 °C to obtain high electrical conductivity, which is incompatible with commonly used flexible substrates such as paper or polymer materials. In this study, the AgNW network was decorated by in situ reduced Ag particles (AgPs) to improve the structural integrity and conductivity of the film. After sintering at 80 °C, the pores and voids within the AgNW network were filled with Ag particles smaller than 200 nm, and the porosity of the film was markedly reduced. The lowest resistivity value was 3.9 × 10–5 Ω cm after sintering at 100 °C, only 10.8% and 8.5% of the resistivity values of the films produced from AgNW and ion inks, respectively. During sintering, Ag nucleated on the surface of AgNWs, and its growth and agglomeration resulted in interconnections between the AgNWs and Ag particles. Thereafter, the bridging and filling effect of the Ag particles facilitated the formation of a compact and firm network, improving the film conductivity. The line film printed from the composite ink with 10 layers exhibited a low resistivity of 7.3 × 10–7 Ω·m. Even after 5000 bending cycles, the resistivity of the line only increased by 4.47 × 10–6 Ω·cm from the initial value. The composite ink reported in this study is a promising candidate for the low-cost printing of ultralow-power-consumption wearable electronic devices.

Effect of High Humidity Exposure to Wheat Starch Based High Conducting Flexible Polymer‐in‐Salt‐Electrolyte

AbstractPolymer‐in‐salt‐electrolytes (PISEs) are an important class of electrolytes as they carry the promise of faster and single ion transport. Unfortunately, due to unavailability of a suitable polymer host PISE has still not reached to commercial level. In the present work, using a novel synthesis protocol developed by the group, glutaraldehyde crosslinked wheat starch has been successfully modified with sodium iodide (NaI) to synthesize a flexible PISE membrane with desired electrochemical properties. Present paper reports the effect of crosslinker and exposure to high humidity ambience on electrochemical and morphological properties. It has been established that on exposure to higher humidity atmosphere starch‐based PISEs stabilize at lower resistance value, but with higher ion relaxation time, which indicates that effect of high humidity treatment is more on salt dissociation instead of assisting the ion transport. The studied materials have conductivity ≈0.01 S cm−1 range with ESW &gt;2.5 V, ensuring its usability in electrochemical devices. The developed synthesis protocol does not require any complicated synthesis route and/or sophisticated instrument hence the overall process is economical also, adding up to its potentiality for energy device fabrication.

Geoelectrical and Remote Sensing in the Characterization of the Pan-African Meta-sedimentary Basement Aquifer Systems: A Case Study at Nkoteng-Elap, Central Region of Cameroon

Abstract Nkoteng-Elap, a hamlet in the Central Region of Cameroon (Central Africa), has water issues, particularly with access to drinking water. The current study aims at (1) mapping the fracture networks of aquifers in the conceptual hydrogeological model and (2) delimiting the groundwater potential zones of the study area. A study combining remote sensing and geoelectrical measurements was carried out along profiles sub-perpendicular to the elongation of the geological bodies. Borehole and field geology data were used to validate the results obtained. The findings point to more than 300 linear structures about 0.065-74.89 km long, with two main directions: N80-100°E and N30-50-70°E. According to the Electrical Resistivity Tomography approach, there are three (03) geoelectric levels: conductive (less than 500 Ωm), semi-resistive (6500-12500 Ωm). resistive (more than 12500 Ωm), and resistant intrusive body (2050 Ωm). Existing drillings display three main lithological formations: the alteration zone, the fissured/altered zone, and micaceous quartzite. The correlation between the ERT data and drilling data reveals that the fissured or altered zone observed at 50 m is potentially aquifers. This structure is characterized by medium resistivity values (6500 Ω.m), flow rates of 1 to 3 m3/h for positive boreholes, and by low resistivity values (500 Ω.m), flow rates less than 1 m3/h for negative boreholes. The final map is categorized into five classes: very good, good, moderate, poor, and very poor groundwater potential zones. These results can help find basement aquifers and be useful in the planning and management of groundwater resources in a meta-sedimentary context.

3D electrical resistivity survey for reduction of groundwater drilling uncertainties in a clay-rich environment

Drilling for groundwater is expensive and challenging. It is even more challenging to find a location that will result in a high-yield well in heterogeneous environments. To tackle the heterogeneity issue, geophysical surveys can help in mapping the subsurface structure and delineating the drilling trajectory. The current study displays the effectiveness of 3D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) to locate a permeable groundwater zone within a highly heterogeneous and clayey subsurface. Ground truthing the acquired geophysical data with in-situ sampling helps ensure accuracy in classifying groundwater zones in the final inverted 3D data set while also delineating boundaries between permeable groundwater zones and less permeable clayey structures. In-situ samples of groundwater and soil were used to measure the saturated region's resistivity in the laboratory using a column setup. Clay zones in the data set are classified from the nearby well data at similar depth ranges and from very low resistivity values from ERT data and laboratory measurements. The results display highly differentiating resistivity zones that are attributed to the scattered clay lenses (low resistivity) in conjunction with the freshwater zone (high resistivity). The distinction between clayey and nonclayey bodies is important to better inform drilling locations for optimal groundwater yield. This study concludes that with the aid of low-cost geophysical surveys and minimal in-situ sampling data correlations, permeable groundwater boundaries and clay lens volumes can be identified easily.

Sensitivity analysis of a High Gain DC/DC boost converter including parasitic parameters

A high gain DC/DC boost converter is presented. This circuit is analysed with reference to the sensitivity analysis of the static gain transfer function including parasitic parameters. Results demonstrate that a low parasitic resistance of the input inductor gives a quasi-ideal behaviour in terms of efficiency and boosting but, on the other hand, it implies high variation of the static gain versus the duty cycle at its high. This kind of analysis is particular meaningful, since it has been demonstrated that the sensitivity of the HG (High Gain) boost DC-DC converter to the parasitic resistance of the input inductance is higher for lower values of the parasitic resistance.

Flexible Transparent Electrode Based on Ag Nanowires: Ag Nanoparticles Co-Doped System for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes.

Flexible organic light-emitting diodes (FOLEDs) have promising potential for future wearable applications because of their exceptional mechanical flexibility. Silver nanowire (Ag NW) networks are the most promising candidates to replace indium tin oxide (ITO), which is limited by its poor bendability. In this study, three different methods including methanol impregnation, argon plasma treatment, and ultraviolet radiation were used to reduce the junction resistance of Ag NWs to optimize the flexible transparent electrodes (FTEs); which were prepared using Ag NWs and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS). Then, the optoelectronic properties of the FTEs were further improved by using a co-doped system of silver nanowires and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), the structure of which consisted of PET/Ag NWs: Ag NPs/PEDOT: PSS/DMSO. The largest FOM value of 1.42 × 10-2 ohm-1 and a low sheet resistance value of 13.86 ohm/sq were obtained using the optimized FTEs. The prepared FOLED based on the optimized FTEs had a luminous efficiency of 6.04 cd/A and a maximum EQE of 1.92%, and exhibited no observed decline in efficiency when reaching maximum luminance. After 500 bending tests, the luminance still reached 82% of the original value. It is demonstrated that the FTEs prepared via the co-doped system have excellent optoelectronic properties as well as high mechanical stability.

Efficient electrochemical hydrogen evolution activity of nanostructured Ag3PO4/MoS2 heterogeneous composite catalyst

Hydrogen (H2) generation by electrochemical water splitting is a key technique for sustainable energy applications. Two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenide (MoS2) and silver phosphate (Ag3PO4) possess excellent electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) properties when they are combined together as a composite rather than individuals. Reports examining the HER activity by using Ag3PO4, especially, in combination with the 2D layered MoS2 are limited in literature. The weight fraction of MoS2 in Ag3PO4 is optimized for 1, 3, and 5 wt%. The Ag3PO4/1 wt % MoS2 combination exhibits enhanced HER activity with least overpotential of 235 mV among the other samples in the acidic medium. The synergistic effect of optimal nano-scale 2D layered MoS2 structure and Ag3PO4 is essential for creating higher electrochemical active surface area of 217 mF/cm2, and hence this leads to faster reaction kinetics in the HER. This work suggests the advantages of Ag3PO4/1 wt % MoS2 heterogeneous composite catalyst for electrochemical analysis and HER indicating lower resistivity and low Tafel slope value (179 mV/dec) among the prepared catalysts making it a promising candidate for its use in practical energy applications.

High specific capacitance and NTC behavior of substituted cobalt oxide spinels for electrochemical supercapacitor and thermistor applications

Due to the growing importance of low-cost energy storage devices in smart device applications, finding an appropriate electrode material with the least self-discharging, high power, and energy densities is the need of the hour. In this paper, Cu and Mn-modified Co3O4 spinels in the form of CuCo2O4 and MnCo2O4 are reported as the most promising electrode materials for high-performance electrochemical supercapacitors. Modified Co3O4 spinels were prepared by the co-precipitation technique, and the X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies show a single-phase formation with cubic crystal symmetry. The average crystallite size estimated by considering the highest intensity peak of the diffraction pattern using Scherrer’s relation shows the average crystallite size below 30 nm for reported spinels. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images stabilize the fact that grains with nanosizes consisting of regular shapes and excellent morphological features. The dc-conductivity measurement establishes the essence of negative temperature coefficient of resistance (NTCR) behavior in nanostructured spinels. The specific capacitance (Cs) of CuCo2O4 and MnCo2O4 estimated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) was found to be 616.074 F g−1 and 1401.16 F g−1 for a scan rate of 10 mV s−1 with verified stability up to 1000 cycles. The low internal resistance value in the range of 0.1 Ω for both the spinels verified by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) graph confirms these spinels as encouraging electrode materials for electrochemical supercapacitors.

Hydrothermal synthesis of the NiS@g-C3N4 nanohybrid electrode material for supercapacitor applications

Recent research on sustainable, efficient energy supply and storage systems has increased due to worries about energy constraints, pollution, and fossil fuel depletion. However, supercapacitors (SCs), revolutionary energy conversion and storage devices are attracting interest for high-power density and cyclic life. The present work reported the synthesis of NiS, g-C3N4 (g-CN) and NiS@g-CN hybrid using a straightforward hydrothermal technique. The NiS@g-CN hybrid material demonstrated improved cycling performance and rate capability, and experimental results revealed notable specific capacitance (Cs) of 933.78 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. However, electrochemical performance exhibited columbic efficiency (ղ) of 92.80 % with exceptional cyclic stability, maintaining its performance even after undergoing 5000th charge-discharge cycles with 97 % capacitive retention. In addition, it was worth noting that the NiS@g-CN hybrid shows a remarkably low resistance value (Rct = 55.97 Ω), indicating that the electrode showcases outstanding electrochemical performance as a hybrid supercapacitor. The findings of the present work demonstrate a novel approach to fabricating hybrid materials composed of metal sulfides and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), which hold significant applications in the manufacturing of electrochemical energy storage devices at large scale in different energy-saving equipment.

Раціональні технологічні засади отримання коксу із заданими показниками питомого електричного опору

DOI: 10.31081/1681-309X-2024-0-1-8-15 Specialty 161. U.D.C. 661.66.2:537.311/.312 RATIONAL TECHNOLOGICAL BASES OF PRODUCTION OF COKE WITH SPECIFIED ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY © I.V. Shulga, Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, O.V. Sytnyk, Ph.D. in Technical Sciences (State Enterprise “Ukrainian State Research Institute for Carbochemistry (UKHIN)”, 7 Vesnina str., Kharkiv, 61023, Ukraine), O.I. Zelenskii, Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, V.V. Vladymirenko (National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", 2, Kyrpychova str., Kharkiv, 61002, Ukraine) The article is devoted to the practically important issue of obtaining coke with a specific electrical resistance of no more than 0.1 Ohm∙cm for the needs of blast furnace production. Achievement of this indicator should occur simultaneously with the improvement of the entire range of properties of blast furnace coke. It is noted that the concept of production of blast furnace coke of improved quality consists of the formation of a rational raw material base, ensuring proper coking technology and post-furnace coke treatment. It has been shown that the production of high-quality blast furnace coke with low resistivity requires: high sinterability and coking capacity of the charge based on highly sinterable coals; coking pressure of the coal charge not exceeding 7 kPa; coking speed not exceeding 24 mm/hour; final coking temperature of 1050-1100 °C; maximum temperature level in the heating system not exceeding 1410 °C. It is confirmed that in order to obtain a low electrical resistivity, it is necessary to produce coke with the most ordered anisotropic structure. It is shown that the resistivity of coke naturally changes when used in blast furnace production: the destruction of lumps leads to the formation of fragments of different sizes. At the same time, coarser fragments have lower resistivity values, and smaller ones, characterized by an increased concentration of structural defects that are the centers of crack formation, have a higher resistivity. After gasification with carbon dioxide, the number of structural defects increases in grains of any size due to the weakening of the surface due to chemical interaction, so the resistivity of coke increases and becomes almost equal for both coarser and finer grains. Keywords: hard coal coke, blast furnace production, resistivity, vertical temperature, final coking temperature, coke gasification. Corresponding author I.V. Shulga, e-mail: ko@ukhin.org.ua

Wastewater leakage identification in WWTP and concrete pipelines using integrated geophysical imaging methods

Industry and mining activities covers a broad spectrum of processes that dispose an abundant amount of wastewater. Given the vast array of industries, there are equally large number of heavy metals, organic solvents, and hydrocarbons pollutants associated with its wastewater, posing a great threat to aquifers, especially groundwater. Main contributor of this polluting scheme are from the leakage of underground/surface storage tanks, effluent pipework, industrial sewers, and waste injection system. To ascertain the presence of pollution in the subsoil and groundwater resources, an integrated geophysical method can be the alternative of non-invasive methods. The presence of contaminants in subsoil alters the physical properties of rock formations and decrease pore-water resistance, therefore it can be mapped by geoelectrical resistivity. In this paper, study case was conducted in Medan Industrial Estate, Indonesia, to identify potential leakage under the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) and its pipework, using Geoelectrical Wenner and Magnetotelluric Method with 5 lines in the interval of 40-60 meters and Magnetotelluric Method throughout the 175 meters of pipework in the production area. Based on the Geoelectrical Method, an anomaly with a low resistivity value was detected within 7 meters of the ground depth. Meanwhile, in the Magnetotelluric Method, a moderate permittivity value was detected that is local and located within 2 meters depth which is where the pipe and the bottom of the WWTP storage tank is located. In conclusion, based on the results obtained from the Geoelectrical and Magnetotelluric Methods that have been carried out in the WWTP area and along the wastewater pipeline leading to the WWTP, no anomalies were found that lead to waste water leakage.

Impact assessment of the effects of the former uncontrolled landfill of Sidi Yahya Oujda (Morocco) on groundwater using physicochemical, geological and electrical triple approaches

This study is part of the geophysical mapping of the former site of the uncontrolled Sidi Yahya Oujda landfill. It also aims to show the contribution of the integrated interpretation of geological and geophysical data in the diagnosis of illegal dump sites. The application was made on the rehabilitated site of the former uncontrolled Oujda landfill located in Sidi-Yahya, which was closed in 2005. Geological and geophysical studies by electrical resistivity tomography (TRE) were carried out at the site level. Nine 475 m long TRE profiles with an investigation depth of up to 110 m were generated to image the subsoil. Analysis of the physicochemical and metallic composition of the leachate from this site and the groundwater taken from 3 nearby wells revealed significant pollution of the leachate with a COD of 12780 mg. O2/L and a BOD5 of 525.34 mg. O2/L. The groundwater had high electrical conductivity (average of 3.9 mS/cm), chloride content (710 mg/L average) and nitrate content (74.62 mg/L average). The metal concentrations in the leachate and groundwater far exceeded the Moroccan standards, with high average values for zinc (619.22 μg/L), copper (318.12 μg/L), nickel (233.76 μg/L), chromium (169.16 μg/L), L) and iron (12940 μg/L). Geologically, a context was highlighted with lateral lithological variations and the presence of faults. The waste/leachate layer has low resistivity values (&lt;10 Ω m) and a thickness of up to 25 m. It rests on terrains of different geological natures. In the southern part of the site, there is a layer of red clay with a thickness of up to 50 m and low resistivities (&lt;10 Ω m), which overlies a layer of limestone with high resistivity values (&gt;100 Ω m). In the northern part, we encounter a discontinuous and thin layer of fractured dolomites with resistivities greater than 50 Ω m. This layer of dolomite rests on a layer of clays.

Fabrication of palladium-enriched metallic structures by direct focused He+ and Ne+ beam nanowriting from organometallic thin films: a comparison with Ga+ and e- beams.

A direct nanowriting procedure using helium- and neon-focused ion beams and spin-coated organometallic thin films is introduced and applied to the fabrication of Pd-enriched metallic structures in a single lithography step. This process presents significant advantages over multi-step resist-based lithography and focused beam-induced deposition using gaseous precursors, such as its simplicity and speed, respectively. The optimized process leads to Pd-rich structures with low electrical resistivity values of 141 and 152 μΩ cm under Ne+ or He+ fluences of 1000 and 5000 μC cm-2, respectively. These resistivity values correlate well with compositional and microstructural studies, indicating a high Pd metallic content in a dense structure with a few-nm grain size. The obtained results are compared to similar structures fabricated by direct electron and gallium beam nanowriting, demonstrating the full potential of nanopatterned Pd-based organometallic thin films under the most common focused charged beams. The practical applications of combining spin-coated organometallic thin films with focused beam nanowriting in micro- and nano-lithography modern procedures are also discussed in this contribution.