Low-level Management Research Articles

Financial Support and Employee Performance in Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Kenya: Moderating Effect of Top Management Commitment

Employee performance is key to the success of organizations in the competitive world. Employee welfare practices, such as employee financial support, must be put in place to improve employee performance, whether in public or private organizations. The main objective of this study was to determine the relationship between employee financial support and employee performance, as well as the moderating effect of the top management commitment in non-governmental organizations in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study used a cross-sectional survey research design. The target population was all the 14,323 employees in NGOs in Nairobi County, Kenya. The sample population was 391 who were stratified as top managers, middle-level managers, and Lower level managers. The sample was selected through the use of purposive, stratified, and simple random sampling procedures. While interviews and questionnaires were used as primary data sources, secondary data was obtained from reviewed journals, books, and articles. The study made use of relevant theories on the subject, including Human Relations Theory, Herzberg's two-factor theory, and Abraham Maslow's theory of the hierarchy of needs. To determine the validity and reliability of the tools, a pilot study was conducted. Version 25 of the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences software was used for data analysis. Frequencies, means, correlations, and multiple linear regression were employed in the analysis, along with inferential and descriptive statistics as diagnostic tests for the tools. Pie charts, graphs, and tables were used to present the study's findings. The research found that there exists a positive and significant relationship between employee financial support and employee performance when moderated by the top management commitment in non-governmental organizations in Nairobi County, Kenya. The research determined that, due to its importance in boosting morale and overall employee performance, the NGOs’ top management should put employee financial support policies in place, factor the financial support in their budget and plans, and enhance communication with the employees. The study recommended further research in other counties using similar variables.

Internal and external threats to enterprise security: essence and diagnostics

The paper studies the essence and diagnostics of internal and external threats to enterprise security. External threats to the enterprise are identified, in particular, unfavorable changes in the political and economic situation in the country, the use of unfair competition methods, unreliability of suppliers, partners and contractors, natural and technical emergencies, unauthorized access of competitors to confidential information of the enterprise, imperfection of the regulatory framework, industrial and economic espionage, changes in consumer tastes and preferences. The author identifies internal threats to the enterprise, in particular, low professional level of the top management of the enterprise, violation of labor discipline, outflow of qualified personnel, decrease in the professional qualification level of personnel, violation of the regime of commercial secrecy, low level of innovation activity of the enterprise, lack of an effective planning system at all levels, low technical and technological levels of production. The author analyzes what negative consequences can result from threats to the security of an enterprise from its administrative and managerial staff and personnel in general, suppliers and other contractors and consumers. The author identifies the tools whose implementation can preventively influence key business processes and minimize negative consequences in the event of threats. As for the tool that has effectively proven itself among enterprises in developed countries and is used to support the internal environment in terms of developing managerial and human resources, it is worth noting the corporate entrepreneurship assessment tool (CEAI). As for the tool that is actively used, including by domestic entrepreneurs, to collect and analyze customer data, which allows storing information about the history of interaction with customers and increasing their loyalty, it is worth mentioning a CRM system.

Pengaruh Manajemen Pembelajaran Terhadap Kinerja Guru untuk Mewujudkan Prestasi Belajar Siswa

The problem that occurs in education today is that student achievement is still not optimal. The low level of learning management is thought to be the result of the lack of maximum teacher performance. This study aims to analyze learning management on teacher performance in realizing student achievement. This research method is a descriptive analysis method with survey techniques, observation and documentation studies. While the data analysis technique used to answer the research hypothesis is statistics with a path analysis model. The population and the respondents in this study are 70 teachers of SMKAl-Mukhtariyah and SMK Iqro.Based on the test, the value of Fcount is greater than Ftable, which is fcount = 2.5411> Ftable = 1.997. From this value, it can be concluded that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted, so the learning management variable (X) affects teacher performance (Y) to realize student achievement (Z) at SMK Al-Mukhtariyah and SMK Iqro Garut.

Problems, Causes and Countermeasures of Financial Support for Agriculture in China

To build a modern socialist country comprehensively, the most arduous task still lies in the rural area. Improving the operation mechanism of financial funds for agriculture is of great significance to solve the problems of agriculture, rural areas and farmers. This paper argues that there are four problems in financial funds for agriculture at present: slow growth, low management level, low efficiency of capital use and crowding out effect. By analyzing the causes behind the problems, this paper attempts to put forward the countermeasures to improve the operation mechanism of financial funds for agriculture.

“Waste to energy” as a driver towards a sustainable and circular energy future for the Balkan countries

BackgroundThe main goal of the paper is to review the existing state and propose a model solution for the introduction of the waste-to-energy concept in the Republic of Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as these Balkan countries are a source of high pollution due to the inefficient use of fossil fuels and the operation of coal-fired power plants. Besides, these countries have very low level of waste management, which results in the uncontrolled disposal of a large amount of waste which consists of plastic and microplastic materials which are difficult to decompose in natural ecosystems.MethodsConsidering the type and objectives of the study, a mixed research method was chosen as a combination of exploratory research, descriptive research, explanatory research, and modeling.ResultsThe main result of the research shows the unfavorable situation in the field of waste management in the Republic of Serbia, as well as in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Both countries have adopted adequate strategies and plans, but waste management is not implemented accordingly, Nevertheless, numerous problems create considerable opportunities for improvement, especially regarding the potential for energy production from waste, which is an important approach to implementing the circular economy model. The study showed that the situation is particularly unfavorable in rural areas. Hence, the research proposes (a) a novel model for waste-to-energy governance and (b) a novel model for waste-to-energy management in rural areas. The research was done, and models were developed based on the examples of the Republic of Serbia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, the results can be used in countries with a similar level of waste management and with a larger share of rural areas.ConclusionsThe paper emphasizes the importance of a holistic and systemic approach to waste management, with emphasis on using waste-to-energy concept as particularly applicable in the transition to circular economy. This study proposes a model for the integration of waste management (with emphasis on plastic and microplastic) and energy efficiency, presenting a model of approach that can be used in countries that are at the beginning of introducing a circular economy.

Інтегральний підхід до логістики постачання, виробництва та дистрибуції на основі формалізації логістичних бізнес-процесів

The article considers the problem of integration of logistic business processes of supply of resources (logistics), production and distribution at an industrial enterprise. The aim of the article is to develop an integrated system of logistic management of a production enterprise on the basis of a study of the mechanism for managing the material flow. As a result of the study, the principles of building a logistic system for integrated management of purchasing, production and distribution logistics of enterprise have been formulated and an integrated management scheme has been elaborated, in which complexes of tasks at certain levels of management have been allocated. At the upper level of management is the distribution of the quarterly production program by months, taking into account production capacities based on the principle of specialization of production in time. At the middle level of management – drawing up interrelated plans and schedules of logistics, manufacture and shipment of finished products. At the lower level of management – the compilation of shift-daily tasks on the basis of operational planning of the work of workshops, sites and individual workplaces. When drawing up interrelated calendar plans-schedules for the release and shipment of products, decisions are made that simultaneously meet the requirements of production and the conditions for the sale of products. These decisions are the basis ones for further specification of them by production units of the enterprise. The proposed scheme provides for communication along a closed loop of the logistic system of integrated management: planning, accounting, control, regulation. To solve problems at all levels of enterprise management, it is advisable to use modern software systems, such as SAP ERP, Oracle Supply Chain Management, Microsoft Dynamics 365 Supply Chain Management, Infor SCM, Plex Manufacturing Cloud.

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНІ БАР'ЄРИ ЕФЕКТИВНОЇ КОМУНІКАЦІЇ НА ПІДПРИЄМСТВІ

The article aims to explore the role and essence of organizational barriers that arise in the process of communication within enterprises. It is established that organizational communication is the process of exchanging information and ideas within an organization with the goal of achieving common objectives. Among the five dimensions of organizational structure, organizational centralization and formalization are identified as crucial for enhancing communication efficiency. It is demonstrated that the main organizational barriers in the communication process, stemming from incorrectly defined centralization scales, include the presence of excessive information resources at the top management level, lack of complete information at the operational level, underutilization of human capital at middle and lower management levels, a significant volume of incomplete information, the need to address operational tasks at the top management level, and low levels of organizational independence for lower-level units. Communication barriers associated with excessive formalization encompass the inability to provide unofficial explanations for discrepancies, limitations on the use of knowledge, obstacles to changes and innovations, barriers to integrating employees and organizational units into the communication process, and restrictions on communication with the external environment. Survey results confirm that an excessive level of centralization leads to a spiral of dependency, increasing pressure on lower management structures and further centralization of management. Decentralization ensures the accuracy of decision-making, bringing decision-making closer to the point of problem occurrence, and allows top management to focus on resolving strategic issues. Formalization has a positive impact on the communication process of organizations in the early stages of development and growth. It organizes the flow of information and contributes to its standardization, facilitating the coordination of communication among network participants. The occurrence of barriers to excessive formalization in the communication process depends on the size, maturity, and diversification of the activities of individual organizations.

ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ АВТОМАТИЗОВАНИХ СИСТЕМ УПРАВЛІННЯ ЦІЛЕВКАЗАННЯ

The justification of the need to improve the automated control process in the system of automatic targeting testing is presented. The modern Armed Forces of Ukraine use means of automation at all levels of command of the troops and managing the means of defeat. In parallel with the automation of the management process at all levels, the shadows of recent years indicate a shift of attention towards the lower management levels. The command systems at these levels collect, process and analyse information necessary to optimize the management of the actual combat assets. The specific fire task to combat crew, its transfer and delivery to the contractor is an important point in the process of such control. A central part of the task statement is targeting i.e. a brief, clear and understandable message about the location of the target and other information about it. The guaranteed transmission of target instruction from any level of control to the means of destruction is one of the directions of development and improvement of automated control systems for military purposes. The automated method for achieving the target-setting provides a minimum time for setting the firing task and carrying it out. However, in order for it to be revived, information on the full identification of targets at the different levels of control and sufficiently accurate information on the location of its forces and assets is necessary. In many cases, the dynamic properties of such control systems are described by high-order differential equations. The implementation of optimal speed in such cases faces a number of technical difficulties related to the need to calculate and implement the number of intervals of control action.The number of intervals is equal to the order of the differential equation of the system. In this case, it is advisable to move to a quasi-optimal control with the number of controls switching equal to three. Reducing the number of switches will not only simplify the functions of the microprocessor in such a control system, but also increase its reliability. Optimum system theory illuminates the way forward and points to unused reserves of existing automatic control systems. The development of mathematical theory is largely determined by the development of methods of synthesis of optimal systems. Bellman R. and Feldbaum O. first formulated and proved the theorem of n intervals or n switching by control systems. According to the n interval theorem, the number of switches can be reduced by replacing the n-order control system with an equivalent lower-order system. According to the hypothesis of Academician A.Y. Ishlinsky, a third-order system can be found for any n-order system. The paper presents a numerical experiment confirming the hypothesis of Academician A.Y. Ishlinsky about the possibility of presenting a high-order system equivalent to a third-order system. The problem of identifying the dynamics of technological processes is solved by acceleration curves. The use of direct numerical methods is limited in some cases by the inability to implement the input of the required form. In this case, object identification is carried out by a conventional differential equation of order 4. A type of differential equation of order 3 is also known. The values of the parameters at which the solutions of the differential equations of order 4 and order 3 are most closely related are found. To solve the problem, the Nelder-Mead method is used. The solution of the original differential equation is proposed to be found by the Runge-Kutt-Merson method. The obtained results make it possible to simplify the process of object management in the systems of automatic targeting testing. The numerical experiments carried out confirmed the conjecture of Academician A.Y. Ishlinsky that the n-order system can be represented by an equivalent system of order 3. Thus, to reduce the time required to collect, process and analyze information necessary for the management of combat assets.

A Study on the Development Trend and Mechanism Perfection of Cultural Industry in Western China Based on Variable Model

Abstract As an emerging industry with high growth, the cultural industry plays an increasingly prominent role in boosting national economic construction and enriching people’s lives. This paper utilizes the relevant statistical data of the culture industry in 2022, selects the indicators of input-output variables, and adopts the three-stage DEA method to measure the efficiency level of the culture industry in Western China and explore the development trend of the culture industry in western China after eliminating the influence of external environment and random variables on the analysis results. In addition, the level of cultural industry efficiency in West China is taken as an explanatory variable. Relevant explanatory variables are selected to derive the influence of each variable on cultural industry efficiency by the partial least squares method, and regional heterogeneity is detected. The overall cultural industry efficiency in the western region is low; more than 30% of the inputs do not create value, and 50% of the provinces and municipalities have a low level of cultural industry operation and management and low development of industry scale. Except for Chongqing and Shaanxi, all other provinces and cities are in the stage of increasing returns to scale. The selected explanatory variables all positively contribute to the comprehensive technical efficiency of the cultural industry, with the most significant effect of the urbanization level, with a regression effect of 0.387. Focusing on improving the operation and management levels and the scale of the cultural industry is the key to enhancing the efficiency of the overall cultural industry in the West.

Exploration of Fine Management Mode of College Logistics Based on Digital Twin Technology

Abstract Colleges and universities are important institutions for talent cultivation, scientific and technological innovation, social service, and cultural inheritance. College logistics management is an indispensable part of the daily operation of colleges and universities, and the high and low level of college and university logistics management directly affects the strength of the overall strength of colleges and universities. This paper puts forward the optimization strategy of college logistics management from three aspects: leadership level, personnel quality, and work system. It adopts digital twin technology to realize the construction of fine management mode and, in order to effectively assess the efficiency of college logistics management, explores the level of college logistics management by constructing the FAHP model. Finally, using M College as the research object, the refined management model of college logistics based on digital twin technology is analyzed. Management system and execution have a weight value of 0.3762 among the first-level indicators, which is higher than the other two factors. The hierarchical total ranking is used to identify the factors that have a greater impact on college and university logistics efficiency in the second-level indicators. The comprehensive score of logistics management efficiency for college M is 92, which belongs to the range of excellent grades. Therefore, for the level of fine management of college logistics, the management system and execution is the key, which can be realized by strictly charging according to the regulations, sound rules and regulations and regular training of relevant managers.

IMPLEMENTATION OF VISIONARY LEADERSHIP IN FORMING THE EXCELLENT POSITION OF THE INDONESIAN NATIONAL POLICE (POLRI) IN THE METROPOLITAN POLICE REGION

The visionary leadership style focuses on school principals' ability to create a forward-thinking vision for the school, driving change and setting the organization's direction. This scientific article proposes implementing visionary leadership to shape the Indonesian National Police (Polri) excellence in the Jakarta Metropolitan Police. The study uses a qualitative approach with analytical descriptive to provide a detailed overview. Primary and secondary data, collected through observation, interviews, and document studies, are used. The author validates the data using triangulation techniques. The research findings reveal that visionary leadership is performance-oriented, with a focus on designing a future vision. It encompasses three characteristics: (1) "Leading by example in front"; (2) "Creating opportunities for initiative in the middle"; and (3) "Providing support from behind." The current leadership style in the Jakarta Metropolitan Police has several weaknesses, including a military influence, an unclear vision, a lack of organizational orientation, weak managerial skills, a gap between top and low-level managers, a lavish lifestyle, and disregard for the environment. One indicator is the high number of violations by officers in 2022, including 26 disciplinary violations and 215 ethical code violations. Strategies for implementing visionary leadership in the Jakarta Metropolitan Police include defining the organizational vision, translating it into a mission, creating strategies, conducting evaluations, developing work plans, demonstrating commitment and integrity, upholding leadership ethics, and making prompt and accurate decisions.

A Strategy for Effective Safety Management in Construction Sites in Kenya

While the construction industry is the driving force in economic advancement and job creation, in developing countries, it is one of the most hazardous industries of all sectors, as measured by injury and fatality rates. The purpose of this study was to establish strategy for effective safety management in construction sites in Kenya. The research design for this study was cross-sectional design. The target population, was the National Construction Authority (NCA) contractors under categories 1-8 operating within Nairobi. Data was collected through surveys and interviews focusing on identifying and measuring variables for descriptive or explanatory purposes. Low level of safety management on construction sites in Kenya was attributed to lack of efficient safety programs at 87%, 76% lacked commitment to safety at all organization levels, 79% alluded to a poor safety culture and climate at work, whilst 75% exhibited inadequate compliance to safety laws. 92% had inadequate safety policies, poor safety training accounted for 92%, improper issuance and monitoring the use of PPE was at 72%, 64% had non-functional accident and incident reporting systems, 99% noted that workers’ experience reduced the number of injuries, there was a decreased ability to avoid unexpected accidents. 92% lacked measures to ensure monitoring of the scale, nature, and distribution of hazards and 88% had inefficient operational procedures to ensure safety of workers. The factors led to a 64% change in the level of safety management on construction sites. A strategy for effective safety management on construction sites in Kenya was consequently developed in order of ranking of factors that influenced safety

INTEGRATION OF HEATING SYSTEM OPERATION

Ukraine has a huge asset in the form of existing district heating (DH) networks and demand for related services. DH is transforming the European energy sector, attracting efficient, local and renewable energy resources where this was not possible. However, due to the old material base of spare parts, insufficient level of investment and low level of management, Ukrainian DH systems are ineffective and do not meet the needs of consumers. The experience of European Union member states in central Europe shows that deep and sustained reforms can address the current challenges of the heating sector, including improving energy efficiency and economic competitiveness, strengthening environmental sustainability and enhancing energy security. The DH sector in Ukraine has not yet undergone the structural reform that other sectors of the economy have already gone through: over the past 30 years, the quality of services has decreased; subsidies have increased; the old material base is falling apart; The question arises whether it is worth continuing to support DH. As a result, Ukraine's DH sector is in dire straits, with financial, operational and technical problems compounding each other. Comprehensive and well-planned efforts must be made to create the conditions for exiting this state. Such structural reforms are essential to attracting the investment needed to improve the quality, efficiency and long-term potential of the district heating sector.
 The article examines the possibility of using modern technological solutions to modernize heat supply systems in order to improve their efficiency, which can lead to improved district heating services, transparency and financial stability.
 Keywords: energy resources, renewable energy sources, fossil fuels, automated heat and power plant, electricity, hot water, hot air, heating, private households, electric water heater, geothermal heat pump, wind power generator, low-power boiler house.

Late Bronze Age agriculture and the early westward transmission of rice at Luanzagangzi, Northern Xinjiang, China

The Dzungar Basin of northern Xinjiang has previously been considered a marginal environment with little evidence for the development of prehistoric agriculture. Recent archaeobotanical studies have indicated the region as being a route for the transmission of domesticated plants, technologies and ideas between East and West Eurasia during prehistory, as early as 5000 BP. These interactions are still poorly understood and most evidence for early plant food production and consumption in the region comes from limited mortuary contexts. In this study we present plant macrofossil analysis from the settlement site of Luanzagangzi on the southern side of the Dzungar Basin. From ca. 3130 BP an agricultural package of east and west Asian cereals and chaff is present, comprising wheat, barley, foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, and significantly a single grain of japonica type rice. AMS dating indicates this is the oldest directly dated rice in Xinjiang and the broader region, ranging 3069–2881 cal. BP. Cereal morphometrics and material culture from the site further indicate a connection with the Gansu region to the east. The spread of agriculture into the site environment may be linked to the onset of wetter conditions relating to strengthened westerly systems across arid Central Asia in the Late-Holocene. A declining abundance of West Asian cultivars over the period of the site’s occupation possibly reflect a shift away from intensive agriculture to low-level management of millets.

The Relationship Between Cash Management and the Financial Performance of Unilever Tea Limited, Kericho County, Kenya

This paper sought to assess the relationship between cash management and the financial performance of Unilever Tea Limited. The study was anchored on the liquidity performance theory. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design with a target population of 150 employees drawn from the top, middle and lower management levels. A sample size of 109 respondents was obtained scientifically using the Yamane (1967) formula. The study adopted purposive and simple random sampling techniques to select respondents. The study used both secondary and primary data. Primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire, while secondary data was collected from the records at Unilever Tea Limited. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, where descriptive results were presented in the form of means and standard deviation, while inferential statistics used correlation and regression models. The findings established that cash management has a positive influence on the financial performance of the tea industry (r=0.699, P<0.05). The study concluded that cash management had a positive influence on the performance of the tea factories. Financial performance was mainly influenced by the ability to plan and manage cash efficiently. The study recommends that cash audits, cash planning, and credit management be done effectively to ensure the availability of working capital

Pengaruh Ketidakpastian Lingkungan dan Sistem Informasi Akuntansi Manajemen terhadap Kinerja Manajerial

The purpose of this study is to investigate and offer empirical data on the relationship between management accounting information systems and environmental uncertainty in relation to managerial performance. In this study, questionnaires were filled out as part of the survey method of data collecting. 50 middle and low level managers from banks and non-bank financial firms in Metro City and East Lampung made up the study's population. Purposive sampling was utilized during sampling. Structural Equation Model (SEM) with the Partial Least Square (PLS) application program version 4.0.m is the analysis method employed. The study's findings demonstrate that (1) there is no relationship between environmental uncertainty and managerial performance, contradicting the hypothesis. (2) The qualities of information integration significantly improve managerial effectiveness. Meanwhile, managerial performance is unaffected by the information qualities of broad scope, timeliness, and aggregation.

TECHNOLOGICAL RE-ENGINEERING OF MACHINE-BUILDING ENTERPRISES: EVOLUTION, PROBLEMS, SOLUTION WAYS

The article discusses the current nutrition of the current development of machine building in Ukraine. It is noted that for the economy of Ukraine at the beginning of the 21st century, catastrophic short-term expansion and progressive degradation of the technical base of industrial enterprises were characteristic, which served as a creak of both simple and extended implementation among rich galuzi people's dominion. To get in the way of this unsafe trend, you can only use the industry and її provіdna galuz - machine-building. Think, in order to function in the industrial complex of Ukraine in the nearest future, to be under the influence of the market mechanism of self-regulation, on the one hand, various corrective inflows from the side of the state authorities, caring for and a number of subjective and objective factors c.Globalization, digital transformation are the most important irrigation factors , pandemic, military conflicts, just. . It is given to the stylist the information about the urgency of these processes. From one side, it will make it easier for the government to interact between the powers, which I create minds for the access of the country to the advanced reach of people, ensure the economy of resources, stimulate the progress of the world. On the other hand, globalization brought negative consequences: a fixed peripheral model of the economy, a waste of its resources by countries that do not enter the "golden billion", ruining small businesses, expanding on the weak edges of globalization and competition tsії, lowering the equal of life and іn. It is clear that Ukraine is progressively developing in the field of digital technology and digital transformation, but there is still a significant potential for further development. An important criterion for the strength of the DH process in business is the “digital maturity”, and its promotion is business strategy. This maturity is seen as the steps and goals of the process of organizational training, which determines the reaction to the digitally competitive environment, which is brought about and changed. Due to the insufficient maturity of business processes, the low level of process management in the company is understood, because the main and additional processes are not defined and not regulated, the automation is now chaotic, may be local in nature, the processes are not adapted and planned before the introduction of new technologies. The authors advocated the development of technological re-engineering with the development of technology foresight at the enterprises of machine-building and the forward diagnostic readiness of companies to digital transformation, as in accordance with the recommendations of the TOGAF standard and may zdіysnyuvatisya at the boundaries of the formation of the architectural tower of the company at the cob stage of the implementation of the transformation project.

Stakeholder Involvement and Strategy Implementation among County Governments in Kenya: A Case Study of Narok County Government, Kenya

In today’s global environment, management is constantly looking for initiatives in creating and sustaining a stakeholder involvement within the organizations to motivate them in strategy implementation. However, stakeholders have continued to complain about how management of different organizations has compromised strategy implementation. The aim of this study therefore, was to ascertain the effects of stakeholder involvement on strategy implementation in Narok County Government in Kenya. The specific objectives were: to determine the effect of stakeholder procedure compliance the effect of stakeholder communication stakeholders’ involvement and stakeholder support on strategy implementation at Narok County Government. The research employed descriptive research design. The target population comprised 58 top level managers, 46 middle level managers; 30 lower-level managers and 300 community project representatives. The study adopted proportionate stratified random sampling technique to select a sample of 87 respondents from the target population. The research utilized primary data collection methods via the utilization of questionnaires including both open-ended and closed-ended questions. The instruments' validity was established via the assessment of face and content validity, while reliability was evaluated utilizing Cronbach's Alpha. A value of 0.7 or above was deemed adequate for reliability. The analysis of the data included the use of both descriptive and inferential statistical methods, facilitated by the SPSS. The data that was evaluated was provided in tables and figures. The researchers used a multiple regression model in order to investigate the correlation between stakeholder participation and the execution of strategic initiatives. The study's findings indicated a statistically significant positive correlation between the independent factors and the dependent variables under investigation. Hence, it is recommended that the county government actively solicit perspectives and opinions from various stakeholders throughout the process of plan implementation, while also facilitating their active involvement in such implementation. This research provides valuable insights for directors, managers, policy makers, and academics seeking to comprehend the impact of stakeholder participation on the accomplishment of strategic initiatives.

Influence of Performance Appraisal on Employee Performance in the Energy Sector Kenya

Abstract
 The study focused more on exploring performance appraisal regarding employee performance to ascertain the influence of performance evaluation on employee performance in the energy sector. Similarly the objective of this research was to look into the result of goal setting on employee performance, to find out how career plans influence on workers’ effectiveness, and for determining the extent to which competency-based evaluation influence employees performance, to investigate the impact of ongoing feedback through employee achievement and to assess how incentives affect employee performance in Kenya energy sector through a research paper survey of Kenya Power Ltd. (KP), Kenya Electricity Transmission Company Ltd. (KETRACO), and Kenya Electricity Generating Company PLC. (KenGen), all of which are located in Nairobi County. The researcher used explanatory sequential design method. The study's population was 8820 employees, 11% of total population utilizing a sample size of 801 participant attracted as for all divisions in and to organizations, varying from Senior, middle, and lower-level management employees. Consequently, the researcher used a random sampling technique to collect data from respondents at various levels of management in Kenya's energy sector. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to gather primary data because they allow for open-ended responses from respondents and allow the researcher to easily prepare questions ahead of time to guide the discussion and keep the participants on topic. The collected data was analyzed by use of descriptive statistics and the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Finally, the data was interpreted into measures of central tendency, statistical dispersion, percentages, and person correlations utilizing the frequency distribution. Results were shown in tables, bar charts, and graphs will be used for information presentations. In relation to the impact on employee performance of performance appraisal, the observations suggest that the assessment leads to enhanced productivity in an organization. An effective evaluation model can increase the employees' interest and performance to achieve the specific objectives of the organization. Regarding the influence performance feedback on employee service delivery, the findings showed that effective feedback is crucial to employees to achieve their set objectives. Feedback allows employees to know exactly what is expected of them. The key to the successful empowerment and productivity is effective performance feedback between employees and supervisors. Adequate feedback builds accountability, as staff and supervisors contribute to development goals, skills identification, career development and motivation of employees for enhanced performance. The study concluded that efficient performance appraisal practices allow employees to express their performance challenges, ideas in achieving individual and company's set objectives. Effective feedback on measuring performance can result in improved productivity of employees. In order to improve employee performance, the study recommends optimizing practices for performance management. The contribution of each employee to accomplishing company goals should be the main emphasis of performance reviews.

Factor Structure and Predictors of Resilience Among Custodial Grandparents

Resilience plays a significant role in buffering the negative effects of parenting stress among custodial grandparents. Using a sample of 76 custodial grandparents, this study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties and factor structure of the 10-item Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale and to examine the predictors at individual level (demographic characteristics and stress management), interpersonal level (positive social support and negative social support), and community level (formal service use). The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses yielded two factors: adaptability and persistence, and positivity. The findings suggest that low levels of stress management and negative social support may undermine resilience in coping with parenting stress. This study emphasizes the significance of both individual and family interventions in fostering resilience among custodial grandparents by aiding them in building stress management skills and improving the quality of social relationships.