Low Levels Of Adaptation Research Articles

Drought stress reactions of different populations of Quercus robur L. and Tilia cordata Mill.1

Abstract Locally adapted trees and shrubs are suggested to show higher fitness at their site of origin than non-locally adapted ones. The production in tree nurseries could take this into account to improve outplanting performance. However, separate production of specific ecotypes in nurseries increases the costs of production and may reduce the availability of a specific species. In this study, we investigated drought stress reactions of 2 year-old container-grown seedlings of Quercus robur L. and Tilia cordata Mill. from four and three different populations, respectively, each from a different site of origin. Slow- and fast-developing drought stress treatments were applied in a greenhouse study to determine any difference in drought tolerance. Control plants were well irrigated. Depending on the species and stress development, only marginal interpopulation differences in particular physiological (pre-dawn water potential, stomatal conductance, relative water content) and/or biochemical (glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, proline) reactions to drought existed. These differences did not consistently reflect precipitation conditions at the population sites of origin, indicating only low level of local adaptation for populations of the target species. Index words: adaptation, carbohydrates, pedunculate oak, provenances, proline, small-leaved lime. Species used in this study: pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.); small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata Mill.).

The model of the first-year students’ adaptation to vocational training: the example of foreign language

The paper considers the problem of adaptation of the first-year students to professional activity by means of foreign language. To design the adaptation model, we developed four-block questionnaires to determine students’ readiness for adaptation. The experiment resulted in the three groups of students with high, average and low levels of adaptation. Students with low level of adaptation become the target of our research. To remove the difficulties in studying a foreign language by the third group of students, an adaptation model was elaborated. Further, we identified the conditions for the effective implementation of the adaptation model of students to vocational training. In our view, these pedagogical conditions promote a more “sparing” transition of students to their main function as first-year students and increase the level of foreign language learning as well as improve the educational indicators.

Smallholder farmers’ attitudes and determinants of adaptation to climate risks in East Africa

Adapting to climate risks is central to the goal of increasing food security and enhancing resilience of farming systems in East Africa. We examined farmers’ attitudes and assessed determinants of adaptation using data from a random sample of 500 households in Borana, Ethiopia; Nyando, Kenya; Hoima, Uganda; and Lushoto, Tanzania. Adaptation was measured using a livelihood-based index that assigned weights to different individual strategies based on their marginal contributions to a household’s livelihood. Results showed that farmers’ attitudes across the four sites strongly favored introduction of new crops, changes in crop varieties, and changes in planting times. Farmers disfavored soil, land, and water management practices. At lower levels of adaptation (25% quantile), adaptation index correlated positively with membership to farmers’ groups, household size, sex of the household head, and number of months of food shortage. Farmer group membership enhanced adaptation at intermediate (50% quantile) level whereas access to credit increased adaptation at high (75% quantile) level. Food insecurity, however, correlated negatively with the likelihood to choose individual adaptation strategies suggesting that although households adapted to improve food security status of their households, hunger was a barrier to adaptation. Our findings suggest that providing climate information to inform timely planting, promoting crop diversification, and encouraging adoption of adapted varieties of crops might be successful to enhancing resilience of farming systems in the short-term. In the long-term, increased investment in reducing hunger, encouraging groups formation, and easing liquidity constraints will be required to promote adaptation through implementation of soil, water, and land management strategies.

Los acontecimientos vitales estresantes, la sintomatología y la adaptación en la infancia: estudio comparativo con pacientes de salud mental y escolares

This paper studied the relationship between stressful life events (SLE) and psychological symptoms (externalizing and internalizing symptomatology) and school and family adaptation in childhood. Participants were 552, 53.4% boys and 46.6% girls, aged between 10-12 years. Patients receiving treatment in mental health services and a community group were compared. At least one SLE in the past two years is experienced by 88.2% of children. SLE were significantly higher in the clinical group than in the community group. SLE are related to the increased presence of symptoms and lower levels of adaptation. The association between family SLE and hyperactivity symptoms is stronger in the clinical group than in the community group. Having experienced SLE and being a patient predict both symptomatology and adaptation.

Аддиктивная идентичность: структурно-критериальный аспект

The addictive identity criteria in chemical (alcohol, drug addiction, smoking mixtures dependence) and physical (gambling addiction) dependence were empirically studied. The results of the comparative analysis of the addictive identity criteria were represented according to the following parameters: consistency / inconsistency, adaptability / non-adaptability, self-actualization / disorders of self-actualization, responsibility / irresponsibility, conscientiousness / unconscientiousness, constructiveness / destructiveness. The study found that the addictive identity at the structural level, regardless of the dependency object, is characterized by inconsistency of the structural organization manifested itself in the low level of social and psychological adaptation, the instability of value orientations, and a low level of reflexivity and self-reliance.

Rehabilitation of participants of battle actions: posttraumatic stress syndrome

A negative psychical background is the imprint of smell ofpowder, hampering social and professional adaptation, and also interpersonal relations ofparticipants of battle actions. The study of level of socially-psychological adaptation of invalids and participants of battle actions showed that their considerable part (about 58%) has signs of zero adaptability, and in 12% of cases from this category the signs of complete social disadaptation are pronounced with the expressed negative reaction on situations, by irreconcilable attitude toward all surrounding, by the expressed protest reactions. The low level of adaptation of this category of persons is caused by the array of factors of both objective and subjective character. To the objective factors it is possible to refer socio-economic indexes, characterizing quality of the life of this contingent, state of health, weight of disability. However it is not always succeeded to observe the direct dependence between these indices and state of adaptation. It is explained by subjective psychological descriptions. The psychological consequences of traumatic stress determine the special requirement of contingent of private traders of battle actions in a socially-psychological rehabilitation. In cases of expressed posttraumatic stress disorders, socio-psychological disadaptation of persons from a number the veterans of battle actions, individual work is required after a vocational orientation and further employment taking into account compensatory-adaptive possibilities of organism and features ofpsychical reactions for the servicemen injured as a result of armed conflict.

Psycho-emotional status of fertile aged women with disorders of autonomic homeostasis, who had an artificial abortion

Changes in living conditions of the modern woman enhance its role in society life except the positive general public importance has a certain negative impact on her health. This is primarily due to the significant physical, psycho-emotional and stress impact on the female body. To these changes belong socio-economic conditions, population migration, and information overload in psychologically important areas of life, which is caused by political, social, economic, moral and ethical destabilization of society. All this leads to emotional stress, resulting in a risk of adverse changes in reproductive health, because women psycho-emotional state is her constituents. On the other hand, the vegetative regulation is one of the most important mechanisms of adaptation to stressful conditions in which the last two years are Ukrainian women. Worst of the recent history of our country events are rise to a high level of social tension affecting the health of women through stress action on the body.We have examined 120 women of childbearing age with impaired autonomic homeostasis in the form of autonomic dysfunction syndrome and somatoform dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system hypertonic, hypotonic and cardiac type who underwent artificial abortion. Study results have shown that the most of women, who detected high levels of emotional stress, has disorders of the vegetative homeostasis in the form of somatoform dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system on hypotonic type.Analysis of situational and personal anxiety in women showed almost the same number of patients with low, medium and high levels of psychological adaptation. The moderate level of personal anxiety was observed in the vast majority of women with hypotonic type of somatoform dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system.The main changes in the state of psychological adjustment in fertile age women that had an artificial abortion were disadaptation and stress.

Behavioral outcomes in children exposed prenatally to lamotrigine, valproate, or carbamazepine

ObjectivesTo evaluate adaptive behavior outcomes of children prenatally exposed to lamotrigine, valproate, or carbamazepine, and to determine if these outcomes were dose-dependent. MethodsData were collected from women enrolled in the North American Anti epileptic Drug (AED) Pregnancy Registry who had taken lamotrigine, valproate, or carbamazepine monotherapies throughout pregnancy to suppress seizures. The adaptive behavior of 252 exposed children (including 104 lamotrigine-exposed, 97 carbamazepine-exposed, and 51 valproate-exposed), ages 3- to 6-years-old, was measured using the Vineland-II Adaptive Behavior Scales, administered to each mother by telephone. Mean Adaptive Behavior Composite (ABC), domain standard scores for communication, daily living, socialization and motor skills, and adaptive levels were analyzed and correlated with first trimester drug dose. ResultsAfter adjusting for maternal age, education, folate use, cigarette and alcohol exposure, gestational age, and birth weight by propensity score analysis, the mean ABC score for valproate-exposed children was 95.6 (95% CI [91, 101]), versus 100.8 (95% CI [98, 103]) and 103.5 (95% CI [101, 106]) for carbamazepine- and lamotrigine-exposed children, respectively (ANOVA; p=0.017). Significant differences were observed among the three drug groups in the ABC (p=0.017), socialization (p=0.026), and motor (p=0.018) domains, with a trend toward significance in the communication domain (p=0.053). Valproate-exposed children scored lowest and lamotrigine-exposed children scored highest in every category. Valproate-exposed children were most likely to perform at a low or moderately low adaptive level in each category. Higher valproate dose was associated with significantly lower ABC (p=0.020), socialization (p=0.009), and motor (p=0.041) scores before adjusting for confounders. After adjusting for the above variables, increasing VPA dose was associated with decreasing Vineland scores in all domains, but the relationships were not statistically significant. No dose effect was observed for carbamazepine or lamotrigine. ConclusionsUnlike carbamazepine and lamotrigine, prenatal valproate exposure was associated with adaptive behavior impairments with specific deficits in socialization and motor function, along with a relative weakness in communication. Increasing valproate dose was associated with a decline in adaptive functioning. This finding of a linear dose-dependent teratogenic effect suggests that valproate should be avoided at any dose during pregnancy. However, some women with epilepsy controlled only by valproate will decide, in consultation with their provider, that the benefits of continuing valproate during pregnancy outweigh the fetal risks. Faced with difficult choices, clinicians should be supportive as these patients consider their options.

Social Psychological Adaptation: A Case Study of the of Migrant Muslims in Lanzhou City, China

Based on information from 542 survey samples, the social psychological adaptation of Migrant Muslims in Lanzhou city of China is examined using quantitative methods. The results show that: 1) the social psychological adaptation of Migrant Muslims depends on both individual characteristics and unique religious and cultural traditions inherited within this group. In general, Migrant Muslims both have adapted to urban society in their psychology with a low level of adaptation and showed different degree of adaptation between different connotations of psychological adaptation; 2) their social psychological adaptation has changed with their age: relatively highly educated Migrant Muslims show obvious resistance in their psychological adaptation; the ethnic homogeneity (same religious culture, faith, customs, ethnicity and psychology), can serve to shorten the distance between Migrant Muslims and the native Muslims in Lanzhou city, leading to a sense of urban association and acknowledgement of self identity amongst these Migrant Muslims.

Norms for developmental milestones using VABS-II and association with anthropometric measures among apparently healthy urban Indian preschool children.

Assessment of developmental milestones based on locally developed norms is critical for accurate estimate of overall development of a child's cognitive, behavioral, social, and emotional development. A cross-sectional study was done to develop age specific norms for developmental milestones using Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS-II) (Sparrow, Cicchetti, & Balla, 2005) for apparently healthy children from 2 to 5 years from urban Bangalore, India, and to examine its association with anthropometric measures. Mothers (or caregivers) of 412 children participated in the study. Age-specific norms using inferential norming method and adaptive levels for all domains and subdomains were derived. Low adaptive level, also called delayed developmental milestone, was observed in 2.3% of the children, specifically 2.7% in motor and daily living skills and 2.4% in communication skills. When these children were assessed on the existing U.S. norms, there was a significant overestimation of delayed development in socialization and motor skills, whereas delay in communication and daily living skills were underestimated (all p < .01). Multiple linear regression revealed that stunted and underweight children had significantly lower developmental scores for communication and motor skills compared with normal children (β coefficient ranges from 2.6-5.3; all p < .01). In the absence of Indian normative data for VABS-II in preschool children, the prevalence of developmental delay could either be under- or overestimated using Western norms. Thus, locally referenced norms are critical for reliable assessments of development in children. Stunted and underweight children are more likely to have poorer developmental scores compared with healthy children. (PsycINFO Database Record

The Importance of Family Support in the Process of the Adjustment of Current and Former Prisoners

The research presented in this paper seeks answers to two questions: What is the impact of perceived support from different actors (including family members) in a situation where problems are encountered in readapting those who have been punished by incarceration? What is the impact of perceived support from different actors (including family members) in achieving the objectives in readapting those who have been punished by incarceration? The answers to these questions are given on the basis of the results obtained by examining 296 men punished by incarceration, who on account of two criteria (location and level of adaptation), were divided into 4 groups: former prisoners with high levels of adaptation, current prisoners with high levels of adaptation, current prisoners with low levels of adaptation and former prisoners with low levels of adaptation. In the determination of the level of adaptation, in the overall result, the RISB Sentence Completion Test by J. Rotter was used, while the sources of support were studied, using the Social Support Rating Questionnaire by I. Niewiadomska.Based on these results, it may be concluded that perceived family support in overcoming problems and achieving goals – i.e. from the mother, father, siblings, fiancée/wife, relatives – does not contribute to a high level of adaptation, for those who been punished by incarceration, in both current and former prisoners. It is only low-intensely perceived help from one’s siblings and fiancée/wife’s life, which leads to a reduction of the capabilities for adaptation in people who are currently imprisoned.

Восприятие отношений в группе как фактор адаптации к вузу студентов с ограниченными возможностями здоровья

The paper addresses the issue of adaptation to university life in first-year students with disabilities. It reviews various research data on the factors contributing to adaptation and maladaptation in students with various health conditions and analyses the outcomes of a research on basic social psychological factors of adaptation in the disabled students. The research defines the level of adaptation and two groups of factors: personality factors and social perception. The paper describes the personality traits that promote successful adaptation to university life in the students with disabilities and shows how their perception of intragroup relationships may affect the process of adaptation. The research data obtained in the student groups with high and low levels of adaptation suggests that certain changes in the system of student support during the initial period of their university life would be appropriate.

Psychological Defense and Coping in the Prognosis of Children Mental Adaptation

The present study investigates the adaptive behavior formation of school-age children with typical development and learning difficulties. We have suggested that the psychological defenses intensity in certain time periods and referencing to the activity degree of coping strategies choosing may help to predict the state of children psychological adaptation. The study showed that in group of children with learning difficulties comparing to the typically developing children group the representation of coping strategies focusing on passive distraction is higher in children with a low adaptation level. We have investigated that disadaptation factors in junior pupils with learning difficulties are directly associated with the selection indicators of externalizational coping.

People-management competencies: a competitive advantage

This study puts forward a model for the analysis of the possible relationships between organisational variables and competences in 8 Portuguese organisations operating in four different sectors: two hospitals, two banks, two public administrations and two industrial companies. The organisational variables were defined as activity sector, organisation type and professional group. The competences were grouped into technical and generic domains. We were able to show that there is a general tendency, particular in the public organisations, to preferentially value technical competences. The most highly valued generic competences were motivation and teamwork, the least valued being language and computer skills. We conclude, in a general manner, that, by not attributing value to the generic competences, the organisations that participated in this study and the public ones in particular, showed low levels of openness, flexibility and adaptation to the wider world, a fact which may negatively affect future performance.

Relation between parental Educational Style and level of adaptation of minors at social risk

As a result of the growing number of minors with disruptive behavior and adaptation problems, more research is being published focusing on the analysis of aspects that influence the onset of these problems. Thus, the main goal of this work is to analyze the relation between parental Educational Style and the Level of Adaptation (Personal, Family, and Social) in minors at social risk. For this purpose, a descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out, with a sample made up of 17 families, selected as a function of the children's age (between 11 and 15 years), with a total of 31 fathers/mothers and 17 minors. The results show low levels of personal and school adaptation, dissatisfaction with the family environment, and educational discrepancies, both in the minors' perception and in the parents' styles. Minors' school maladjustment is related to a Permissive Educational Style in the mother, whereas the minors were dissatisfied with their siblings and displayed Personal Maladjustment when the mother employed a Democratic Educational Style. However, when the parents employ an Authoritarian Educational Style, a greater presence of Personal and Social Maladjustment is observed in their children.

Relation between parental Educational Style and level of adaptation of minors at social risk

As a result of the growing number of minors with disruptive behavior and adaptation problems, more research is being published focusing on the analysis of aspects that influence the onset of these problems. Thus, the main goal of this work is to analyze the relation between parental Educational Style and the Level of Adaptation (Personal, Family, and Social) in minors at social risk. For this purpose, a descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out, with a sample made up of 17 families, selected as a function of the children's age (between 11 and 15 years), with a total of 31 fathers/mothers and 17 minors. The results show low levels of personal and school adaptation, dissatisfaction with the family environment, and educational discrepancies, both in the minors' perception and in the parents' styles. Minors' school maladjustment is related to a Permissive Educational Style in the mother, whereas the minors were dissatisfied with their siblings and displayed Personal Maladjustment when the mother employed a Democratic Educational Style. However, when the parents employ an Authoritarian Educational Style, a greater presence of Personal and Social Maladjustment is observed in their children.

FEATURES OF ADAPTATION TO TRAINING OF STUDENTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF TUVA

We studied the characteristics of adaptation to training students of the two ethnic groups living in the Republic of Tuva. It is shown that students, regardless of nationality have low functionality of external respiration. The study found that students of Tuva, in contrast to Russian characterized by satisfactory adaptive capacity, higher levels of physical condition, indicating a more advanced physiological mechanisms of adaptation. Students Tuvinian nationality are characterized by higher levels of anxiety, introversion, melancholic and phlegmatic prevalence of types of temperament, which determines the low level of psychosocial adaptation in teaching at the university. The students observed various types of adaptive strategies: Tuvinian process of adaptation to the educational activity is determined by the smaller number of inter-level relationships within and that indicates a high adaptive capacity of the organism. Observed among Russian students steadily increasing number of relationships indicates uneconomical type of adaptive responses, accompanied by a decline in physiological reserves.

The process of social adaptation towards climate change among Malaysian fishermen

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the level of social adaptation to climate change among fishermen in the East Coast Region of Peninsular Malaysia.Design/methodology/approachA set of questionnaires was developed based on the individual adaptive capacity framework on social adaptation to climate change developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Based on multi‐stage simple random sampling, a total of 300 registered fishermen in the East Coast Region of Peninsular Malaysia were chosen as the respondents.FindingsThe fishermen surveyed had a high level of adaptation with regards to two aspects: first, environmental awareness, attitudes and beliefs; and second, local environmental knowledge. In contrast, they showed a low level of adaptation with regards to three aspects: attachment to place; formal and informal networks; and attachment to occupation. In addition, the fishermen had a moderate level of adaptation in relation to ten other aspects.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of this study reflect social adaptation towards climate change among registered fishermen in the East Coast Region of Malaysia and results might be different if registered fishermen from other regions are included.Practical implicationsThe study demonstrated the strengths and weaknesses of the fishermen's adaptations to climate change. Such strengths and weaknesses have resulted in a number of suggestions and recommendations, which may work as tools by which to generate well‐planned and systematic adaptation options for dealing with the threatening impacts of climate change.Originality/valuePrevious studies, both local and international, have consistently provided comprehensive explanatory reviews regarding climate change impacts on fishermen's activities. However, the common constraint of these studies is that aspects of adaptation are not under their radar; therefore, this study aims to fill this gap.

1585 – Social adaptation and immune reactivity in schizophrenia

Study of social-clinical and biological components of adaptation in schizophrenia currently is of relevance. Identification of interrelationship immune reactivity with social adaptation types of schizophrenic patients. We examined 38 schizophrenic patients (F20.00, F20.01, F20.02). The scale SASS (Bosc M. et al., 1997) was used to estimate the social adaptation of schizophrenic patients. The immunological examination included the definition of phenotypes of surface receptors of immunocompetent cells, immunoglobulins, circulating immune complexes and phagocytosis levels. The research was carried out in two points: first - at admission, second - in 6 weeks of treatment. Three adaptation types have been revealed: normal type of social adaptation (15 patients, 39,47%), difficult social adaptation (18 persons), disadaptation (5 patients). By week 6 of treatment number of patients with normal social adaptation has heightened by 1,4 times (21 patients, 55,26%), improvement of indices of social adaptation was observed in 10 patients, type of social adaptation did not change in 28 patients. At admission T-immunodeficiency (CD2 + , CD3 + , CD16 + -lymphocytes decrease), increase CD8 + , HLADR + , CD20 + - lymphocytes, IgM and phagocytosis decrease were diagnosed among schizophrenic patients. During therapy, features of psychoneuroimmunomodulation were as follows: the normal type of social adaptation is relatively favorable in the immunological context. Patients with low level of social adaptation were characterized by clinical-immunological resistance toward therapy with deepening of T-cellular immune deficiency. Improvement of indices of social adaptation was accompanied by positive dynamic of immunological parameters. Thus, social differences between groups have been confirmed by data according to immune reactivity.

THE UTERUS SMOOTH MUSCULAR TISSUE IN EARLY PUERPERIUM: INVOLUTION MECHANISMS

We have studied transformation of smooth muscular tissue (SMT) of the uterus wall of rats after delivery and used the light and electronic microscopy and the immunohistochemical method. The study of different parts of the uterus in the process of involution has shown different levels of SMT structure functional reorganization. It can be explained by different speed of the involutive processes and peculiarities of the loading functions. The complete involution of the myometrium of the rats’ horns was reached in 7 days after delivery. The same process in the cervix took more time, and correlated increased small cells population. We found that disappearance of large cells became the main factor of SMT reconstruction in all the parts of the uterus during the period after the delivery, the large cells were characterized by a low level of adaptation to the changing factors. The mechanism of the cells disappearance and reconstruction of the population structure depended on apoptosis and proliferation of smooth muscular cells.