Low-density Composites Research Articles

Effect of Volume Ratio on Microstructure and Properties of Layered Steel–Aluminum Low-Density Composites Prepared by Hot Pressing

Effect of Volume Ratio on Microstructure and Properties of Layered Steel–Aluminum Low-Density Composites Prepared by Hot Pressing

Experimental analysis and machining characterization of aluminium 356 matrix composites reinforced with fly ash and alumina oxide Al2O3

A higher specific strength, specific modulus, damping capacity, and robust wear resistance are among the many superior properties of metal matrix composites (MMCs) over unreinforced alloys. A growing body of research is focused on low-density composites with low-cost reinforcements. Regarded as one of the least costly and least dense reinforcements available in substantial quantities, fly ash is a solid waste by product that is created when coal is burned in thermal power plants. Using Al356, Fly Ash, and Alumina Al2O3, the proposed metal matrix composite is created. Consequently, it is expected that fly ash reinforced composites will break through the financial barrier and become widely used in automobile and small engine parts. The primary objective of this research is to explore the potential of fly ash-reinforced composites to overcome economic barriers and find extensive applications in automotive and small engine components. By incorporating fly ash particles into aluminum alloy, we aim to not only enhance the properties of the material but also promote a sustainable use for this abundant waste by product. To achieve our goals, we employ a comprehensive fabrication process involving the incorporation of fly ash into the aluminum matrix using stir-casting techniques. This method allows for effective mixing and the formation of composite materials with the desired properties.. Particle reinforced aluminium matrix composites are becoming more and more popular for the creation of secondary components because of their low cost, isotropic properties, and chance for secondary processing. With fly ash, an easily accessible industrial waste, mixed with aluminum and stir-cast to form composite materials, the current effort aims to identify a workable use for this material.

Physical, Thermal, and Chemical Properties of Fly Ash Cenospheres Obtained from Different Sources.

Cenospheres are hollow particles in fly ash, a by-product of coal burning, and are widely used as a reinforcement when developing low-density composites called syntactic foams. This study has investigated the physical, chemical, and thermal properties of cenospheres obtained from three different sources, designated as CS1, CS2, and CS3, for the development of syntactic foams. Cenospheres with particle sizes ranging from 40 to 500 μm were studied. Different particle distribution by size was observed, and the most uniform distribution of CS particles was in the case of CS2: above 74% with dimensions from 100 to 150 μm. The CS bulk had a similar density for all samples and amounted to around 0.4 g·cm-3, with a particle shell material density of 2.1 g·cm-3. Post-heat-treatment samples showed the development of a SiO2 phase in the cenospheres, which was not present in the as-received product. CS3 had the highest quantity of Si compared to the other two, showing the difference in source quality. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry and a chemical analysis of the CS revealed that the main components of the studied CS were SiO2 and Al2O3. In the case of CS1 and CS2, the sum of these components was on average from 93 to 95%. In the case of CS3, the sum of SiO2 and Al2O3 did not exceed 86%, and Fe2O3 and K2O were present in appreciable quantities in CS3. Cenospheres CS1 and CS2 did not sinter during heat treatment up to 1200 °C, while sample CS3 was already subjected to sintering at 1100 °C because of the presence of a quartz phase, Fe2O3 and K2O. For the application of a metallic layer and subsequent consolidation via spark plasma sintering, CS2 can be deemed the most physically, thermally, and chemically suitable.

Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Composites Based on Glycolyzed Polyurethane

We present a simple approach to upcycle glycolyzed polyurethane foam products by fabricating robust, highly filled organic/inorganic composites (46–60 wt % solid loading). These composites, consisting of recycled polyols, naturally occurring or synthetic aluminosilicate minerals, and isocyanate linkers, are shown to possess superior mechanical (flexural) properties compared to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Optimization of chemical composition (isocyanate and inorganic content) and curing temperatures (25–50 °C) results in low-density composites (up to 3× less dense than OPC) with flexural strengths comparable to OPC while exhibiting strain capacities up to 5× as compared to OPC-based systems. In contrast, parallel fabrication approaches using low OH-value virgin polyols resulted in flexible composites and much lower flexural strengths, highlighting the advantage of employing high −OH density recycled polyols. Variations in the flexural strength of the composites were correlated with differences in their morphology─uniformity in the distribution of inorganic particles contributed to improved flexural properties. The generality of this fabrication approach is demonstrated using quartz sand as the inorganic particle and recycled polyols with different hydroxyl values.

From MXene Trash to Ultraflexible Composites for Multifunctional Electromagnetic Interference Shielding.

The development of flexible composites based on the transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes) is gaining popularity because of MXenes' high application potentials for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shields. Here, we prepare a new type of ultraflexible composite films composed of "trashed" MXene sediment (MS) and waterborne polyurethane using a simple, facile solution casting approach. In addition to the outstanding mechanical strength and electrical conductivity, an extremely wide-range of MS contents can be achieved for the composites, resulting in EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) that may be controlled over a wide range. The X-band EMI SE of the flexible, low-density composites containing 70 wt % MS reaches 45.3 dB at a thickness of merely 0.51 mm. Moreover, the SE values of more than 34.5 dB in the ultrabroadband gigahertz frequency range including X-band, P-band, K-band, and R-band, are accomplished for the thin composites. Furthermore, the MS/WPU composite films show excellent electrothermal and photothermal performance, demonstrating the multifunctionalities of the MS-based EMI shields. Combined with the cost-efficient, sustainable, and scalable preparation approach, the ultraflexible, multifunctional composites from "trashed MXene" show great potentials for next-generation electronics. This work also opens a new avenue for the creation of innovative, high-performance, multifunctional flexible composites.

Phenolic syntactic foams: Low-density composites for structural and thermostructural applications

Syntactic foams, low density composites consisting of hollow microballoons or microspheres dispersed in a matrix, find application in various fields. The properties of these light weight composites can be easily tuned by suitably selecting the matrix and the hollow microsphere filler and their composition. Among the various matrices employed in syntactic foams, phenolic resins have enticed the researchers owing to their salient features viz. high thermal stability, high char yield, structural integrity etc. This review gives an overview of phenolic syntactic foams with a focus on various phenolic resin based syntactic foams and modified syntactic foams. Finally, applications of phenolic syntactic foams are also covered.

Contriving and Assessment of Magnesium Alloy Composites Augmented with Boron Carbide VIA Liquid Metallurgy Route

In modern engineering low-density composites plays a vital role of which magnesium alloys are very effective due to its high strength with better corrosion resistance and neat cast ability. In this work a micron sized Boron carbide ceramic (B4C) of about 100 microns is diffused as a reinforcement with AZ91 for preparing a magnesium metal matrix composite (MMMC) through stir casting route. A modified pit furnace setup is used for doing stir casting with varying volume fractions of 0％ and 3% of boron carbide for doing the composites. Furthermore mechanical and metallurgical properties like Tensile test is made through universal testing machine, Micro-hardness through Vickers hardness tester and Micro structure through Optical Microscopy is done for investigation.

Реологические свойства металлонаполненных систем на основе полиэтилена низкой плотности и алюминия

The paper considers the fundamental principles of the study of the rheological features of the melt flow of the initial low-density polyethylene and its filled compositions with aluminum powder, depending on the filler concentration, temperature and shear rate. To improve the compatibility of metal-polymer systems, a compatibilizer was used, which is a graft copolymer of low density polyethylene with 5 – 7 wt. % maleic anhydride content. First, the values of the melt flow rate of low density polyethylene were determined depending on the concentration of aluminum powder. The filler concentration was varied in the range 0.5 – 30 wt. %. It is shown that with the loading of 0.5 wt. % aluminum powder, the maximum fluidity of the composites melt is achieved. The flow curves, the dependence of the effective viscosity on the shear rate of the initial low-density polyethylene and composites with 0.5 wt. % and 5.0 wt. % content of aluminum powder were determined. The theoretical substantiation of the regularities of changes in rheological properties is given. The regularity of the change in the effective viscosity of the melt on temperature in Arrhenius coordinates has been established. On the basis of the curves obtained, the values of the activation energy of the viscous flow are determined. It was found that with the loading of the filler, an increase in the activation energy of the viscous flow is observed. A temperature-invariant characteristic of the viscosity properties of composites has been constructed, which makes it possible to predict the change in the value of this indicator at high shear rates, close to their processing by extrusion and injection molding. The developed materials have passed industrial testing at the METAK LLC enterprise in Azerbaijan.

Optimized condition for eco-friendly wood composites manufactured from castor oil-based polyurethane

Castor oil is used as polyurethane (PU) polyol raw material with three kinds of isocyanate. In this study, polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (PMDI), Desmodur L and Desmodur N were used to compare the structures of aromatic isocyanate oligomers, aromatic isocyanate trimers and aliphatic isocyanate trimers. Water, organosiloxane and dibutyltin dilaurate were used as the bubble agent, surfactant and catalyst to manufacture PU resin with molar ratios of NCO/OH of 1/1, 1.5/1 and 2/1, respectively. The results show that increasing the NCO/OH molar ratio increases the water absorption and hard segment content of PU resins. PMDI-based PU and Desmodur N-based PU resins have high thermal stability. The low-density composites of ca. 450 Kg/m3 were prepared successfully from a mixture of PU resin and China fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) particles. The results demonstrated that increasing the NCO/OH molar ratio and using Desmodur L are optimal and beneficial to improving the composites’ dimensional stability and internal bonding strength. The composites prepared with bio-based PU resins have lower thickness swelling rates and higher internal bonding strengths than formaldehyde-based and commercial PU-based resins. Bio-based PU composites can be used as eco-friendly building materials and replace formaldehyde-based manufacturing composites.

Microwave absorption study of low-density composites of barium hexaferrite and carbon black in X-band

The low-density composites based on carbon black (CB) nanopowder and barium hexaferrite (BaFe12O19) nanoparticles are synthesized and characterized for microwave absorption properties in X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz). Barium hexaferrite nanoparticles are developed using low-cost autocombustion method that resulted in low-density particles with uniform particle size distribution. Composites are developed by the ball-milling of BaFe12O19 with CB nanopowder in different weight ratios followed by heat-treatment process. The addition of CB in the composite resulted in enhanced electrical properties due to increase in the dipolar polarization between carbon and ferrite. As a result of increasing CB concentration in composite, the dielectric loss tangent increased from 0.31 to 0.366. On the contrary, the magnetic loss tangent decreased from 0.071 to 0.027, which is due to reduction of magneto-crystalline anisotropy of the composite with CB addition. The composite medium containing 80% CB and 20% BaFe12O19 showed excellent microwave absorption properties having minimum reflection loss of −56.266 dB at 11.98 GHz for an effective coating thickness of 1.85 mm. Also, the effective bandwidth of the composite having reflection loss of 90% (−10 dB) reached to 3.53 GHz (84% of X-band) for coating thickness 2.15 mm. The low reflection loss and wide bandwidth microwave absorption of the composite is due to the increased dielectric properties, which resulted in better impedance matching with free space and high electromagnetic (EM) attenuation.

Low-density polycarbonate composites with robust hollow glass microspheres by tailorable processing variables

Polycarbonate (PC) composites with low weight have been required for mobile applications. Herein, the incorporation of 15 phr (parts per hundred of resin) soda-lime borosilicate hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) into a PC matrix reduced the specific gravity by 15.2%. The microsphere preservation rate was systematically examined depending on HGM compressive strength, and processing conditions for extrusion (side-feeding vs. main-feeding vs. screw configuration) and injection molding (mild condition for edge gate vs. extreme condition for pinpoint gate). Various transition temperatures such as glass transition temperatures and heat distortion temperature were investigated as a function of HGM. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the 15 phr HGM-embedded PC composites was reduced by 51.9%. The rheological behavior of the composites was also probed. The toughness was reduced due to the ductile-to-brittle transition of PC caused by the incorporation of fillers despite the enhanced modulus. The incorporation of the robust hollow glass microspheres into a PC composite via a delicately designed screw configuration and suitable processing conditions can be used for low-density composites such as mobile applications.

Fabrication and characterization of an Al-based nanocomposite with high specific strength and good elongation using large amount CMA nanoparticles

In the present research, preparation and characterization of both powder and bulk of a new Al-CMA nanocomposite were investigated. For this, the composites were prepared by mechanical alloying/milling (MA/MM) of 10 wt % Al3Mg2 and pure Al mix powders and then cold pressing, sintering and finally hot extrusion. According to the microscopic observations, a uniform distribution of Al3Mg2 in the Al and a clean interface between them were obtained after ball milling. In addition, analysis of particle size distribution revealed that the presence of Al3Mg2 particles and amount of process control agent had a significant influence on the composite powder refinement. In addition, the measured Carr index of 13.5% indicated that the ball milled powder offered good flowability. High-resolution microscopic studies showed that formation of twins might be one of the crystallite size decreasing mechanisms during MA/MM process. The initial powder boundary in the powder samples could not be completely deleted by cold pressing and sintering, but could be reduced by following hot extrusion. The microstructure of extruded nanocomposites comprised nanometer Al grains and Al3Mg2 nanoparticles dispersed interior grains which produced by dynamic recrystallizations (DRX). The Al3Mg2 particles experienced vigorous size reduction during MA/MM, which play an important role in Al grain refining during DRX via Zener pinning. These conditions along with clean interface for the 15 h milled sample could be resulted in notable enhancement of 515% in yield strength (YS), 603% in ultimate compressive strength (UCS), 181% in young’s modulus and 406% in microhardness compared with pure Al. A more interesting point was the elongation up to 24% owing to the uniform distribution of nanoparticles in Al grains. These results from Al–Al3Mg2 nanocomposites discover newer feasibilities for impressive manufacturing of high strength and low-density composites with improved ductility, which could make them possible candidates for a wide range of industries especially for weight critical applications.

Mechanical properties of stingray tesserae: High-resolution correlative analysis of mineral density and indentation moduli in tessellated cartilage

Skeletal tissues are built and shaped through complex, interacting active and passive processes. These spatial and temporal variabilities make interpreting growth mechanisms from morphology difficult, particularly in bone, where the remodeling process erases and rewrites local structural records of growth throughout life. In contrast to the majority of bony vertebrates, the elasmobranch fishes (sharks, rays, and their relatives) have skeletons made of cartilage, reinforced by an outer layer of mineralized tiles (tesserae), which are believed to grow only by deposition, without remodeling. We exploit this structural permanence, performing the first fine-scale correlation of structure and material properties in an elasmobranch skeleton. Our characterization across an age series of stingray tesserae allows unique insight into the growth processes and mechanical influences shaping the skeleton. Correlated quantitative backscattered electron imaging (qBEI) and nanoindentation measurements show a positive relationship between mineral density and tissue stiffness/hardness. Although tessellated cartilage as a whole (tesserae plus unmineralized cartilage) is considerably less dense than bone, we demonstrate that tesserae have exceptional local material properties, exceeding those of (mammal) bone and calcified cartilage. We show that the finescale ultrastructures recently described in tesserae have characteristic material properties suggesting distinct mechanical roles and that regions of high mineral density/stiffness in tesserae are confined predominantly to regions expected to bear high loads. In particular, tesseral spokes (laminated structures flanking joints) exhibit particularly high mineral densities and tissue material properties, more akin to teeth than bone or calcified cartilage. We conclude that these spokes toughen tesserae and reinforce points of contact between them. These toughening and reinforcing functions are supported by finite element simulations incorporating our material data. The high stresses predicted for spokes, and evidence we provide that new spoke laminae are deposited according to their local mechanical environment, suggest tessellated cartilage is both mutable and responsive, despite lacking remodeling capability. Statement of SignificanceThe study of vertebrate skeletal materials is heavily biased toward mammal bone, despite evidence that bone and cartilage are extremely diverse. We broaden the perspective on vertebrate skeleton materials and evolution in an investigation of stingray tessellated cartilage, a curious type of unmineralized cartilage with a shell of mineralized tiles (tesserae). Combining high-resolution imaging and material testing, we demonstrate that tesserae have impressive local material properties for a vertebrate skeletal tissue, arguing for unique tissue organization relative to mammalian calcified cartilage and bone. Incorporating our materials data into mechanical models, we show that finescale material arrangements allow this cartilage to act as a functional and responsive alternative to bone, despite lacking bone’s ability to remodel. These results are relevant to a diversity of researchers, from skeletal, developmental, and evolutionary biologists, to materials scientists interested in high-performance, low-density composites.

The Unique Comet Impact Pattern with Reference to Southern Tibet

In the terrestrial planet zone, Comets start outgassing due to solar radiation. This can make comet composition fragile enough to break under the gravitational gradient. Examples like those of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 [1] show that it is not unusual for comets to disintegrate due to gravitational gradients. In the event of an impact of such a disintegrated comet on earth, multiple coherent impact craters will be distributed over a large area. The low-density porous composition of the comet will result in the formation of “large flat-floored craters” spread over a large area with a network of faults and fractures as described by Roddy and co-workers (Roddy, 1976; Roddy et al., 1977) [2] [3]. Due to its unusual appearance these impacts patterns are different than rock/metal asteroid impact craters. As a result, these sites are difficult to identify. There are multiple such sites on the planet earth which are under study for impact but due to complex nature of comet impact craters, they have been a conundrum for some time. One such possible site matching the comet impact features can be observed in the southern Tibet between the latitudes of 82°30'E and 90°30'E and 29°N and 33°N. This study indicates that the lakes in this region were formed by the impact of a single disintegrating comet that hit the region. Observation indicates that the lakes are unusually closely aligned and have a steep slope facing circular feature on the eastern side. Fractures and faults connecting these lakes can be observed over entire subject site hinting towards the multiple impact craters. These craters are large flat-floored and spread over a large area. Gravitational anomaly in the lake region along with the presence of Ultra High Pressure (UHP) minerals like cubic Born Nitride, micro-diamond with the inclusion of Platinum Group Elements (PGE), coesite, Stishovite, osbornite and other complex finds in the region support the possibility of impact.

Isopycnicity of cratonic mantle restricted to kimberlite provinces

The isopycnicity hypothesis states that the lithospheric mantle of ancient platforms has a unique composition such that high density due to low lithosphere temperature is nearly compensated by low-density composition of old cratonic mantle. This hypothesis is supported by petrological studies of mantle xenoliths hosted in kimberlite magmas. However, the representativeness of the kimberlite sampling may be questioned, given that any type of magmatism is atypical for stable regions. We use EGM2008 gravity data to examine the density structure of the Siberian lithospheric mantle, which we compare with independent constraints based on free-board analysis. We find that in the Siberian craton, geochemically studied kimberlite-hosted xenoliths sample exclusively those parts of the mantle where the isopycnic condition is satisfied, while the pristine lithospheric mantle, which has not been affected by magmatism, has a significantly lower density than required by isopycnicity. This discovery allows us to conclude that our knowledge on the composition of cratonic mantle is incomplete and that it is biased by kimberlite sampling which provides a deceptive basis for the isopycnicity hypothesis.

Castor Oil-Based Polyurethane Resin for Low-Density Composites with Bamboo Charcoal.

Polyurethane (PU) foam adhesives were prepared from castor oil as a polyol with isocyanate poly(4,4’-methylene diphenyl isocyanate) (PMDI) using a solvent-free process. The NCO/OH molar ratio used for the preparation of PU foams was 1.5. Water, organosiloxane and dibutyltin dilaurate were used as the blowing agent, surfactant and catalyst, respectively. The ratio of blowing agent and catalyst were adjusted to optimize the properties. The results show that PU foam prepared with 4 wt % of castor oil catalyst and blowing agent has minimal water absorption and maximal volume expansion in the PU foams. FT-IR analysis shows that a urethane bond was formed by the hydroxyl group of castor oil and the –NCO group of isocyanate PMDI. More blowing agent and catalyst could improve the volume expansion ratio and reduce water retention of PU foams. It was found that Moso bamboo charcoal (Phyllostachys pubescens) and China fir wood particle (Cunninghamia lanceolate) composites with setting densities of 500 and 600 kg/m3 can be prepared from optimized castor oil-based PU foam adhesive at 100 °C for 5 min under a pressure of 1.5 MPa. Increasing the amount of bamboo charcoal decreases the equilibrium moisture content, water absorption and internal bonding strength of the composite. Notably, bamboo charcoal composite exhibits excellent dimensional stability. The optimized density and bamboo charcoal percentages of the composite were 500 kg/m3 and 50–100%, respectively. The castor oil-based PU composites containing bamboo charcoal fulfilled the CNS 2215 standards for particleboard. This dimensionally stable, low-density bamboo charcoal composite has high potential to replace current indoor building materials.

Electromagnetic Shielding by MXene-Graphene-PVDF Composite with Hydrophobic, Lightweight and Flexible Graphene Coated Fabric.

MXene and graphene based thin, flexible and low-density composite were prepared by cost effective spray coating and solvent casting method. The fabricated composite was characterized using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The prepared composites showed hydrophobic nature with higher contact angle of 126°, −43 mN·m−1 wetting energy, −116 mN·m−1 spreading Coefficient and 30 mN·m−1 lowest work of adhesion. The composites displayed excellent conductivity of 13.68 S·cm−1 with 3.1 Ω·sq−1 lowest sheet resistance. All the composites showed an outstanding thermal stability and constrain highest weight lost until 400 °C. The MXene-graphene foam exhibited excellent EMI shielding of 53.8 dB (99.999%) with reflection of 13.10 dB and absorption of 43.38 dB in 8–12.4 GHz. The single coated carbon fabric displayed outstanding absolute shielding effectiveness of 35,369.82 dB·cm2·g−1. The above results lead perspective applications such as aeronautics, radars, air travels, mobile phones, handy electronics and military applications.

Electrically Conductive Low-Density Sealing Composites Based on Hollow Carbon Microspheres and Epoxy-Diane Resin

The dependence of the current-conducting and physicomechanical properties of epoxyamine composites on the content of hollow carbon microspheres serving as a filler for these composites was investigated. It is shown that the percolation point, which is a point of transition from an insulator to a current-conducting material, is observed at the content of carbon microspheres of 29 vol %, and the maximum absorption of electromagnetic radiation by the sealing material in the centimeter superhigh-radio-frequency band is observed with an approximation to the range of transition of the composite to an electrically conductive state.

Anti-oxidation property of the ZrB2–SiC–Si-coated low-density C/C composites

ABSTRACTZrB2–SiC–Si-coated low-density C/C composites were prepared by a low-cost and simple pack cementation. The microstructure, oxidation and ablation resistance of the ZrB2–SiC–Si-coated low-density C/C composites have been investigated. The ZrB2–SiC–Si-coated low-density C/C composites exhibited good oxidation, thermal shock and ablation resistance at high temperature. The mass loss of the coated low-density C/C samples was only 0.68% at 1773 K for more than 260 h. The mass gain of the coated low-density C/C samples was 1.5% after 50 thermal cycles. The coated low-density composites could also withstand from ablation at 2573 K for 60 s under oxyacetylene flame. The good oxidation and ablation resistance of the composites are mainly attributed to the interlocking-pattern structure and the protection of the oxide layer.

Energy absorption of metal, composite and metal/composite hybrid structures under oblique crushing loading

Metal/composite hybrid structures, which combine low-density composites with low-cost metallic materials, exhibit considerable potential to provide cost-effective energy-absorbing devices for automotive applications. This study aimed to explore crashworthiness characteristics of aluminum/carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) hybrid tubes, experimentally and numerically, subjected to three different loading angles by comparing with the aluminum alone and CFRP alone tubes, in which the deformation patterns and several key indicators related to the crashworthiness of these structures were assessed. The experiments revealed that the CFRP tube has the highest SEA under the axial (37.82 J/g) and 15° loading (30.03 J/g) angles of all the configurations concerned; while the hybrid tube showed the greatest energy absorption. It was found that the energy absorption capacity of all specimens reduced in different extent with increasing loading angle. Specifically, with the loading angle up to 15°, SEA of the hybrid tube decreased by 10.0% from that with the axial loading; whereas SEA of the CFRP tube decreased by 20.6% from that of the axial loading. It means that the hybrid tube was more capable to mitigate the effects of oblique load on energy absorption capacity in comparison with the net CFRP tube. To better understand the crashing mechanism, numerical models were created and validated by the experimental data. A parametric study was further performed to investigate the effects of loading angle, thickness of aluminum layer, stacking sequence and thickness of CFRP layers on crashworthiness of these structures. It was found that the number of CFRP layers is more important to energy absorption of the hybrid tube. For the pure CFRP tube, there is significant difference between the axial and oblique loading conditions, making it disadvantageous to be a proper crashworthy structure. Whereas for the hybrid tube, the effect of loading angle on energy absorption capacity is considerably mitigated; and consequently, the hybrid configuration offers a higher energy absorption capacity for meeting the crashworthiness requirements accommodating complex impacting angles.