Low Calcium Fly Research Articles

Evaluating the Impact of Inclusion Metakaolin and Silica Fume on the Green and Mechanical Properties of Low Calcium Fly Ash Concrete

Generally, low calcium fly ash concretes (FFACs) subjected to ambient temperatures exhibit low initial strengths. Thus, FFACs require higher temperatures to improve the monomer dissolutions, but that increases the energy consumption. Thus, this paper aims to evaluate the influence of the incorporation of different dosages of silica fume (SF) and metakaolin (MK) on the green and hardened properties of FFACs cured at room temperature of 21 ˚C. Slump and air content tests were applied to evaluate the green characteristics of the designed geopolymer concrete mixes (GPCMs). The hardened properties of FFACs were assessed in terms of compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strengths at different curing ages. Outcomes revealed that the slump and air content of GPCMs declined with improving SF or MK percentages. The 28 days flexural, compressive, and splitting tensile strengths of FFACs manufactured with the optimum dosages of 20% MK and 10% SF cured at 21 ˚C were evidently higher than those of FFACs (100 % FFA) subjected to curing temperatures ranging from 10-to-50 ˚C. Also, the strength enhancement of MK was relatively comparable to those of SF with less requirement for superplasticizers.

Performance assessment of three alkali-treated fly ashes as a pavement base-course material

Alkali-treated fly ash can efficiently serve as a construction material for various purposes. The efficacy of these alkali-treated fly ash must be critically studied for their proper usage in real-life scenarios. In the present study, the effectiveness of an alkali-treated low calcium fly ash (Class F) as a pavement base course material in the pre and post-construction period of the pavement has been investigated. The low calcium fly ash (Class F) was treated with three different alkalis, namely sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), to study the influence of alkali type, its dose and curing period on the compressive strength and permeability characteristics of alkali-treated fly ash samples as these properties would prominently influence its behavior as a base course. In addition, the microstructural study of different alkali-treated ash samples was done to correlate the microstructural developments with these engineering properties. It was observed that 12% NaOH-treated fly ash samples, 16% KOH, and 16% Ca(OH)2-treated fly ash samples at 28 curing days show an optimum compressive strength value for a stabilized base material in pavements as per various guidelines. Finally, the usability of these optimized alkali-treated fly ash samples as a base material was investigated through a numerical study of a simple two-layered pavement structure. The surface and interface deformations of the pavement under various loading conditions revealed that these optimized alkali-treated fly ashes serve as a better base course than granular material. Also, of the chosen three alkali-treated fly ashes, optimized Ca(OH)2-stabilized fly ash performs comparatively better than others in terms of compressive strength and resisting deformation for these typical pavements.

The Effect of Mineral Admixtures and Fine Aggregates on the Characteristics of High-Strength Fiber-Reinforced Concrete.

the article discusses the effect of the complex of active mineral additives consisting of silica and fly ash, and a fine aggregate, including finely ground natural-white quartz sand for partial replacement of river sand, on the mechanical properties of high-strength concrete containing steel fiber. high-strength concrete containing Dramix®3D 65/35 steel fiber in the amount of 100 kg per 1 m3 of concrete mixture was suggested where 22% to 100% of river sand was replaced by finely ground white natural sand of the particle size of 5 to 1800 μm and containing the complex of active mineral additives for partial replacement of cement as part of a multicomponent binder, consisting of low-calcium fly ash of thermal power plants and silica and containing, respectively, 20, 30, 40% fly ash and from 5 to 15% silica by weight of the binder. research results have shown that 100% replacement of river sand with finely ground natural white sand, in concrete containing 20% of the mass as part of a multicomponent binder, fly ash and from 5 to 15% by weight of silica, contributes to the increase of its strength properties: the values of concrete compressive strength after 28 days were in the range from 118.5 to 128 MPa, tensile strength during bending and splitting, respectively, from 18.8 to 25.4 MPa and from 10.2 to 11.9 MPa, which is higher than the strength of concrete samples containing river sand. the achieved results have demonstrated the efficiency of using finely ground natural white sand as an alternative to river sand for producing high-strength concrete, thus helping to save the river sand resources in Vietnam. The use of fly ash and micro silicon, which are power and metallurgy wastes, as part of a multicomponent binder in order to partially replace cement reduces the carbon footprint in the production of binders and will also have a beneficial effect on environmental protection against industrial waste pollution.

Effective Utilization of Copper Slag for the Production of Geopolymer Concrete with Different NaOH Molarity under Ambient Curing Conditions

In spite of the considerable research on the mechanical and durability properties of geopolymer concrete, its widespread applicability is hindered due to the difficulties involved in achieving ambient curing conditions and awareness of the effective utilization of industrial by-products. This study investigates the physical and microstructure characterization of sustainable geopolymer concrete (GPC) developed with copper slag as a replacement for fine aggregate. In total, forty-four geopolymer concrete mixtures were prepared to examine their fresh and hardened properties. Four different NaOH molarities (10, 12, 14 and 16) and the replacement levels of copper slag, ranging from 0 to 100% with an increase of 10%, were considered as variables in this research. The study parameters examined includes the fresh (slump) and hardened concrete properties. Additionally, the microstructural characterization for different mixes were studied using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Electron Dispersive Spectrum (EDS) analyses and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Results indicated that replacing fine aggregate with copper slag up to 100% showed no strength reduction. Increasing the molarity of the NaOH solution to 16M led to an increased strength of about 35% compared to the concrete with 10 M in all the mixes. The microstructural analysis performed using SEM/EDS and FTIR showed that a cohesive and fully compact geopolymer matrix was achieved together with the use of low-calcium fly ash and copper slag under ambient curing conditions.

Effect of silica fume on compressive strength of ultra-high-performance concrete made of calcium aluminate cement/fly ash based geopolymer

The study on geopolymers blended with silica fume is scant. This study investigates the effects of silica fume (SF) on the compressive strength of geopolymer-based ultra-high-performance concrete (G-UHPC) subject to ambient curing. Low-calcium fly ash (LCFA) and calcium aluminate cement (CAC) were activated by a combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solution to produce geopolymer binders. Effects of the CAC content, alkaline solution to binder (A/B) ratio, and sodium hydroxide (SH) concentration on the flowability and compressive strength of geopolymer binders were studied. The SF dosage varied from 5% to 30% of the total binder weight, and the Taguchi method was used to determine the optimum mix proportions. The incorporation of SF showed a complicated influence on the compressive strength, depending on the CAC content. For mixes with 20% CAC content, the compressive strength increased with increasing SF dosage. But for mixes with 10% CAC content, a high SF dosage (>10%) negatively influenced the compressive strength. The mechanisms for this contradictory behavior were discussed based on the X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses. The inclusion of steel fibers has a positive influence on the mechanical properties of G-UHPC. The G-UHPC mix with 1.5 vol% steel fibers achieved a compressive strength of 139.1 MPa and flexural strength of 13.5 MPa at 28 days. • Geopolymer-based UHPC was developed by incorporating calcium aluminate cement. • Taguchi analysis was used to optimise mixture compositions for geopolymer-based UHPC. • Effects of silica fume on the strength were explained via SEM and XRD analyses. • Effects of steel fiber on the mechanical properties were evaluated.

Development of Low Calcium Fly-Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete Using Marble Powder

If you compare geopolymer concrete to cement concrete, it is a novel and rising trend in today's concrete business. It can be used as a good substitute for cement concrete and has a variety of benefits over cement concrete, including greater durability. Geopolymer concrete is a kind of green concrete that was created by repurposing waste materials from various power generation companies and thermal power plants. Because of the presence of alkaline activators in geopolymer concrete, it has strong heat resistance capabilities and provides firm bonding between particles, which may result in superior mechanical properties. Geopolymer concrete is also more durable than plain cement concrete. When exposed to acids in a maritime environment, it demonstrates exceptional resistance to corrosion. When low calcium fly ash is used in place of cement, the strength is increased to 40 N/mm2. The amount of marble powder used as a filler was varied as a percent of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% to achieve the desired strength of 40 N/mm2. The highest strength was observed when fly-ash was used as a 20% replacement for cement.The molarity of NaOH was employed as 12 molarity at a 2.5 alkaline liquid ratio, which is a good value. They were kept consistent throughout all of the mixes.

Steel Wire Wrapped Bamboo – As a Sustainable Reinforcement in Alkali Activated Fly Ash-Slag based Concrete

The cost ratio of steel to concrete exceeding 100 in most of the RCC structures, alternative materials for replacing steel are underway to develop a sustainable built environment. Bamboo has been in housing industry since time memorial as a standalone structural member for lighter loads of roofing and wall cladding units. It has been tested for its use as reinforcement in OPC based cement concrete structures replacing steel reinforcement with appreciable performance while requiring serious attention on serviceability and durational aspects. The alkali activated low calcium fly ash & slag-based concrete with steel reinforcement as structural components cured at ambient temperature (RGPC) are being popularized in the most consumed sector of concrete construction industry.

The impacts of calcium acetate on reaction process, mechanical strength and microstructure of ordinary Portland cement paste and alkali-activated cementitious paste

The gentle corrosion of acetic acid is frequently utilized to modify recycled concrete aggregates for improving concrete performance, but there is a lack of research on the effect of its process product, calcium acetate (CA), on the properties of cementitious materials. The reason for this work is to discover the role of CA in ordinary Portland cement, alkali-activated low-calcium and high-calcium cementitious materials, and to investigate its possibility as chemical admixture. The impacts of CA on the reaction process, compressive strength, and microstructure of diverse cementitious materials were mainly studied. The results appeared that the impacts of CA on diverse cement are different. The performance of ordinary Portland cement paste depended on the content of calcium acetate. The content of 0.25 wt% CA can increase the reaction degree of cement, improve strength and microstructure of cement paste. In alkali-activated low-calcium fly ash paste, the positive impact of Ca2+ dissolved from calcium acetate was obvious. With the increment of CA content, their strength improvement and microstructure characteristics were optimized. The reaction process of alkali-activated high-calcium slag paste was hindered by calcium acetate, which resulted in the deterioration of strength, the increase of porosity and pore fractal dimension, as well as the relatively uncompacted microstructure. Based on the results, calcium acetate can be used as an admixture, but the content needs to be controlled according to the characteristics of cementitious materials.

Development of Detailed Mix Design Methodology for Low Calcium Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete Incorporating OPC and Crumb Rubber

This experimental study proposes a systematic mix-design procedure to develop rubberized geopolymer concrete (RGPC). The developed method is meant to identify the mix ratios for the production of high-strength, low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete, with OPC as a supplementary binder and crumb rubber as a partial replacement for the fine aggregates. The binder (80% fly ash + 20% OPC) content (350, 375, and 400 kg/m3), crumb rubber percentage (0, 5, 10, and 15%), and NaOH molarity (8, 10, and 12 M) are identified as key variables, with the focus on attaining the targeted compressive strength and workability under heat curing (60 °C). Thirty-six mix designs were tested for their compressive strength after 7 and 28 days, and their graphical relationship with the chosen variables is presented (CR-GPC graphs). A trial experiment with an example is performed to establish the validity of the developed mix-design procedure. It was found that the targeted compressive strength and slump of the rubberized GPC can be achieved with conviction.

Mechanical and durability properties of alkali-activated binders based paver blocks derived from secondary sources

In this research study, low calcium fly ash (FA) and Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) are used as precursors activated with the solution of sodium hydroxides (SH) and sodium silicates (SS) for the development of geopolymer(GP) paver blocks. A total of 12 FA-GGBS based GP concrete mixes are developed by varying the ratio of SS solution to SH solution (0.25,0.67 and 2.33) along with the binder variation of FA: GGBS (80:20,70:30,60:40 and 50:50) under ambient curing conditions. From the synthesised FA: GGBS and alkalinity ratio, the required GP mixes for paver blocks suitable for medium traffic (M40) and heavy traffic (M50) conditions are formulated. The properties of the GP paver blocks such as mechanical and durability properties are evaluated as per the codal recommendations. All the GP paver blocks satisfy the minimum breaking load criteria with respect to flexural strength and split tensile strength and fall within the allowable abrasion resisting limits. The research findings affirm that the FA-GGBS blend GP paver blocks perform well as per specification requirements. Hence, these GP paver blocks can be adopted for various pavement applications thereby contributing to the adoption of sustainable construction practices.

Effect of high temperatures on the properties of lightweight geopolymer concrete based fly ash and glass powder mixtures

Given the large manufacturing and consumption of concrete globally, there has been widespread speculation that it is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently, scientists are looking for sustainable and beneficial solutions to the environment. The influence of adding expanded clays (Leca) and crushed recycled bricks clay lightweight aggregates (RBA) on the fly ash and glass powder-based geopolymer concrete were investigated at ambient and high temperatures. High temperature influences the significant characteristics of mortar and lightweight aggregate geopolymer concrete. Low calcium fly ash was utilized as a binder in the concrete paste with a 10% replacement rate of Glass Powder. The concrete specimens were heated to 200, 400, 550, and 800 °C at a 7 °C/min rate for 60 min. Lower coarse aggregate strength is a contributing factor to concrete compressive strength reductions. The influences of high temperatures on geopolymer concrete were studied in terms of mass loss, cracking, water absorption, and microstructure. The research outcomes show that the geopolymer concrete suffered damage and dehydration at a heating temperature of 550 °C and above. Acceptable correlation between the temperature degree and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity UPV with the compressive strength of the lightweight concrete. The test results showed the residual compressive strength 110.2%, 92.9%, 71.9%, and 55.6% as well as 109.2%, 91.5%, 79.6%, and 52.6% in addition to the density reduced 0.17%, 2.56%, 7.29%, and 12.18%, and 0.74%, 3.97%, 6.31%, and 13.25% in 200,400,550, and 800 °C for Leca and RBA type respectively. The equations showed acceptable results with experimental data. The impact of replacing waste glass powder with fly ash on the development of microstructures and gels was also investigated.

Engineering properties and pore structure of lightweight aggregates produced from off-spec fly ash

• High- and low-calcium off-spec fly ash based lightweight aggregate (LWA) was produced. • Engineering properties and pore structure of LWA was characterized. • Small dose of NaOH as fluxing agent can result in off-spec fly ash based LWA with desired engineering properties. This study characterizes the engineering properties of lightweight aggregate (LWA) manufactured from low calcium (F-FA) and high calcium (C-FA) waste fly ash that were designed using a previously-developed thermodynamics-guided process. LWA properties that were characterized include specific gravity, vacuum water absorption, water absorption over time, water desorption, porosity, pore size distribution, and permeability. The LWA studied had a low oven dry specific gravity ranging from 1.22 to 1.45. The vacuum absorption and total open porosity of F-FA LWA decreased as the fluxing agent (NaOH) concentration increased while the values for C-FA LWA varied with increasing amounts of fluxing agent. All LWA passed the ASTM C1761 water absorption/desorption requirements for application to the internal curing of concrete. X-ray computed tomography (XCT) and dynamic vapor sorption analyzer (DVSA) techniques were used to characterize the LWA pore structure. It was found that for F-FA LWA the normalized porosity, counting only pores smaller than 50 nm (gelpores + mesopores), ranged from 4 % to 11.5 %, while for C-FA LWA, this same pore size range had porosity ranging from 1.7 % to 2.8 %. Pore size distribution measurements of F-FA LWA using XCT showed that the pores became larger and the predicted permeability coefficient increased as the fluxing agent concentration increased. For C-FA LWA, the predicted permeability increased with increasing NaOH concentration. Since the pore size distribution had greater variability and did not follow a specific increasing trend, the increase in C-FA permeability could only be due to an increase in pore connectivity.

Study on the Light Weight Geopolymer Concrete Made of Recycled Aggregates from Lightweight Blocks

Abstract: This study studied the properties of lightweight geopolymer concrete that contained recycled lightweight block aggregate. The recovered blocks are classified as coarse aggregates after being crushed.To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, geopolymers have the potential to be used to create new, environmentally beneficial materials. A new class of building materials called geopolymer concrete (GPC) has a replacement for regular Portland cement concrete (OPCC) and are capable of revolution in the construction sector. The impact of On the strength characteristics, alkaline activators have been investigated. Used fly ash was obtained for this study from a nearby thermal power plant. Samples were produced from low-calcium fly ash through activation with a combination of sodium silicate solution and sodium hydroxide. Fly ash was added to the concrete with a ratio of 0.5. Using a mix proportion and 5,10,15 Molar of sodium hydroxide solution, geopolymer specimens were cast. The samples underwent compression testing. test with ambient temperatures for curing. From the analysis ofLiterature suggests that the combination of the aforementioned ingredients is healing. FromAccording to a review of the literature, the amalgamation of the aforementioned elementshas a favorable effect on the strength properties of geopolymer concrete. Since fly ash is viewed as a waste product, geopolymer concrete made from low-calcium fly ash costs less than Portland cement concrete as a result. Lowcalcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete has good compressive strength, very little drying shrinkage and minimum creep, great resistance to sulphate attack, and superior acid resistance.

An assessment on the durability performance of fly ash-clay based geopolymer mortar containing clay enhanced with lime and GGBS

The increased demand for cement as a construction material led to its humongous production and hence the emission of carbon dioxide. The geopolymer binder is an alternate binder which make use of aluminosilicate surplus industrial and agricultural waste and hence completely devoid of cement. The current study primarily aims at investigating the durability performance of low calcium fly ash based geopolymer mortar containing clay blends. Two types of clay treated with lime, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and lime-GGBS combination was used in the study. The optimization tool used was the central composite design in response surface methodology by which a set of trial mixes were obtained. The design trial that exhibited maximum compressive strength and lower water absorption was taken as the optimum mix. The durability characteristics of the optimum mix in terms of water absorption, sorptivity, abrasion resistance, acid attack resistance and sulfate attack resistance were analyzed. Combination of lime-GGBS incorporated clay-based specimens exhibited better durability characteristics. The test results were discussed with microstructural characterization techniques such as X-ray Diffraction analysis (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR).

Effect of Ultrafine Fly Ash and Water Glass Content on the Performance of Phosphorus Slag-Based Geopolymer.

Phosphorus slag (PS), an industrial waste slag, has been used in geopolymers because it is rich in silicon and calcium. The poor performance of phosphorus slag-based geopolymer is due to its aluminum deficiency. In this work, low-calcium fly ash, treated by a wet-grinding process, named wet-grinding ultrafine fly ash (WUFA) was used as an Al supplement to replace some of the phosphorus slag, and the wet-grinding, ultrafine fly ash-phosphorus slag (WUFA-PS)-based geopolymer was prepared. The effects of the substitution amount of WUFA and the activator dosage on the hydration properties, mechanical properties, pore structure and SEM of the WUFA-PS geopolymer were discussed in detail. The results indicate that WUFA and more activators contribute to the Al and high alkalinity environment, which positively induces the production of more geopolymer gels, thus releasing more heat and optimizing the pore structure of the matrix. The compressive strength increased by up to 28.1%. The enhanced performance of the WUFA-PS-based geopolymer may also arise from the filling effect and activity improvement of WUFA. This study has proved the feasibility of preparing a geopolymer by blending wet-grinding ultrafine fly ash and phosphorus slag and has provided references for the ratio and performance evaluation of WUFA-PS-based geopolymer concrete.

Flexural Behavior of Low Calcium Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Reinforced Concrete Beam

Pioneering studies have been conducted on alternative cementitious material in the manufacturing of conventional concrete to reduce carbon emission and improve the overall efficacy. However, there are limited studies on eco-friendly materials with low calcium fly ash. This study aims to examine the strength fly ash geopolymer concrete and reduce carbon emission. In this investigation, flexural test is done for conventional and geopolymer concrete (GPC) beam samples after the fulfillment of rest period and 24 h steam curing at 60 °C. The experimental results prove that the initial characteristics of both specimens are almost similar. When GPC specimens reached the service, yield, and failure stages, the load carrying capacity, deflection increased up to 21.5 and 8.75%, respectively and better load bearing capacity, moment resistance, and crack propagation were observed more than in conventional cement. Fresh property test results indicated the achievement of standard workability without the addition of any admixture. Our study show that low calcium based geopolymer can be used as an efficient material for the alternate of cement in cement-based industries with eco-friendly nature.

Evaluation of Pozzolanic Activity of Mineral Additives for Hydraulic Concrete

High the quality and reliability of hydraulic engineering construction is the basis of civil engineering technology. The use of mineral additives in hydraulic concrete decreases heat dissipation, contribute to a reduced adiabatic rise in the temperature of concrete, improve its performance characteristics and increase durability. Application of such materials will reduce binder consumption without the decrease of concrete properties and mostly even impoving the properties of mortar and concrete. An indirect method of pozzolanic activity evaluation of low-calcium fly ash, volcanic slag, volcanic tuff and waste basalt powder was applied in the study. The investigation shows that volcanic slag is additive with the least volume increase at age of 30 days and it has high pozzolanic properties. The results show that it can be used as base pozzolanic additive for economically and technologically effective hydraulic concrete, superior to non-additive concrete. Use of pozzolanic additives will positively affect the environment due to Portland cement use decrease and the utilization of waste dumps, decrease cost of concrete and a more rational use of natural resources and sustainable development.

Development of cementless ultra-high performance fly ash composite (UHPFC) using nucleated pozzolanic reaction of low Ca fly ash

This study developed ultra-high performance fly ash composite (UHPFC) by enhancing the pozzolanic reactivity of low-calcium fly ash (FA). Although it did not include Portland cement, the composite exhibited outstanding performance in workability, mechanical properties, and strength development. At room temperature (20 °C), the hydrated lime-activated FA containing silica fume showed a distinct acceleration period. Moreover, 3 days of steam curing at 60 °C guaranteed its final strength (∼110 MPa) before 7 days because of the synergistic effect between the ultrafine filler and steam curing. At 60 °C, the reactivity of FA was dramatically improved only when nucleation sites were provided by silica fume. Furthermore, increasing the curing temperature reciprocally affected FA and silica fume in the reaction; while FA was a leading participant in the pozzolanic reaction, silica fume mostly played a role as a physical filler, providing the nucleation site for reaction products.

Comparative Study on Strength Characteristics of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete with 8, 10 & 12 Molar Naoh Activator

Ordinary Portland cement is a major construction material worldwide. Cement manufacturing industry is one of the carbon dioxides emitting sources besides deforestation and burning of fossil fuels. The global warming is caused by the emission of greenhouse gases, such as CO2, to the atmosphere. Among the greenhouse gases, CO2 contributes about 65% of global warming. The cement sector accounts for around 7% of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions of the earth’s atmosphere. In order to address environmental effects associated with Portland cement, Alternative binders for concrete production are needed. Low-calcium (Class F) fly ash-based geopolymer from Vijayawada was used in this study. Geopolymer concrete was made with the help of a thermal power plant. The combination of sodium silicate solution and sodium hydroxide solution was used as alkaline solution for fly ash activation. Alkaline solution to fly ash ratio was varied as 0.45. The concentration of sodium hydroxide solution was maintained as 8M, 10M & 12M (Molars). The curing condition of geopolymer concrete was varied as ambient curing. The compressive strength, Split Tensile Strength of the geopolymer concrete was tested at various ages such as 7 and 28days. From the test results it was found that as the alkaline solution to fly ash ratio increases, the strength of geopolymer concrete also increases.

Effects of compound mineral admixtures on the properties of magnesium oxysulfate cement

Adding mineral admixtures is a green, economic and effective way of improving the properties of magnesium oxysulfate cement (MOSC). Based on MOSC modified with low-calcium fly ash (L-FA), high-calcium fly ash (H-FA) and granulated blast-furnace slag (G-BS), the effects of L-FA, H-FA and G-BS and silica fume (SF) double mixing on the properties of MOSC were studied by characterising the compressive strength, water resistance, hydration heat, hydration products and micropore structure characteristics. The modification mechanism of the mineral admixtures was also investigated. The results showed that L-FA, G-BS and SF double mixing optimised the hydration product composition and the micropore structure of the MOSC, thus improving its compressive strength and water resistance. The hydration reaction rate of MOSC and 5.1.7 phase content in the hydration products was increased by H-FA and SF double mixing, but the micropore structure was not further optimised, which is why the water resistance of MOSC with H-FA and SF was not improved. The research results enrich the basic theory of mineral admixtures for improving the properties of MOSC and provide theoretical guidance for practical applications.