Loose Word Research Articles

WAYS OF SLANG RENDERING WHILE LITERARY TRANSLATION

Objective. The objective of the article is to conduct a contextual linguostylistic analysis of the slangisms of the British English language range and the ways of their translation into Ukrainian via the examples of a modern English «working» novel. Methods. The main scientific results are obtained applying a set of general scientific and special methods of research, namely: analysis and generalization of scientific and educational-methodical literature on the problems of the use, formation and translation of slangisms; theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis; holistic and integral approaches to the study of linguistic phenomena; comparative, descriptive and analytical. Results. The сщтвгсеув contextual linguistic-stylistic analysis of slangisms testifies to the presence of a large number of slang words in the works of modern English «working» novelists and tendency of democratization of English colloquial language due to non-literary stylistic expression. The problem of slang translation has always been relevant. Spoken language is constantly changing, and this creates even more difficulties in translation, not to mention the use of new loose words. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the following ways of translation are used to reproduce the slangs of the modern English «working» novel: adequate translation, calque, addition, ommition, concretization, generalization, antonymous translation, compensation, semantic development, free translation. When translating slang units, the time factor should be taken into account, as slang changes as a linguistic feature of generations; hence, a poorly matched match sometimes threatens to turn into an anachronism. The author argues that when translating slang one has to either look for a similar Ukrainian slang that has approximately the same expressiveness, or follow the way of interpretation and explanation of the meaning, ie use a descriptive method of translation.

A PROPOSTA TEÓRICO-METODOLÓGICA DE ENSINO DO CONCEITO DE VERBO NOS LIVROS DIDÁTICOS

Many students learn to define the verb only as: "action, state or phenomenon of nature", we understand that this makes it impossible to operate with the concept of the word consciously and arbitrarily. In view of this problem, the objective of this study is to analyse the theoretical and methodological orientations about the teaching and learning process of the verb concept disseminated in textbooks for the 3rd, 4th and 5th years of elementary school. The methodology consisted of documentary analysis which sought to verify the activities proposed in these books. The results indicate that the teaching of grammar, especially the concept of verb, is limited to decontextualized exercises that use sentences and loose words, instead of using textual genres. We understand, therefore, that this teaching proposal present in the analysed materials limits the learning of the language and the development of the thought.

NEUROREHABILITATION WITH PADOVAN METHOD IN A NEWBORN WITH TREACHER COLLINS SYNDROME: A CASE REPORT

Treacher Collins Syndrome (TCS) is an autosomal dominant disorder that leads to congenital craniofacial malformation, and may then be assisted by the Padovan Method® for neurological rehabilitation. That being said, the aim of this article is to report the functional improvements obtained by a patient with TCS who underwent the Padovan Method®. The child was born on november 26th of 2014, cesarean delivery, 37 weeks, Apgar 9/10, weighted 3625g, PC = 35cm, C = 49CM, presenting mild respiratory discomfort, absence of suction and the presence of syndromic facies, which is characteristic of TCS with retrognathism, oblique palpebral cleft downward divergent strabismus on left, pointed ears with cleft lobes, narrow auditory canal, malar hypoplasia and narrow palate. Padovan therapy was initiated at the 6th day of life, from orofacial, vestibular, ocular and motor exercises that seek to recapitulate the neuroevolutionary phases of human development with the purpose of propitiating a motor and neurological maturation of the central nervous system (CNS) and the correction of its possible failures. The child presented suction on the second day of therapy and on the fifth day was discharged from the hospital with good suction to the breast. The patient was followed up on an outpatient office and was given physiotherapy and speech therapy. The patient no longer received the Padovan Method® because at that time it was not available outside the hospital. Upon returning to childcare at age of 3, a good motor coordination performance was noticed, also speaking few loose words, but with good interaction and understanding. Therefore, due to the lack of standard behavior in neonatal neurological rehabilitation, considering the concepts of neuroplasticity andknowing the importance of early intervention, the Padovan Method® is shown as an alternative in the CNS reorganization in patients with TCS.

EfficientPMM: Finite Automata Based Efficient Pattern Matching Machine

In text mining, vector space and bag of word models are poor candidates for topic discovery as they loose word order and co-occurrence, which are very crucial in understanding the meaning of a document. Phrase based models has proven to be promising in capturing the underlying document characteristics. This paper proposes a new document model and algorithm to perform efficient pattern matching for exact, prefix, postfix, and infix matching of phrases in near linear time. The pattern matching machine (PMM) uses the concepts of graph theory and the theory of automata to efficiently and intelligently match, index, track, and analyze phrase patterns. The scalability, space, and time performance are compared with the benchmark document models.

Tłumaczenie polskich związków frazeologicznych w bułgarskim przekładzie Faraona Bolesława Prusa

This article presents the ways of translating Polish phrasemes into Bulgarian and their functionality in texts. The material under scrutiny encompasses five hundred examples. In general, the phrasemes from Bolesław Prus’s “Pharaoh” are translated into Bulgarian phrasemes equivalent with respect to the global meaning. This group includes identical phrasemes (the formal structure) and similar ones (where the differences relate to certain de-tails in expression). An equivalent translation is also achieved by means of phrasemes devoid of significant shared features with respect to expression therefore different in the imagery. Typically, these are the synonyms of Polish phrasemes. In the translation of “Pharaoh”, a considerable number of Polish phrasemes are reflected by means of single words or loose word collocations. While the periphrases tend to be close to the meaning of the original phraseme, they change completely or partly the connotations and the expression emotional overtone. However, in many cases it is possible to translate the imagery also by means of descriptions.

Pipelined language model construction for Polish speech recognition

Abstract The aim of works described in this article is to elaborate and experimentally evaluate a consistent method of Language Model (LM) construction for the sake of Polish speech recognition. In the proposed method we tried to take into account the features and specific problems experienced in practical applications of speech recognition in the Polish language, reach inflection, a loose word order and the tendency for short word deletion. The LM is created in five stages. Each successive stage takes the model prepared at the previous stage and modifies or extends it so as to improve its properties. At the first stage, typical methods of LM smoothing are used to create the initial model. Four most frequently used methods of LM construction are here. At the second stage the model is extended in order to take into account words indirectly co-occurring in the corpus. At the next stage, LM modifications are aimed at reduction of short word deletion errors, which occur frequently in Polish speech recognition. The fourth stage extends the model by insertion of words that were not observed in the corpus. Finally the model is modified so as to assure highly accurate recognition of very important utterances. The performance of the methods applied is tested in four language domains.

Emergence in Re-emergent Indians: Para-history of The Re-Emergent Rankülche Indigenous People

In this article I explore some blind points, lacunae and crevices that interrupt the sociohistorical process of the so-called reemergence of the Rankülche Indigenous People. I contend that this task can only be done by adopting a fetishistic and phantomatic perspective which can acknowledge zones of emergence in social action, historical process and identity. The evidence for this argument is provided by a parahistory, a kind of phenomenology of the workings of fetishes and ghosts through the materiality of things such as map textures, hidden obvious images, and loose words that are left over by “reemergent human agency.” In this search for a critical chord to the politics of multicultural recognition different from the one based on a standard constructionist approach, I relate the “stranger realities than newer data” discovered to the idea of the politics that can be elicitedfrom the very derogative accusation of “indio politico” to Rankülche activists.

Perceptual biases and positive schizotypy: The role of perceptual load

The study investigated the effects of perceptual load on the bias to report seeing non-existing events—a bias associated with positive symptoms of schizophrenia and positive schizotypal symptoms. Undergraduate students completed psychometric measures of schizotypy and were asked to detect fast moving words among non-words under different levels of perceptual load. Perceptual load was manipulated through stimulus motion. Overall, the results showed that the higher the perceptual load, the stronger the bias to report seeing words in non-word trials. However, the observed bias was associated with positive schizotypy (Unusual Experiences) only when visual detection was performed under conditions of medium perceptual load. No schizotypy measure was associated with accuracy. The results suggest that, although some amount of perceptual ambiguity seems to be necessary for schizotypal bias generation, an increase in the perceptual load can inhibit this process possibly by preventing perception of task-irrelevant internal events, such as loose word associations.

Loose words in Science

Loose words in Science

The Rest Is Jungle

Amigos. Nadie mas. El resto es selva. - Jorge Guillen 1. From a top floor, something that might have been hot coals or feces fell on his head. He didn't want to know. He just cleaned himself the best he could with a page from the Herald Tribune and at that moment decided to delay his baptismal meeting with the white night of Times Square. It was now imperative that he rerum to his hotel and have his third shower of the day. The day after arriving in New York, Orlando Farias had been engulfed by damp and grimy heat. His nylon shirt had mined into a robber cylinder, permanently soaked and barely allowing him to breathe. On Fifth Avenue and Thirty-Fourth Street, the only reason people slowed their frantic pace was if the traffic light mined red. Farias also experienced this contagion and restrained his Montevidean tendency to do the contrary. While he waited, he became aware of a drop that was forming a slippery area of sweat on his left nipple. He cursed in a loud voice, and a blond, freckled woman who was standing next to him loaded down with packages smiled pleasantly at him, as if he had merely made a comment about the weather. He was about to feel embarrassed when suddenly the crowd surged forward and overtook him. The traffic light had turned green. Farias thought that such momentum was out of place, or at least unseasonal. A surge like that was consistent with a temperature of fifteen degrees below zero, not with this oven. Solely out of resentment, he walked slowly, much slower than he would in any other city in the world. On two occasions he stopped in front of store windows that had miniature gray metallic radios shaped like missiles for sale on display. It was the first facet of the city he had recently inaugurated. When he arrived at his hotel there was a message waiting for him. It said that Mr. Clayton had called; actually, Mr. T. H. Clayton. Farias had known Clayton since 1956. That year, the critic had spent fifteen hours in Montevideo and two days in Punta del Este in a worthy attempt to educate himself in the local folklore and literature. Farias remembered Clayton's obsessive interest in the merengue (he called it miringo). Someone had led him to believe that it was the most popular dance in the Southern Cone. Afterwards, he had placed three chairs in a row and had laid down across them, all the while looking up at the ceiling and asking about girls. Until now, Farias had done quite well with the English he read. Sometimes he realized that he spoke in the style of The New Yorker, but he was understood just the same. But talking on the telephone was another matter. Mr. Clayton spoke in a deep and monotonous voice, and Farias was able to understand a few loose words like American Council, very glad, and dinner. Was Clayton inviting him to dinner? Just in case, he said he would be delighted, and with amazing smoothness, wrote down an already familiar address. He didn't have much time. He went up to room 407 and enjoyed the air-conditioning for five minutes. He then turned on the television set and started to undress, suddenly noticing there was something wrong with the screen. A man wearing glasses, who spoke with his mouth practically closed and the edges of his lips in perfect conjunction, started to descend incessantly down the screen. there was no vertical hold button that could stop the picture from descending, either. Later, while he was in the middle of enjoying his shower, he managed to determine that the pitiful man in perpetual descent was repeating some kind of refrain: And this is our reality. 2. Please, call me Ted, said Clayton, in a pleasant tone. His face, on the other hand, had the monolithic seriousness of a man who gets bored, but is proud of his boredom. In comparing his present appearance with how he had looked years ago, Farias found him to be less thin and essentially more near-sighted. …

Thrasymachus' Definition of Justice in Plato's Republic

T HE PROBLEM of interpreting Thrasymachus' theory of (tb 8LxoLov) in Republic i, 338c-347e, is well known and can be stated simply. He makes two assertions about the nature of or right action, each of which appears at first glance as a definition: i. Justice is serving the interest of the stronger.' 2. Just action is obedience to the laws of one's state. But, as Socrates quickly points out (3 39b-e), these two assertions cannot both be true as definitions, because their two predicates conflict in certain instances; for obedience to the laws by the subjects is occasionally not in the interest of the rulers. Thus the only way in which Thrasymachus' position can be maintained without inconsistency is if one of his assertions is not seriously meant by him as a definition. Assuming, then, as a working hypothesis that he has a consistent position, we must look in the text for answers to the questions, which assertion does he mean seriously as a definition? and what is the logical character of the other assertion? We shall then be able to see the relation of the two assertions to each other in his argument. The obvious answer to the first question, and the one that generally remains in our memory of Thrasymachus, is that he defines justice (a loose word for just action) as doing what is in the interest of the stronger. This answer also seems to be supported by Thrasymachus' own deliberate choice in face of the contradiction shown by Socrates, for he then says that is the real interest of the stronger, not what they think to be their interest as shown in the laws they make (34oc34ia). Nevertheless I believe there are good reasons for the other view, that Thrasymachus' intended definition of is obedience to law (conventionalism or legalism). This view is not new it has been held by Grote, Gomperz, Lindsay, Bosanquet, Winspear and others but it needs to be justified by a closer examination of the text than has yet been made for this purpose. The present article attempts to do this, and to answer objections raised by Professor G. B. Kerferd in an article publish-