Long-term Orientation Research Articles

Cross-cultural examination of successful entrepreneurial small and medium-sized enterprises

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential variances in strategic entrepreneurial small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) across different countries while also exploring the cultural implications that may arise.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, a qualitative research approach was used, involving semi-structured interviews conducted with seven technology start-ups from two countries – Portugal and France.FindingsThe results of this study demonstrate significant differences in opportunity-seeking, performance and long-term orientation behaviors between the technology start-ups in Portugal and France.Practical implicationsThis knowledge can help entrepreneurs and investors make informed decisions when developing strategies, entering new markets or seeking partnerships with start-ups from different countries. Furthermore, policymakers can use these findings to support entrepreneurship initiatives and foster an environment that encourages strategic entrepreneurship practices.Originality/valueThis study offers a unique perspective by focusing on the firm level of entrepreneurial SMEs and the strategic practices adopted by technology start-ups in Portugal and France. In contrast, prior studies have predominantly centred on analysing individual motivations for entrepreneurship, such as personal traits or attitudes, rather than exploring the actual strategic behaviors and practices of start-ups in various countries. By shifting the emphasis to the firm level, this study provides a more comprehensive understanding of how strategic entrepreneurship practices differ across different cultural contexts. As such, it represents a significant contribution to the existing literature on strategic entrepreneurship.

Exploring the cultural forces behind green bond issuance

Green bonds, a rapidly emerging financial instrument designed to bolster environmentally sustainable initiatives, are subject to the influence of the national culture on economic decisions. This study examines varying levels of green bond issuance and cultural dimensions based on Hofstede’s theory. Fixed-effects regression was employed to analyze a sample of 67 countries from 2008 to 2021. The results suggest that cultural dimensions such as individualism and long-term orientation promote green bond issuance, while masculinity restrains it. Additionally, this study examines the moderating effects of institutional quality and economic conditions. The findings show that the relationship between national culture and green bonds is more significant in countries with high institutional quality and lower income levels. While this study offers valuable insights for policymakers, investors, and issuers seeking to promote sustainable finance in different cultural contexts, it could be enhanced by providing more information on the methodology and data sources used, as well as by exploring the potential mechanisms underlying the observed relationships between cultural values and green bond issuance.

The influence of cultural factors on interactive outdoor advertising in Shanghai: an analysis of consumer attitudes, behaviors and socio-economic environment

Due to the development of interactive technologies, outdoor advertising has undergone a substantial evolution recently. However, depending on the cultural environment, interactive outdoor advertising may or may not be beneficial. Shanghai offers an intriguing location for investigating the effects of cultural elements on consumer reactions to interactive outdoor advertising because it is a vibrant and culturally varied metropolis. The scope of this study is limited to Shanghai's interactive outdoor advertising. It explores how cultural influences affect consumer attitudes and behaviors, taking into account both city residents and tourists. The purpose of the study is to shed light on the efficacy of interactive outdoor advertising and the influence of cultural factors on customer behaviors. Based on it, this study aims to investigate the impact of cultural factors, consumer attitudes and behaviors, and the socio-economic environment on outdoor advertising in Shanghai, as well as the moderating role of perceived consumer effectiveness. This study adopts a quantitative research method with a cross-sectional approach. A longitudinal research design is utilized, collecting data in five phases from a sample of 375 respondents. The respondents comprise a mix of local residents and visitors to Shanghai. The data collection process includes surveys and interviews to gather information on consumer attitudes, behaviors, and the socio-economic environment. Smart PLS is employed for data analysis, enabling the examination of relationships between variables. The study found that cultural factors such as individualism, uncertainty avoidance, and long-term orientation have a significant impact on consumer attitudes towards outdoor advertising. Moreover, the study revealed that consumer effectiveness plays a moderating role in the relationship between cultural factors and consumer attitudes. Overall, this study contributes to the existing literature by providing a comprehensive understanding of the factors that influence consumer attitudes towards outdoor advertising.

The niche of think tanks in a consensus – seeking and neo-corporatist policy advisory system

While think tanks are no longer solely a feature of Anglo-Saxon countries, they still appear less prevalent in consensus-oriented and neo-corporatist political regimes. To what extent do central characteristics of these countries shape the organizational characteristics and political activities of think tanks? We theoretically contribute to the existing literature on policy advice by drawing inspiration from niche theory, and empirically complement previous work by focusing on think tanks in Belgium, a country with a crowded and closed advisory landscape. Relying on a combination of data sources, our analysis highlights three central features of think tanks: (1) the long-term and anticipatory character of their policy advice, (2) the evidence-based nature of their policy work, and (3) their consensus-oriented mode of operating. The first two features echo what earlier studies in pluralist setting identified as key distinguishing characteristics. The third feature, their consensus-oriented mode of operating, represents a new element that turns out critical for understanding the niche of think tanks in Belgium. Its consensus-style tradition shows not only in how think tanks position themselves externally, but also in their internal organizational structure. Points for practitioners - Think tanks have potential to be key providers of policy advice, also in relatively closed systems with neo-corporatist traits. - In such settings, think tanks especially benefit from a consensual mode of operating, both internally and externally. - The long-term orientation of think tanks can set them apart from other providers of policy advice, such as interest groups and political party think tanks.

Executive and non-executive employee ownership and bank risk: Evidence from European banks

Our study investigates how executive and non-executive employee ownership affects the risk-taking behavior of European banks, which has become an important issue for regulators as supportive policies promoting employee ownership are implemented. The extant literature on banking firms provides mixed results, focusing exclusively on executive ownership. We investigate channels that could shed light on the inconsistent of these findings. Using data from 2005 to 2019, we find that both executive and non-executive ownership are associated with lower bank risk, depending on employee ability and incentives to take risks. We address endogeneity issues related to banking risk and employee ownership by considering employees' long-term orientation. Our results indicate that policymakers should encourage broad-based employee ownership plans in the banking industry.

Analysis of the Internet Reviews of The Wandering Earth 2 in China and America Based on Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions

Films are carriers of a countrys culture, thus building a powerful film country is to build a strong cultural country. In this context, ensuring the smooth sailing of Chinese films is of great significance. Taking The Wandering Earth 2 as an example, this research builds a cultural dimensional model of films communication effects under Hofstedes cultural dimensions. Based on a self-built corpus of reviews which contains 200 most heated comments from the Internet Movie Database (IMDb) and Douban, the research applies an original codebook consisting of 12 two grade indicators to rationalize audience cultural sensing. It is found that the sensing of Chinese viewers on the four dimensions averagely higher than the ones of American viewers, while the long-term orientation provides a possible common ground in both sides. The differences in the audiences internet reviews of The Wandering Earth 2 give a clue to the needs of soft landing, hard core and human touch, which Chinese films should well adopt as the key capabilities in cross-cultural diffusion.

Individual Cultural Values and Profit Expectations on Investment Intentions in Crypto Currency: Religiosity as a Moderating Variable

This study intends to investigate the effects of conscious and unconscious processes on crypocurrency investment intention. The impact of personal cultural values, profit expectations, and religiosity on intentions for hazardous investments was examined within this paradigm. Additionally, the mediating function of profit expectations in the association between a person's cultural values and religion for crypocurrency investment intents was also examined. Additionally, the topic of religion as a mediator of profit expectations and crypocurrency investing purpose was covered. When our graduate students willingly shared the online survey link on their social networks between February and July 2022, the data were gathered. In all, 446 people responded to the questionnaire in this manner. The AMOS programme was used to carry out structural equation modelling (SEM), which was used to test the research model.In addition to these, the effects of age, education level, sex, and marital status on individual cultural values and investment intentions were examined. The age group of 41 to 50 years old had the highest uncertainty avoidance level. People above the age of 41 had the highest level of long-term orientation. The 51-year-old age group had the least risky investing objectives. Age did not influence collectivism or power distance. The amount of schooling had no impact on any variations in the pertinent variables. Intention to take risks, power distance, masculinity, and collectivism are all greater in men than in women, and married people are more likely to avoid uncertainty and to identify as men than unmarried people. This study is the first to examine the combined effect of conscious and unconscious processes on cryptocurrency investing intentions. The authors have also offered evidence for the presence of a link between these three factors. On the other hand, the number of empirical studies examining the relationship between profit expectancy, religion, and investment intention in cryptocurrency is rather small.

ANALYZING THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE AMOUNT OF PLASTIC WASTE

One of the biggest environmental issues facing the planet today is plastic garbage, which was created by people and has an effect on them as well. Although though governments have implemented policies, rules, and other initiatives to increase public awareness of and engagement in decreasing plastic trash, the statistics has not changed, and this amount keeps rising every year. Several nations appear to be having trouble solving this problem. In addition, according to the World Bank, the country produces more plastics the wealthy its citizens are. By evaluating behavior and educating people, culture and education can be the answer to this problem. As people get more educated, their awareness of and care for the environment increases. The relationship between each of these factors—culture, education, national income, and government role and environmental problems might potentially help minimize plastic waste. Consequently, the goal of this study is to pinpoint the variables that may have an impact on the volume of plastic garbage and examine how these variables may affect the quantity of plastic waste in various nations. Hofstede's national culture dimension (Power Distance, Collectivism and Individualism, Masculinity and Femininity, Uncertainty Avoidance, Long-term Orientation and Short-term Orientation, Indulgence and Restraint), wealth per capita, education, and the government's plan and policy on sustainable consumption are the variables that will be examined. In this study, worldwide data for the year 2018 is gathered from 66 different nations utilizing secondary sources, and the data is then analyzed using the Multiple Linear Regression approach. According to the findings, there is a strong correlation between individualism and collectivism and the volume of plastic garbage. The results of this study should help each nation's government reduce the quantity of plastic garbage that is generated.

Analysis of management of logistics supply chain in the context of strategic development of business processes

The purpose of the study is to analyze the transformation of business processes through the prism of the implementation of the concept of supply chain management. The enterprise management theories are considered, focusing on the process approach based on the methodological basis of managing the organization as a set of business processes. The latter was studied from the point of view of critical characteristics that concentratedly reflect the purpose of business processes, their systemic connection, target orientation, measurability, the interdependence of "inputs" and "outputs," and managerial aspects of coordination. The advantages of the process approach to the organization and management of business processes have been identified. Based on the analysis of foreign and domestic scientific literature, a conclusion was made about the shift in the long-term orientation of business entities towards the formation of common advantages through the implementation of methodological concepts of management of logistics supply chains, which are implemented in three levels - as a management philosophy, as a set of measures at the tactical level, as a set of operational layer tools. The elements of the relationship between business process management and logistics supply chain management are revealed, including strategic coordination, information technologies involving external IT interfaces, process orientation reflecting the flow of value creation, and employee empowerment. The supply chain is presented in terms of a business process that connects different enterprises. The algorithm for ensuring emergencyness based on implementing a process-oriented management system with a reflection of the flow of value creation has been studied. The reengineering of business processes, which is a response to the challenges of the external environment, is disclosed in the context of considering the key characteristics of the essence of the business process and the need for integration within the framework of logistics supply chains, including integrity, communicability, autonomy, orderliness, stability, manageability. Keywords: analysis, management, logistics supply chain, strategic development, business processes.

Are IT Workers from Mars? An Examination of Their National Culture Dimensions

The information technology (IT) workforce is characterized by several unique and contextual factors, such as the technology, the occupation itself, and the human factors. Among the human factors, global information systems (IS) studies have examined the role of national culture to explain many workforce differences and nuances across nations. In such cross-cultural research, IS researchers have primarily utilized the published scores of national culture dimensions as provided by the preeminent social psychologist and culture scholar Geert Hofstede and have applied them to various IT populations within a country. Given that the IT profession is unique in many respects, and there is cultural heterogeneity within a country, our study embarked on independently measuring and verifying the national culture values of IT employees in 37 countries. By using the original Hofstede scales, scores were obtained on five national culture dimensions: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, masculinity, and long-term orientation. We found significant differences between the national culture scores of IT employees and those available in the literature for the general population. Our results are novel and have profound significance. There are major implications for both past and future studies in cross-cultural research as well as for practitioners who interpret and utilize the findings of such research.

How cultural values integrate with each other to trigger sustainable consumption: a cross-culture study

PurposeThis cross-culture study aims to investigate how two cultural values, collectivism (COL) and long-term orientation (LTO), integrate with each other to trigger green consumption.Design/methodology/approachUsing data from three consumer surveys in Vietnam, South Korea and Poland, this study employs polynomial regression with response surface analysis as a methodological approach to assess the complementary, balanced and imbalanced effects of cultural dimensions (COL and LTO) on consumers' green purchase intention (GPI) and behaviors.FindingsFirst, this study found that, in Vietnam, both COL and LTO had a significant positive effect on GPI. However, only COL demonstrated a significant effect on GPI in South Korea and Poland. Second, this study also revealed that, in all three countries, when COL and LTO were in agreement, the degree of GPI was higher when COL and LTO were higher. The findings also showed that an increase in the imbalance between COL and LTO integration in the Vietnam sample led to a decrease in consumers' GPI. However, this relationship was insignificant in the South Korea and Poland samples.Originality/valueThis study enriches the understanding of green purchase behavior (GPB) and its underlying cultural factors within a cross-cultural framework. In particular, it enhances the knowledge of the debated relationship between different facets of cultural values (specifically, COL and LTO) and pro-environmental behavior, shedding light on this complex relationship in the context of the three different countries.

Culture and payout policy: International evidence

The purpose of the study is to examine the effect of national culture on corporate payout mix policy (dividends and share repurchases). Using an extensive data set covering 55 countries during 1980–2018, we find that the national cultural dimension significantly affects the payout policy mix, choice, and levels. Firms in countries with high uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, long-term orientation, and indulgence vs. restraint are inclined to pay out through share repurchases. In contrast, firms in countries with low uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, long-term orientation, and indulgence vs. restraint tend to pay out through dividends. Our findings are robust to control for firm and country characteristics, alternative payout ratios, different culture proxies, sub-period samples, and subsamples.

Altruists will be Altruists, but What About Individualists? The Role of Future Time Perspective and Social Value Orientation in Volunteers’ Declarations to Continue Engagement in Three Time Horizons

Volunteering involves caring for the outcomes of others and typically long-term orientation so that one can achieve goals that are not always clearly visible in the short term. As with any activity, volunteering attracts people of different social value orientations—some rather individualistic, some rather altruistic. The aim of the study was to find out whether the future time perspective, which promotes thinking about future goals and planning, is linked to volunteers' declarations of the probability of them continuing volunteering in a month, year, and three years and whether this link is moderated by social value orientation. An online questionnaire-based study was performed on a sample of 245 volunteers. The results indicated that the higher the social value orientation, the greater the predicted probability of continuing volunteering. Future time perspective was related to the predicted probability of continuing volunteering in all investigated time horizons only when volunteers had a more individualistic than altruistic social value orientation. Younger age and longer experience with volunteering were also linked to the predicted probability of continuing volunteering in a year and three years (but not in one month). The results show the importance of social value orientation and future time perspective for more individualistic volunteers in their willingness to volunteer further. The study has practical implications for organizations' management, who should consider developing cooperation skills in their volunteers. For competitive volunteers, they may also highlight how challenges could make an impact in the future so that they intend to remain active.

Moderating effects of cultural values on the relationship between individual values and pro-environmental behavior

Although numerous studies have highlighted the significance of pro-environmental behavior in mitigating environmental degradation the tourism and hospitality industry, there is a scarcity of research that examines how individual values influence behavior within the context of cultural impact. Drawing on value-attitude-behavior model and social cognitive theory, this study investigated the impact of perceived hedonic and utilitarian values on pro-environmental behavior through the mediating role of supportive attitude toward tourism and the three-way moderating role of long-term orientation and individualism. To empirically test the above-mentioned relationships, 525 questionnaires were used. Confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis were performed using AMOS and PROCESS Macro SPSS. The findings showed that perceived hedonic and utilitarian values, through supportive attitude toward tourism, significantly increased pro-environmental behavior. There was also an interaction effect of perceived hedonic and utilitarian values on supportive attitude toward tourism with the three-way interaction effect of cultural values, including long-term orientation and individualism. This study is expected to make important academic and industry contributions to the hospitality industry by highlighting the significant impact of cultural values on the relationship between individual values and sustainability.

Tell me about your culture, to predict your tourism activity preferences and evaluations: cross-country evidence based on user-generated content

ABSTRACT This study extracts user-generated content from Tripadvisor to understand the relation between national culture with tourists’ preferences and evaluations of activities at destinations. Travel reviews were analyzed to measure the tourists’ preferences for three types of tourism activities using machine learning methods. Multiple regression analysis was used to investigate the relations between Hofstede's cultural dimensions, tourists’ preference and evaluation of tourism activities. Findings show that national culture significantly relates to tourists’ preferences for only one type of activity (i.e. participatory), while it does significantly relate to tourists’ evaluations of all three types of tourism activity (sightseeing, participatory, and ancillary activity). Tourists’ cultural dimensions are found to have differential relations with tourists’ evaluations of tourism activities. Power distance, individualism, and masculinity have positive relationships with tourist evaluation. Conversely, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, and indulgence are negatively related to tourist evaluation. The study concludes by discussing the theoretical and practical implications.

National Culture and Financial Capability: A Global Perspective

The origins of financial capability assessed at the country level can be traced back to the socio-economic and quality of life factors. However, the role of national culture should be considered equally important. Hence, differences in national culture are hypothesized to correlate with average financial capability levels at the country level. This study attempts to answer an important question: What is the relationship between culture and financial capability at the country level? The data for this study originate from four diverse sources provided by the World Bank (two datasets), United Nations, and Hofstede Insights. The final dataset includes data from 137 countries. As a measure of financial capability, we use an aggregate index combining financial behavior (account ownership) and financial knowledge. Culture is measured using six dimensions of national cultures from Hofstede Insights: Power Distance, Masculinity, Uncertainty Avoidance, Individualism, Long-Term Orientation, and Indulgence. The results show that certain dimensions of culture are strongly correlated with financial capabilities at the country level even after controlling for the level of economic development. Positive relationships between financial capability and three cultural factors—Individualism, Long-Term Orientation, and Indulgence—are noted. In addition, Uncertainty Avoidance is negatively associated with financial capabilities. The observed relationships are non-linear. Specifically, Individualism and Long-Term Orientation are positive correlates of financial capability up to a certain level (the score of 75 and 50, respectively, on the scale 0–100), Individualism is a positive correlate starting at the score of 25, while Uncertainty Avoidance is a negative correlate up to the score of 75.

Geert Hofstede'nin kültürel boyutları dünya çapındaki pandemi istatistikleriyle ilişkili mi?

The COVID-19 pandemic, which started in China in 2019 and was seen in many parts of the world in a short time, has affected individuals and communities with quarantine and public health regimes. Like every event that has taken place at the global level, the COVID-19 pandemic has affected societies differently, and societies have different attitudes and reactions to the pandemic. Many historical, political, and economic factors can influence societies' attitudes and behaviors toward events. Culture is important, perhaps the most important variable in the context of the lives of societies and individuals, their attitudes toward social developments, and their behavior. The dimensions of culture, theorized by Geert Hofstede, compare societies in five dimensions, provide information about the lives of societies, and help predict possible behavior. This study examines the relationship between the statistics of total cases, total deaths, new cases, new deaths, total cases per 100,000 people, total deaths per 100,000 people, new cases per 100,000 people and new deaths per 100,000 people from the pandemic statistics published continuously during the COVID-19 pandemic and the cultural dimensions determined by Hofstede. For this purpose, pandemic statistics of the 100 countries with the highest number of cases on 7 dates during the COVID-19 pandemic were taken as a sample and analyzed with Hofstede's culture dimension scores. At the end of the study, it was revealed that there was a significant inverse correlation between the power range and long-term orientation scores of the countries and the COVID-19 statistics. In contrast, individuality and uncertainty avoidance scores correlated significantly with COVID-19 statistics. The findings related with high uncertainty avoidance may be explained by Extended Parallel Process Model. No significant correlation was found between countries' masculinity scores and COVID-19 scores. As a result of the study, it was revealed that there were significant relationships between the cultural dimension scores of the countries and the COVID-19 statistics.

THE IMPACT OF CULTURAL DIMENSIONS ON ONLINE STORE LOYALTY

Although online stores operate internationally for an already long time, the impact of cultural differences on them only recently gained interest. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of cultural dimensions on loyalty to online stores. It is based on a systematic analysis of 10 core databases that included 3,557 articles published between 2000 and 2020. Using PRISMA steps, 116 articles, totalling around 56,000 respondents from 25 different countries across all continents, are included in the meta-analysis. The results extend theoretical knowledge by showing that uncertainty avoidance harms customer loyalty, while masculinity has a positive impact. Additionally, it is found that loyalty is lower in countries with a low level of long-term orientation and higher in countries with a high level of power distance or a low level of indulgence. Lastly, individualism has no impact on the level of loyalty. Theoretical and managerial implications are also presented.

Floor Area Ratio (FAR) and Sustainable Urban Living Observing Data Using Urban Modeling Interface (UMI) Case Yogyakarta Indonesia

Floor area ratio (FAR) is a measurement, expressed as a decimal, that describes the total amount of usable floor space in a building compared to the size of the lot that the building is on. FAR using by building planner to maintain development standards and guide or restrict the development of local communities. In many cases FAR is an element of sustainability in urban environments so that residents are able to survive in a limited land environment. The FAR value is set locally by the local government. This research was conducted in one of block area of the urban in the center city of Yogyakarta, namely Malioboro. The measurement results with the urban modeling interface (UMI) software show that urban living in this area has a FAR value below the existing reference standard of 4.00. Averarge FAR is 1.125. This means that the formations of urban living still very suitable for habitation. It could be that the FAR value of 4 is a long-term orientation to maintain the quality quality of urban living dan sustainability.

How Do Consumers React to Production Waste?

Abstract Production waste, or inefficiencies in product manufacturing, is a major contributor to environmental problems. Consider production waste in garment manufacturing—which has been criticized for wasteful use of natural resources (e.g., using excessive water and fabric) and wasteful disposal of resource residuals (e.g., discarding excessive wastewater and fabric scraps). The present research examines consumer reactions to production waste and its mitigation as a function of whether it is characterized in terms of resource use versus disposal. A series of seven studies (including field and secondary data) finds that (i) consumers are less sensitive to wasteful resource use than disposal due to lower perceptions of environmental harm; (ii) likewise, consumers are less sensitive to waste mitigation targeting resource use than disposal due to lower perceptions of environmental benefit; and (iii) these waste reaction differences are attenuated when resource scarcity or long-term orientation is heightened (which increases consumer sensitivity to resource use). Together, this research sheds light on how, why, and when consumers are averse to production waste, while providing guidance regarding interventions focused on fighting production waste and promoting sustainability.