Long-term Evolution Applications Research Articles

Printed Dual Band Antenna with Parasite Elements for LTE and 5G Applications

A printed antenna for long-term evolution (LTE) band (1.71–1.755 GHz) and 5G band (3.3–3.8 GHz) has been investigated in this article. A balanced feeder line is employed to feed the radiating element at the 5G band of operation, which becomes a radiator at the LTE band. The measured reflection coefficient (S11≤−10 dB) bandwidth is 6% (LTE band: 1.67–1.776 GHz) and 30.76% (5G band: 2.875–3.92 GHz). This antenna radiates with a gain of 3.25 dBi at the LTE band in the broadside and 6.5dBi at the 5G band in the end-fire direction. An open-ended tuning stub is used to tune out the reactance of the radiating element to enhance its radiation and act as a reflector to enhance the directivity in the 5G band. The printed parasite strip forces the beam towards the axial direction (end-fire) and enhances the gain in the 5G band. Both bands form an orthogonal radiation pattern. This antenna can also be utilized for WiMAX (3.5 GHz) band applications.

Combined Shark-Fin Rooftop Antenna for LTE, WLAN and BeiDou Applications

This paper presents rooftop automobile antennas designed for Long-Term Evolution (LTE), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and navigation system applications. The proposed antennas are housed within a shark-fin structure on the car’s roof, and comprise a main antenna and a diversity antenna. The main antenna and diversity antenna combine for spatial diversity, receiving and processing the same signal to optimize signal quality. To accommodate the limited space within the shark-fin housing, various miniaturization and multiband techniques are utilized. The hexagonal substrate is more closely fitted to the shape of the shark fin, thus making full use of the space of the shark-fin shell. The main antenna and the diversity antenna are perpendicular to each other, which saves the space of the overall antenna and improves the utilization rate of the overall antenna space. The proposed main antenna, compactly sized at 50 mm × 20 mm × 1.59 mm, maintains a VSWR value below 2 across the frequency range of 1.19–2.8 GHz, enabling support for LTE bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 11, 15, 16, 34, 39, 40, and 41, as well as WLAN 2400 bands. The diversity antenna maintains a VSWR value below 2 across the frequency range of 1.5–2.6 GHz, which can cover BeiDou B1-1, LTE 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 11, 15, 16, 34, 39, and 40, and WLAN 2400 bands. The main antenna and the diversity antenna both demonstrate favorable radiation patterns on the azimuth plane. Simulation and measurement results exhibit a high level of agreement.

A Low-Profile Broadband Dual-Polarized Omnidirectional Antenna for LTE Applications

In this letter, a broadband dual-polarized antenna with a very low profile and omnidirectional gain patterns is designed for 1.7-2.7 GHz Long Term Evolution (LTE) mobile communications. The designed antenna is constituted by a miniaturized tapered monopole for vertical polarization (VP) and four planar dipoles arranged in a ring for horizontal polarization (HP). The HP antenna is used as the metal ground of the VP antenna, which can avoid the feeding intersection and solve the problem of impedance matching degradation when distance between the HP antenna and the metal ground of the VP antenna is close. By sharing the partial structure, the designed antenna achieves a compact size of 110 mm × 110 mm × 13 mm and an extremely low height of 0.07 <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">λ</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">min</sub> ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">λ</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">min</sub> is the free-space wavelength at the minimum operating frequency). The design achieves an overlapping bandwidth of 45% (1.7-2.7 GHz) with an isolation higher than 20 dB. High efficiency, low cross polarization and good omnidirectivity in the horizontal plane are obtained. The designed antenna is fabricated and measured, and it performs a great consistency between the simulation and measurement.

Parametric study of a dual-band quasi-Yagi antenna for LTE application

Due to small size and lightweight properties, the development of microstrip (MS) patch antennas for wireless communication has become one of the mobile application devices in demand in recent years. This has helped to reduce reliance on wired cables. In this paper, a study has been performed on MS antenna by developing a quasi-Yagi structure on a fire retardant-4 (FR-4) substrate with a MS to coplanar strip line (CPS) transition feeding technique. The antenna is designed by using computer simulation technology (CST) to achieve the desired resonant frequency and bandwidth. The proposed dual band quasi-Yagi antenna has impedance bandwidths of approximately 0.3 GHz and 0.22 GHz resonating at 1.80 GHz and 2.60 GHz, respectively, which makes it suitable for long-term evolution (LTE) applications. Eight-director elements in four pairs are constructed to achieve directivity with magnitudes of 6 dB and 8.3 dBi at both resonant frequencies, 1.80 GHz and 2.60 GHz, respectively. Different parametric studies have also been performed to characterize the antenna radiation characteristics. The return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), front to back (F/B) ratio and far-field radiation are analyzed and discussed.

Frequency reconfigurable key-shape antenna for LTE applications

ABSTRACT This paper presents a compact dual-band reconfigurable antenna. This antenna covers the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) bands 1.9 GHz, 2.4 GHz, and 3 GHz. The reconfigurability was achieved with two PIN-diodes which provided four switching states. Both frequency and radiation characteristics have consistent results. The antenna gain was evaluated at every switching state. Results from the simulation and measurements have good agreement.

A Broadband Antenna Based on a Single CRLH TL Unit Cell and a Parasitic Strip for Sub-1GHz DVB and LTE Applications

A Broadband and slim profile antenna based-on a single composite right/left-handed transmission line unit cell and parasitic shorted strip is presented for sub-1 GHz digital video broadcasting and long-term evolution applications (470-970 MHz). It is comprised of an ungrounded coplanar waveguide that feeds a meandered strip (distributed series inductors), which is connected through capacitive coupling (series capacitance) with a virtual small ground, while an upper shorted meandered strip represents a parallel inductor. A shorted meandered strip (parasitic inductor) is added to create a third resonant frequency. A broadband operation is achieved by merging three different resonant modes frequencies (zeroth-order mode and two quarter wavelength monopole modes) to satisfy 6 dB bandwidth criterion. A prototype is constructed and measured in order to verify the achieved results. The results of reflection parameter, gain, efficiency, patterns and bandwidth efficiency product are presented, discussed, and evaluated with respect to literature. The results show that the proposed antenna is a potential candidate for recent broadband digital video broadcasting applications.

A multi-slotted antenna for LTE/5G Sub-6 GHz wireless communication applications

AbstractThis paper presents a low-profile multi-slotted patch antenna for long term evolution (LTE) and fifth-generation (5G) communication applications. The studied antenna comprised of a stepped patch and a ground plane. To attain the required operating band, three slots have been inserted within the patch. The insertion of the slots enhances the capacitive effect and helps the prototype antenna to achieve an operating band ranging from 3.15 to 5.55 GHz (S11 ≤−10 dB), covering the N77/N78/N79 for sub-6 GHz 5G wireless communications and LTE bands of 22/42/43/46. The wideband antenna presented in this paper offers omnidirectional stable radiation patterns, good gains, and efficiency with a compact size which make this design an ideal contender for wireless fidelity (WiFi), wireless local area network (WLAN), LTE, and sub-6 GHz 5G communication applications.

Photonic Antenna Design for Long Term Evolution Application

Radio over fiber (RoF) technology is an appropriate solution of transmission media a new fiber optic and cable development very high cost. The photonic antenna can crack this problem. This paper focuses on the development of the photonic antenna concept in order to integrate the antenna for long term evolution application. The proposed operating frequency range is 1.7 to 2.4 GHz which supports most of the spectrum used. The simulation of the designed an antenna by using FR-4 the substrate is analyzed by using the Microwave studio (CST). This project presents a proposed design for the Long-Term Evolution application in the close area by analyzes from the S-parameter characteristics.

An Analytical Model for Energy Harvest Road Side Units Deployment With Dynamic Service Radius in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

Due to the advantage of high data rate, low transmission delay and high reliability, the application of Long Term Evolution for Vehicle (LTE-V) has got more attention on Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). However, the fixed Road Side Units (RSUs), like Base Stations (BSs), in LTE-V have a small coverage, which need consume a large amount of energy to achieve long-distance communication. This could limit the LTE-V application in some practical situations. In this paper, we introduce Energy Harvest Road Side Units (EH-RSUs) in some low frequency service area instead of fixed-point RSUs (BSs) to reduce the cost of deployment and maintenance. Different from fixed-point RSUs with the wired electricity sources, EH-RSUs are powered by themselves and the service time is affected by battery capacity, charging speed, service radius and communication load, which need to be considered comprehensively. To solve these problems, we construct an EH-RSUs deployment model framework based on communication load conditions. Then, on the basis of this framework, we propose an optimization problem to minimize the deployment and operation cost of EH-RSUs and fixed-point RSUs, where the service radius of the EH-RSUs are taken as an optimization variable. Finally, a pre-deployment algorithm is proposed to solve the optimization problem. Simulations evaluate the validity of our proposed method. The results show that the energy consumption with the proposed method could be reduced to 60% compared with only fixed-point RSUs deployed.

Miniaturised LTCC diplexer with low insertion loss for LTE application

A novel multilayer diplexer with low insertion loss and high selectivity for long-term evolution (LTE) application is proposed through the combination of two quasi-lumped element filters. Based on the equivalent circuit of the diplexer, the locations of the transmission zeros can be adjusted separately by changing the component value of each channel, thus high isolation level and wide stopband can be achieved simultaneously. Furthermore, the diplexer has an extremely compact size of 1.6 mm × 0.8 mm × 0.5 mm by using low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) multilayer technology.

Integrated 4G/5G Multiservice MIMO Antenna for Hand-Held Devices

A novel compact monopole antenna with integrated services for 4G/5G application has been proposed in this manuscript. The 4G services such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) and GSM 850/900 is provided by the primary antenna of size 45 × 15 mm. The 5G communication services are supported by the auxiliary antenna of size 19 × 15 mm. The monopole radiator with the combination of multi-branch stubs and meandered structures in the primary radiator introduces the resonance at the desired operating frequency. The impedance bandwidth of the primary antenna is 170 MHz (0.8–0.97 GHz) and 900 MHz (1.8–2.7 GHz) for LTE and GSM applications. The impedance bandwidth of the auxiliary antenna is 7 GHz (13–20 GHz) for 5G application bands. To achieve the desired operating bands, the length and width of the stubs are used as the tuning parameters. The large ground plane of size 200 × 150 mm is used as the mock-up system for the proposed antenna structure. To enhance the coverage of the handheld devices, the primary and auxiliary antenna is integrated in the mock-up system. The efficiency and gain of the antenna are in the range of 3–5 dBi and 70–96%. The simulated and measured results are correlated with each other.

Capacity evaluation for LTE applications considering queue overflow

In this study, the authors evaluate the capacity by summation of granted bit rates in their proposed quality of service-aware scheduling strategy for long term evolution (LTE). To provision differentiation, the scheduling technique prioritises the queues for high priority (HP) applications against their low priority (LP) counterparts. Fairness, on the other hand, is supported by considering queue overflow of LP applications. They utilised the principles of a random variable to derive equations for the capacities offered by their method and used the token bucket technique to address the principle of the guaranteed-bit-rate for HP applications, referring to the guaranteed capacity in LTE. Experimental findings confirm that their strategy could extend the capacity granted to LP applications and simultaneously maintain the capacity condition for HP applications. The results also show relative improvement and acceptable degradation in the capacities granted to the LP and HP applications in their scheme when compared with other methods.

Performance evaluation of video streaming on LTE with coexistence of Wi-Fi signal

The continuous growth in mobile data traffic and limited license wireless spectrum have led to dramatically increase the demand of the radio spectrum. It is widespread the concern about the coexistence of long term evolution (LTE) and Wi-Fi in the unlicensed band. There are several techniques have been proposed to enable the coexistence of LTE and Wi-Fi in the unlicensed band, but these works are targeted on the impact of the LTE to the Wi-Fi network performance. An experiment is carried out in this work to evaluate the impact of Wi-Fi signal on the video streaming in the LTE network. The experimental test comprised of the national instrument (NI) universal software radio peripheral (USRP) 2953R that is controlled by the LabVIEW Communication LTE application framework. Extensiveexperiments are carried out under two scenarios, i.e. (1) Coexistence of LTE and Wi-Fi signal, (2) LTE signal only. Performance evaluations are carried out with different Modulation and coding schemes (MCS) values and different mode of operations, i.e. frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD) mode. The results illustrated that the interference from Wi-Fi signal caused the performance degradation of the LTE network in throughput and the power received by user equipment (UE).

Optimal Features-based Channel Selection and Neural Network Learning for LTE applications

Nowadays, the number of internet users is increasing vastly. Hence, predicting the number of channels for user’s communication is a major task. Therefore, scheduling of all traffic flows within the communication services in Long Term Evolution (LTE) scheduling is done by verifying the channel information and user availability in the network. In view of that, this paper proposes a novel feature extraction and classification method to evaluate the user availability status and the channel information for the betterment of communication within the LTE network. For preprocessing, we present a Fast Independent Component Analysis (FICA) method which incorporates dimensionality reduction in the given input feature data during the training course. In this work, feature extraction algorithm is used to extract the network feature and its degree of angle by means of distance between the features set. Subsequently, analyzes the extracted categories of network architecture by the analyzing weight value of that attribute based on the responses. As a result both the feature identification and framing of network structure increases the performance of data mining analysis. Hence, proposing a novel optimization technique like Particle Connected Cuckoo Search (PCCS) optimization algorithm for selecting the best features in the training feature set. Based on the extracted features, the classification method is performed in order to predict the network category by using Multilevel Neural Network (MLNN) classification technique. At this point, a novel kernel model for classification process is incorporated to reduce the time complexity. After that, the information is passed to the LTE scheduling system for providing enhanced communication. The comparative analysis between proposed techniques with the existing methods such as naive Bayes, stacking C, DTNB, random forest, J48, Ridor, decision table, zero R, grading in terms of accuracy, RMSE, CCI, ICI assures that the effectiveness of the proposed MLNN classification method.

A Novel Dual-Band Dipole Antenna for WLAN and LTE Applications

In this letter, a dual-band dipole antenna, both in the strip and the wired structures, for possible 4G long-term evolution (LTE) and wireless local area network (WLAN) applications is presented. The proposed antenna bandwidth covers the low and the high bands of WLAN (2.4 GHz, 5 GHz) and TD-LTE (1880–2655 MHz) in dual-band frequency, the impedance bandwidth in the low and the high bands are 63% (1.6–3.1 GHz) and 15% (4.75–5.55 GHz) respectively. The omnidirectional radiation patterns are desirable for WLAN and LTE communications. The maximum gains of 6.23 dBi and 5.13 dBi in both WLAN bands are adequate for stable gain applications. To avoiding the dissemination of the outer surface of the coaxial cable a copper cylinder is employed as a balun. Simple structure, use of printed circuit technology and FR4 material in the construction of the proposed antenna make it economical and easily-fabricated. The proposed antenna is also designed with the wired structure for similar purposes. Finally, the strip prototype of the antenna is implemented. Experimental results along with the simulation results have validated the merits of the proposed antenna involving simple and inexpensive structure, simultaneously covering WLAN and LTE frequency bands and almost high and stable gain in both bands.

LTE and GPS based Deca Band Printed Antenna for Cellular Mobile Handset Communication Applications

This paper presents novel mobile phone antenna for radiations simultaneously in ten frequency bands for applications of LTE (Long-Term Evolution), GPS (Global Positioning System), GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), PCS (Public and Commercial Services), DCS (Distributed Control System), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) and WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access). The antenna demonstrates novel characteristics for resolving the challenge of simultaneous radiation capabilities for the GSM and GPS applications with frequencies of 850/900 and 1575 MHz respectively, along with resonances at frequency band of 700 MHz for LTE applications, 1800 and 1900 MHz for PCS and DCS applications, 2100 MHz for UMTS applications, 2400 and 2500 MHz for LTE applications and 3300 MHz for WiMAX applications with S11 = - 6 dB matching criteria (VSWR 3:1). The antenna architecture comprises top and bottom copper layers embedded with monopole radiating element, branch line, slots and various stub lines. The desired operating bands are achieved in a compact area with overall dimensions of 0.8x60x120 mm for the height, width and length respectively of the antenna providing suitable platform for mobile handset applications. Omni-directional radiation pattern characteristics are achieved throughout the range of frequencies by designing the proposed antenna in monopole configuration. Proposed antenna is fabricated and results for the surface currents, s-parameters and 3D (Three-Dimensional) gain plots are illustrated for the proof of concept.

A Triple Band Hybrid MIMO Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna for LTE Applications

In this paper, a triple band Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna (RDRA) designed using hybrid techniques for Long Term Evolution (LTE) applications is investigated and presented. The proposed MIMO antenna can transmit and receive data independently by covering LTE Band 8 at 0.9 GHz, LTE Band 3 at 1.8 GHz, and LTE Band 40 at 2.3 GHz. Hybrid technique is adopted in this design by combining a meander line antenna with an RDRA to realize multiband operation. Meander line antenna has been proposed over the long vertical microstrip feeding line at 0.9 GHz, to employ a size reduction in the antenna, while two modes of RDRA are applied in this design: $TE_{1\delta 1}^{y}$ mode at 1.8 GHz and $TE_{2\delta 1}^{y}$ mode at 2.3 GHz. The proposed MIMO antenna has been fabricated and experimentally tested. The measured impedance bandwidths ( $S_{11}$ <-10 dB) for the three stated bands are 4.40%, 11.36%, and 2.54% at Port 1, respectively and 5.47%, 10.54%, and 3.43% at Port 2, respectively. Measured isolations of −15.3 dB, −17.8 dB, and −47.0 dB are obtained at each described frequency, respectively. The performance of the proposed MIMO antenna is further validated using over-the-air LTE downlink throughput test. Throughputs of 93.16 Mbps, 93.01 Mbps, and 87.30 Mbps have been achieved for 0.9 GHz, 1.8 GHz, and 2.3 GHz, respectively, using 64 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). In this regard, it is conceived that the proposed MIMO antenna can be a good candidate for LTE applications due to the validated excellent throughput performance.

Mutual coupling reduction with a novel fractal electromagnetic bandgap structure

This work shows the effect of a novel fractal-based electromagnetic bandgap (FEBG) structure between dual planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) elements. The FEBG structure without any shorting pins builds on a well-known fractal structure called Sierpinski carpet, where two iterations have been applied as a uniplanar EBG between dual PIFAs elements to increase the isolation. The proposed antenna can operate at ~2.65GHz for wireless long-term evolution application with compact design dimensions. The simulations are carried out with Ansoft HFSS ver. 17.0. The second iterative order FEBG band-gap characteristic is verified using more computationally efficient analysis. An investigation on coupling reduction showed more than 27 and 40dB in E -plane and H -plane, respectively, between the dual antenna elements is achieved for an antenna spacing less than half wavelength. The proposed antennas with and without second iterative order FEBG are fabricated and measured. The measurement results are in good agreement with the simulated results. Moreover, the envelope correlation of antenna elements with the proposed FEBG is quite smaller than that of antenna elements without FEBG, which gives the proposed system an excellent diverse performance and suitable for the use in low-frequency narrow-band multiple-input, multiple-output applications.

Dual open-slot antennas integrated in metal frame and metal case of tablet computer for long-term evolution applications

Dual open-slot antennas were integrated in the metal back case and metal frame of a tablet computer for long-term evolution applications. The single feed dual excitation source antennas were sufficiently narrow (2 mm) for installation between the metal frame and metal back case of the tablet computer. Each antenna had two open-slot radiators (slot 1 and slot 2) with embedded filter circuits to enable wideband (699-906 and 1710-2690 MHz) operation required for LTE applications. The filter circuit values were adjusted to make the impedance more smooth and excite the desired modes. The proposed multiple-input-multiple-output antennas were installed lengthwise on the long sides of the tablet and facing in operate directions. In this configuration, the user hand grip did not interfere with antenna performance, and isolation was improved (> 20 dB). The operating mechanism of the proposed antenna with matching circuits is described in detail. The effects of the user hand grip and the embedded display panel are also discussed.

Multiband microstrip MIMO antenna with CSRR loaded for GSM and LTE applications

AbstractA multiband multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) microstrip patch antenna using complementary split‐ring resonator (CSRR) structure is proposed for Global System for Mobile (GSM) and Long‐Term Evolution (LTE) applications. The proposed antenna consists of two radiating patches with folded microstrip lines and symmetric L‐shaped slots, which are connected together with an isolation line for reducing the coupling effect between ports. CSSRs are used to enhance the isolation and to control resonant frequencies. Radiation elements of the antenna are designed for various applications such as GSM (900 MHz) and LTE (1900/2300/2600 MHz). The proposed antenna is fed by 50 Ω CPW lines. Various parameters calculated in this antenna show a return loss and an isolation of less than −10 dB and −15 dB respectively. Moreover, the gain of 2.8dBi and the radiation efficiency of 72% have been obtained for proposed antenna. The presented antenna occupying 60 × 70 × 0.8 mm3 is implemented on an FR4 substrate.