Long-range Missiles Research Articles

THE IMPACT OF PHOSPHORUS WEAPONS DURING A FULL-SCALE WAR

Due to military actions, there is destruction of Ukraine's ecosystems, deterioration of sanitary and hygienic indicators of drinking water, air, and soil. With the onset of full-scale war, the negative impact of harmful and dangerous substances (the use of chemical, phosphorus bombs, and other weapons) prohibited by the Geneva Convention leads to unforeseen consequences for the environment of Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to analyze injuries resulting from the action of white phosphorus of various types of phosphorus weapons, namely explosive weapons with a wide area of effect, mines, ammunition, long-range missiles; artillery, mortar shells, various types of grenades in the conditions of russian aggression against Ukraine. The following methods were used in the work: content analysis, comparative analysis, and systematization of the researched material. Research of scientific publications by domestic and foreign scientists using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases for the period 2001-2023 was conducted. Phosphorus munitions such as WP are known for their high effectiveness in combat operations, but also lead to serious injuries, both traumatic and post-traumatic psychological changes. White phosphorus (explosive bombs) causes burns of human body tissues upon contact with burning material, as well as burns of the upper respiratory tract due to inhalation of smoke or gases emitted during combustion. The article analyzes the regulatory framework prohibiting the use of phosphorus munitions in armed conflicts. Clinical cases of gunshot combined injuries of limbs with massive soft tissue defects, gunshot fractures, and the presence of multiple foreign bodies of metal density due to the use of phosphorus munitions are considered. An analysis of scientific research by foreign scientists on this issue was conducted. The article provides algorithms for providing first aid due to the action of phosphorus munitions, as well as methodological recommendations of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine (Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine No. 506 of March 20, 2022) for providing medical assistance at the prehospital stage in case of phosphorus munition injuries, burns, enteral poisoning, exposure to white phosphorus in the eyes.

Посттравматичний вплив фосфорної зброї: від патогенезу до лікування

With the beginning of a full-scale war, the negative impact of harmful, dangerous substances due to the use of chemical, phosphorus bombs and other weapons, prohibited by the Geneva Convention, leads to unpredictable consequences for the health of combatants and the civilian population as well. Objectives of the study is to analyze injuries caused by white phosphorus of various types of phosphorus weapons, such as explosive weapons with a wide area of damage - mines, ammunition, long-range missiles; artillery, mortar shells, various types of grenades - in the conditions of the russian invasion of Ukraine. Materials and methods. The following methods were used when performing the work: content analysis, comparative analysis and systematization of the researched material. A study of scientific publications of domestic and foreign scientists was conducted using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases for the period 2001-2023. The results. Phosphorus munitions such as white phosphorus are known for their high effectiveness in combat operations, but their use leads to serious injuries and post-traumatic psychological changes. White phosphorus after a bomb explosion causes burns to the tissues of the human body, especially when in contact with burning material, as well as burns to the upper respiratory tract due to inhalation of smoke or gases released during combustion. The article analyzes the legal framework prohibiting the use of phosphorous ammunition in armed conflicts. Clinical cases of combined gunshot wounds of the limbs with a massive defect of soft tissues, gunshot fractures and the presence of multiple foreign bodies of metallic density due to the used phosphorous ammunition were considered. An analysis of scientific research by foreign scientists on this issue was carried out. The article presents the algorithms for providing first aid due to the effects of phosphorous ammunition, as well as the methodological recommendations of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine (Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine № 506 dated 20.03.2022) regarding the provision of medical assistance at the pre-hospital stage for burns, enteral poisoning, and eye contact phosphorus as a result of damage by the phosphorus component of the ammunition.

Japan's Pacificism as National Identity and a 'Normal' Security Option

Japan faces its most serious and complex defence environment since the end of World War II. The country holds two significant security concerns: first, and critically, China’s burgeoning military, increasingly aggressive diplomacy, and destabilising actions around the Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea; second, North Korea’s continued unpredictable rhetoric and actions in its nuclear arming program and ballistic missile testing. Japan’s 2022 National Security Strategy proposes two unprecedented policy ideas to counter these threats: first, to significantly increase Japan’s defence budget; second, to acquire counterstrike long-range missile capabilities in response to an attack. Nonetheless, despite these security issues and policy developments, this article argues that formal amendment of the peace clause in art 9 of the Japanese Constitution remains unlikely. To understand the improbability of constitutional amendment, this article first explores Japan’s constitutional pacifism under the post-World War II Yoshida Doctrine and the US–Japan cornerstone security alliance, as well as the context of North Korea’s nuclear and ballistic missile threat and the emotive issue of abductions of Japanese citizens. The article then turns to Japan’s historic imperial relationship with China as an avenue to understand contemporary relations, including the key issues of trade and its link to security, and the Senkaku Islands sovereignty dispute. It concludes that formal constitutional amendment of the peace clause remains unlikely in the short to medium term.

Site-Specifically Launched Microneedles for the Combined Treatment of Psoriasis-Diabetic Comorbidity.

Psoriasis and diabetes are both common comorbidities for each other, where inflammation and insulin resistance act in a vicious cycle, driving the progression of disease through the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, disrupting the linkage between inflammation and insulin resistance by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway presents a promising therapeutic strategy for addressing psoriasis-diabetic comorbidity. Herein, an open-loop therapy was developed by integrating microneedle-mediated short- and long-range missiles to target psoriasis and diabetes, respectively. The short-range missile (curcumin nanoparticle) could be stationed in the psoriatic skin for topical and prolonged antipsoriasis therapy, while the long-range missile (metformin) is capable of penetrating transdermal barriers to induce a systemic hypoglycemic effect. More attractively, the short- and long-range missiles could join hands to inhibit the NF-κB signaling pathway and diminish inflammation, effectively disrupting the crosstalk between inflammation and insulin resistance. Pharmacodynamic studies showed that this microneedle-mediated combination, possessing dual anti-inflammatory and antihyperglycemic properties, proves to be highly efficacious in alleviating typical symptoms and inflammatory response in both nondiabetic and diabetic mice with imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis models. Hence, the microneedle-mediated open-loop therapy shows great potential in the management of psoriasis-diabetes comorbidity.

Houthis in the Footsteps of Hizbullah

In the eight years since Saudi Arabia launched its military offensive against Yemen’s Houthi rebel movement Ansar Allah, much attention has been devoted to Iran’s and Hizbullah’s military assistance to the Houthis. Also important is Hizbullah’s conceptual influence on the Houthis, and the Houthis’ efforts to emulate Hizbullah. The Houthis’ strategic behaviour and communications indicate that they have attempted to succeed against Saudi Arabia in the same way that Hizbullah has succeeded against Israel: to harness their long-range missiles as a means of subjecting their stronger opponents to limitations and ‘rules of the game’. So far, the Houthis have been far less successful than Hizbullah. Nevertheless, the Houthis have become an integral part of the Iran-led ‘axis of resistance’.

АНАЛІЗ АПАРАТНИХ СИСТЕМ ОТРИМАННЯ МЕТЕОРОЛОГІЧНОЇ ІНФОРМАЦІЇ ДЛЯ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ СТРІЛЬБ НАЗЕМНОЇ АРТИЛЕРІЇ

The article of a general nature notes the factors that affect the combat effectiveness of artillery systems (AS), provides an analysis of hardware systems and complexes used to obtain meteorological information by foreign and domestic meteorological complexes, and also notes the role and place of factors that are subject to the resolution of issues regarding increasing the efficiency and reliability of obtaining meteorological information. The transition to new long-range missile and artillery systems of domestic production (Vilkha, Bureviy, Berest, Verba, Bohdana) as well as means of fire damage to the enemy of Western production (HIMARS, Krab, M109 Paladin, Zuzana, M119, M777) requires particularly accurate received diagnostic information regarding the meteorological parameters of the atmosphere. Therefore, a number of requirements are put forward to aerological observation systems, namely: increasing the accuracy of providing meteorological information; reduction of time for obtaining meteorological information; ensuring interference protection from the influence of the enemy; improvement of correction calculation software, etc. Even the use of modern high-speed computer systems in the preparation of operational data, capable of ensuring the effective performance of combat tasks by artillery, is unable to fully solve the problem of aerial measurements of ground artillery fire, since it is very difficult for all possible combinations of physical situations and initial conditions. So, if the results depend on several dozen input parameters, it is difficult to even tabulate them and present them in a user-friendly form. It was noted that, for this purpose, the deployment of the system of aerological sounding of the atmosphere, which consists of an information reception and processing point and a radiosonde launch point, should be ensured as a priority. Keywords: stations of receipt of meteorological information, ground artillery, radiosonde, digital meteorological model, amendments, on declining of meteorological terms, transports vehicles, point of reception and treatment of information.

The South Korea—North Korea Peaceful Reunification Initiative: An Analysis

The South Korea-North Korea relation has always been full of tensions since the end of the Second World War. Those tensions can turn into military conflicts any time which might me detrimental to regional stability and international peace. In such a situation South Korea and North Korea have been negotiating for a peaceful reunification for the previous two decades. But the South Korea-North Korea relation has not been normalized yet. In addition, North Korea has been continuously increasing nuclear weapons reserves and long-range missiles production. As a result, the South Korea-North Korea relation remains full of tensions. The objective of this research is to study the real scenario of South Korea-North Korea peaceful reunification initiative. This research study identifies the progress and limitations of the South Korea-North Korea reunification process. It is evident from the present research study that both of South Korea and North Korea want a peaceful reunification in the Korean peninsula. But there are many domestic, regional and international challenges. The South Korea- North Korea peaceful reunification is plausible if those challenges are resolved.

탐색기 시야각 제한을 고려한 장거리 공대공 유도탄의 중기 궤적최적화

This paper describes a midcourse trajectory optimization for long-range missiles with a seeker field-of-view limit. Trajectory optimization is performed using convex programming, which is effective for real-time applications. Field-of-view limit, minimum dynamic pressure, and angle-of-attack limit are considered as path constraints. The terminal velocity is used as a performance index to ensure maneuverability in the terminal homing phase. The discontinuity of dynamics at the end of boost time is solved by separating the flight phase into a boost phase and a glide phase. The nonlinear dynamics are converted to input affine form using new input variables and partially linearized. The admissible input set is relaxed into a convex set through lossless convexification. Slack variables are introduced in the quadratic trust region and linearized path constraint, where they are augmented into the performance index for robust convergence. The transformed dynamics are discretized through a pseudo-spectral method and optimal trajectory is obtained using sequential convex programming. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method are verified through numerical simulation.

Integrated Aerodynamic and Trajectory Studies of a Long-Range Morphing Missile

A morphing missile aims to get optimal flight performances at different flight conditions by a variable aerodynamic shape according to the requirements of multiple missions. For a long-range missile with morphing wings, an integrated method with a morphing geometry, an aerodynamic analysis, and a trajectory simulation program was studied for a wider range. The morphing configuration was designed to improve aerodynamic properties by variable-sweep wings. Those aerodynamic features were then divided into three parts, including both flight Mach numbers and lift-to-drag ratios through detailed aerodynamic analyses. Based on such classifications, we first proposed the combination rules to morph by combining the maximal lift-to-drag ratio with the minimal drag or the maximum pitching moment gradient coefficient. The trajectory simulation program used within the gliding and morphing strategies was then launched. Our results demonstrated both strategies were beneficial for extending the attack ranges of long-range missiles subject to the constraints of stabilities and variable flight conditions. The gliding strategy provided 119.5–45.6% increases in range over the baseline geometry; the morphing scheme also succeeded in increasing the range over the deployment of the gliding strategy by an additional 20.7–46.8%.

MISSILE POSITION ESTIMATION USING UNSCENTED KALMAN FILTER

Missiles are military rocket weapons having an automatic control system to locate its targets or adjust its direction. Indonesia itself, which is a country of archipelago, covers air area of its largest territory, followed by sea area and land area. Logically, the existence of missile defense equipment (the main weapon system) or precisely the type of long-range missile is acceptable to support the defense and security of the Republic of Indonesia, but its consequences to be operated in the territory of Indonesia itself, in case of an occufanct of an error in targeting the target, will fall on of harm to its own national territory. Therefore, trajectory estimation for guided missiles is the basic requirement for guided missiles to be aimed at the precise targets. The trajectory is used as a guide to direct that the missile reach the target by following the given path. To maintain the accuracy of the trajectory continuously, the missile trajectory estimation was made by using Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) Algorithm. This algorithm was used to estimate nonlinear dynamic models The simulation results showed that the UKF method was effective, showing the accuracy of 97% by the UKF method

Iterative Control Framework with Application to Guidance Control of Rockets with Impulsive Thrusters

In contrast with traditional control techniques that require a priori verification of complex mathematical conditions, in this paper, we develop a fundamentally new framework of control logic that can be readily applied to a general class of nonlinear systems. Our approach, called the Iterative Control Framework (ICF), uses a novel control logic to guarantee the stability of a closed-loop system without a priori verification of Lyapunov-like conditions. The underlying idea is in repetitive reconfiguration of the control vector provided by a computational routine running in the background in real time during each iteration. The control approach is applicable to a broad class of complex nonlinear systems but is particularly suitable for systems inherently admitting only control action of finite-time duration such as short- and long-range missiles, satellites, and spacecrafts. In this work, we focus on the application of ICF to guidance control of rockets and missiles where actuation is provided via single-use thrusters.

The Cuban Missile Crisis after Sixty Years

The sixtieth anniversary of the Cuban missile crisis is an appropriate time to review the events—arguably the closest the world has come to nuclear war—from the perspective of 2022. Growing tensions between Moscow and Washington and increasing Cuba emphasis in US domestic politics preceded the confrontation. Analysts differ on motives for placing long-range missiles in Cuba; Soviet officials consistently emphasized the defense of the island. We know now that nuclear war was even closer than realized at the time. This article is a revision of one that appeared in the Winter 2013 issue.

THE INTRODUCTION OF NET-PLATFORM-CENTRIC WARFARE IN THE CHINESE ARMY (PLA)

It is no surprise that just like the previous years, this year as well China has expanded its military budget, put another ship to sea, demonstrated new weaponary at the military parade, etc. For the last two decades, all the combat arms of the Chinese army has been developing at a high rate. Many authors claim very specific reasons for the Chinese armaments especially highlighting the conflicts with its immediate neighbors. From a geopolitical point of view, an interesting balance of power is being formed in the East. It’s been several years now that there are some precise problems in China-Japan conflict related to the power over some islands. China actively builds artificial islands which can serve as military bases far away from its shores approximately at an operative depth. And this matter deeply concerns the Philippines and Vietnam. In this light, it would be very interesting to study the balance of forces in the region and to analyze the American military doctrine on the one hand and the Chinese specific military and military-political attempts to appose it on the other hand. It is common knowledge that in political and professional circles in the USA are concerned about the actions and capabilities of China and Russia, which can considerably restrict the US access to key regions of Eurasia: Today, China and Russia have great potential to influence on the traditional American Net-platform weaponary, Air Forces, Navy, command and control networks, and even the orbital groupings. The two countries mentioned above, which are perceived as potential adversaries in the USA, strive to reach the level of the American military by all possible means and develop powerful techonologies. Russia and especially China are designing powerful satellite systems, various long-range missiles, fighter jets, UAVs, etc. New Electronic Warfare (EW) systems are being developed, to suppress or weaken the command and management systems of the US or its allies. The People’s Liberation Army (PLA) of China also has the capacity to destroy settelites, disrupt extraterrestrial intelligence, wreck command and control networks, etc. According to experts, there is no guarantee that the armed forces of the USA can ensure reliable and secure communication and conncetion during conflicts on the theater of military operations, in particular on operational and strategic levels.

The Political and Military Aspects of Creating Anti-Access/Area-Denial Systems (A2/AD): The Example Of China and Russia

Over the last two decades, China and Russia have been developing Anti-Access/Area-Denial (A2/AD) systems mainly based on long-range Air Defense, ballistic and cruise missiles, supported by Electronic Warfare and cyber-attack capabilities. Initially, these systems were used for defense purposes, but over time. it was recognized they could be also applied for imposing military situation in the specific regions and create effective response to NATO countries and their concept of conducting military operations. The main aim of the article is to asses and present the impact of Chinese and Russian Anti-Access/Area-Denial (A2/AD) systems on changes in global political relations and balance of military power. In the course of this study, the author used numerous analyzes, synthesis, comparisons and case studies methods mainly concentrated on presently operating A2/AD systems. This article undertakes the analysis of the Chinese bases located in the South China Sea and Djibouti, Russian A2/AD systems within Russia's borders with particular emphasis on Kaliningrad Oblast, and A2/AD systems in Crimea and Syria created as part of Russian military operations. This research allowed us to conclude that some of the A2/AD systems serve to defend borders, while the rest are created to influence the geopolitical and military situation or to gain an advantage in the area of military operations. It can be also evaluate that the use of these systems allow dominate future conflicts because they enable to establish a full control zones which are completely closed for opponents forces operations.

A perspective on UNSCOM culture

ABSTRACT In this article, the author – who served as special adviser to UNSCOM’s executive chair and spokesperson for UNSCOM for nearly four years – focuses on the way in which UNSCOM’s organization and culture evolved to adapt to its mission to destroy, remove, and render harmless Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction and its long-range missiles.

The role and place of artillery in combating “Anti-Access/Area Denial” A2/AD systems

The modern “Anti-Access/Area Denial” A2/AD systems are defined as a combination of all possible measures that can limit the ability of a potential opponent to enter and occupy a given area (operational theatre). Their action relies, among others, on radio-electronic disruption of digital guidance systems, communication, command and control systems, shooting down long-range maneuvering missiles, drones, and aircraft. The primary assumption of the anti-access concept is to deprive the enemy of the possibility of entering a given operational area (A2 – Anti-Access) through long-range destruction and depriving them of freedom of action in that theatre (AD – Area-Denial) by medium and short-range weapons. The Surface-to-Air Missiles (SAM), Anti-Ship Ballistic Missiles (ASBM), and Anti-Ship Manoeuvring Cruise Missile (ASCM) are used to carry out A2/AD tasks. Field artillery has also been used recently, particularly the Long-Range Precision Fires (LRPF). The purpose of the article is to determine the chance of using field artillery against the A2/AD systems. According to the authors, the NATO forces will lose control in the air in the first period of the conventional conflict with an equivalent opponent, and its rapid recovery will be a priority. Field artillery, as a weapon with ever greater possibilities of precise and deep destruction, can become a decisive factor, allowing dominance of A2/AD systems and enabling the implementation of tasks of its air-force and army aviation, as well as ground forces.

The strategic implications of layered missile defence

In a November 2020 missile-defence test, the US demonstrated that the SM-3 Block IIA missile could destroy a target representing an intercontinental-range ballistic missile (ICBM). This was the first time a ship-based missile has intercepted an ICBM-class target, and the success of the test has given proponents of missile defence an opportunity to argue that the SM-3 should be integrated into the country’s existing defences against long-range missiles. Critics argue that this step could threaten crisis stability in a potential conflict between the US and China or Russia.

Solving the Strategic Equation: Integrating Missile Defense and Conventional Weapons in U.S.–Russian Arms Control

With the New START treaty extension, Moscow and Washington are on course for new arms control negotiations. The unprecedented breadth of the strategic bilateral agenda issues means that any future talks would entail extensive linkages and trade-off s in various spheres. The article explores two of the domains that would inevitably have to be addressed in future negotiations – missile defense and strategic conventional weapons. Missile defense was an integral part of U.S.–Russian arms control from early on, most prominently reflected in the ABM treaty of 1972. However, a deep look into the current state and trajectory of U.S. missile defense developments suggests that instead of focusing on the “strategic” interceptors in the continental U.S., the aim should be on regulating new mobile systems, which pose a more significant threat to the strategic stability and might be more amenable to limitations. Strategic conventional weapons are less clearly defined, and there is less arms control experience with dealing with them. On occasions where they were subject to arms control regulations, they were either banned or included in the strategic nuclear forceslimits. With many types of strategic conventional weapons, it does not seem that a one-size-fits-all approach is feasible. Some of the newer systems might remain too niche to have an impact on strategic stability. With the most ubiquitous strategic conventional weapons – long-range cruise missiles – a framework of asymmetric limits might be considered.

The zero option and NATO’s dual-track decision: Rethinking the paradox

ABSTRACT An insufficiently understood paradox surrounded the NATO dual-track decision. This paradox was at the core of an almost classical high impact-low probability scenario which became reality with the INF Treaty of 1987, bringing NATO closer to a crisis of to be or not to be. NATO governments (except France) formally decided in 1979 that new long-range missiles in Europe were necessary but lacked political willpower to exclude the zero option, the possibility that NATO’s missile deployments may be obviated through arms control. The article analyses why this was the case, clarifies why this mattered, and draws policy implications from this crucial episode.

A Study on the Countermeasures System of North Korea's Short and Long-Range Missile Threats

A Study on the Countermeasures System of North Korea's Short and Long-Range Missile Threats