Long Period Of Growth Research Articles

The Sustainable Development and Expenditure: Revenues Nexus of the WII Fund in China

Work-related injury insurance (WII) has undergone a long period of rapid growth in China. Therefore, its sustainability, funding, and system of payments deserve serious attention. By analyzing the changes of the numbers of insured, the number of compensated, and the cumulative balance of WII Fund, this article systematically reviews and summarizes the various stages of the development of WII in China. The relationship between the WII Fund’s revenue and expenditure between 1997 and 2018 is analyzed using statistical methods, including the augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) unit root test, the cointegration test, the Granger causality test and an error correction model. Since 1996, China’s WII has been repeatedly adjusted and constantly growing. Our empirical evidence shows that there is a long-term equilibrium and cointegration relationship between the WII Fund’s revenue and expenditure. Revenue is the Granger cause of expenditure, but it does not conform to the fund-raising principle. WII Fund has a large accumulated balance over the years, which violates the principles of fund management and has caused considerable controversy. China’s WII has undergone several regulatory upgrades and management mode adjustments to better ensure its sustainable development. The fund has maintained a basic balance of revenue and expenditure. Nevertheless, at present, China’s WII Fund is facing the pressure of declining fund balance and, as such, medium- and long-term development risks deserve careful attention. As there is no sufficient literature on WII Fund management, this study is a valuable contribution to the existing body of knowledge.

Whole-genome characterization of chronological age-associated changes in methylome and circular RNAs in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) from vegetative to floral growth.

In mammals, DNA methylation is associated with aging. However, age-related DNA methylation changes during phase transitions largely remain unstudied in plants. Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) requires a very long time to transition from the vegetative to the floral phase. To comprehensively investigate the association of DNA methylation with aging, we present here single-base-resolution DNA methylation profiles using both high-throughput bisulfite sequencing and single-molecule nanopore-based DNA sequencing, covering the long period of vegetative growth and transition to flowering in moso bamboo. We discovered that CHH methylation gradually accumulates from vegetative to reproductive growth in a time-dependent fashion. Differentially methylated regions, correlating with chronological aging, occurred preferentially at both transcription start sites and transcription termination sites. Genes with CG methylation changes showed an enrichment of Gene Ontology (GO) categories in 'vegetative to reproductive phase transition of meristem'. Combining methylation data with mRNA sequencing revealed that DNA methylation in promoters, introns and exons may have different roles in regulating gene expression. Finally, circular RNA (circRNA) sequencing revealed that the flanking introns of circRNAs are hypermethylated and enriched in long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons. Together, the observations in this study provide insights into the dynamic DNA methylation and circRNA landscapes, correlating with chronological age, which paves the way to study further the impact of epigenetic factors on flowering in moso bamboo.

Scrambling and Lyapunov exponent in spatially extended systems

Scrambling of information in a quantum many-body system, quantified by the out-of-time-ordered correlator (OTOC), is a key manifestation of quantum chaos. A regime of exponential growth in the OTOC, characterized by a Lyapunov exponent, has so far mostly been observed in systems with a high-dimensional local Hilbert space and in weakly-coupled systems. Here, we propose a general criterion for the existence of a well-defined regime of exponential growth of the OTOC in spatially extended systems with local interactions. In such systems, we show that a parametrically long period of exponential growth requires the butterfly velocity to be much larger than the Lyapunov exponent times a microscopic length scale, such as the lattice spacing. As an explicit example, we study a random unitary circuit with tunable interactions. In this model, we show that in the weakly interacting limit the above criterion is satisfied, and there is a prolonged window of exponential growth. Our results are based on numerical simulations of both Clifford and universal random circuits supported by an analytical treatment.

As time went by - why is the long wave so long?

Since the end of the expansionary period after the Second War, the world economy went through a long period of mediocre growth with a major recession in 2009 and another in 2020. This period is examined following As Time Goes By, the last contribution by Chris Freeman, with the cooperation of this co-author. As a long period of readjustment after the beginning of a structural crisis is imposed by the mismatch between the capabilities of the emerging techno-economic paradigm and the socio-institutional framework, my argument is that the duration of this transition is explained by the difficult process of replacing a successful institutional setting, that which supported the post-War expansion, by the new accumulation regime that is being constituted. Instead of most of the literature on long waves, which tries to uncover some mechanics of succession of radical technological innovations, this paper addresses different questions: how does the socio-institutional adaptation proceed, and how relevant is this process to explain the length of the downswing since the turning point of the 1970s. In order to investigate such process of readjustment, the conditions for the new rule of financial accumulation are discussed, including the forms and duration of the process of selection, reproduction, and education of the elite, and changes in institutions, norms, and social networks.

Republic of Poland

After a long period of uninterrupted growth, Poland is experiencing a pandemic-induced recession, though strong policy actions have limited the damage. The economy rebounded strongly in the third quarter of 2020, but the second wave of the virus has delayed the recovery. A strong and effective policy response has supported economic activity and prevented destructive losses of employment and bankruptcies. Following the recession in 2020, Poland is well positioned for recovery. The pandemic will remain a constraint until the assumed administration of vaccines over the course of 2021. Resiliency in the corporate sector and labor markets, aided by strong policy support, should foster a strong rebound. Sizeable new EU grants would also facilitate an increase in investment and boost growth. The course of the pandemic and ultimate success of vaccines remains a fundamental risk.

The Massification of Higher Education and Income Distribution. Brazilian Experience from 1995 - 2014

Brazil has enjoyed a long period of growth and stability between the years 1995 to 2014. The macroeconomics performance outspread into the social field with an increased education coverage, decline in poverty and inequality. Within the scope of education, an especially important aspect was the massification of higher education. Since in Brazil higher education has the one that has the highest returns, a valid hypothesis would be to suppose that its massification should have contributed to the reduction of inequalities. The data we found does not support this hypothesis. Increased access to higher education seems to have had an opposite effect and soften the tendencies to equality. Every indicator we worked with in this article point to the same direction.

Exponential Ramp in the Quadratic Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev Model.

A long period of linear growth in the spectral form factor provides a universal diagnostic of quantum chaos at intermediate times. By contrast, the behavior of the spectral form factor in disordered integrable many-body models is not well understood. Here we study the two-body Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model and show that the spectral form factor features an exponential ramp, in sharp contrast to the linear ramp in chaotic models. We find a novel mechanism for this exponential ramp in terms of a high-dimensional manifold of saddle points in the path integral formulation of the spectral form factor. This manifold arises because the theory enjoys a large symmetry group. With finite nonintegrable interaction strength, these delicate symmetries reduce to a relative time translation, causing the exponential ramp to give way to a linear ramp.

Fruit Quality Properties of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Genetic Resources in Montenegro

Centuries-old generative reproduction, relatively favourable agro-ecological conditions, natural selection, and anthropogenic roles have significantly influenced the formation of a rich, heterogeneous population of common walnuts in Montenegro. This variability can be exploited by applying a positive selection of genotypes that would have good ecological adaptability and high economic value and that would not lag behind walnut varieties originating from other countries. The paper presents the results of studying 20 selected walnut genotypes from the continental part of Montenegro in a three-year period. Šeinovo variety and the Rasna selection were used as standard. The most important biological and pomological properties were investigated based on the international walnut descriptor. The basic criteria on which the selection approach was based were: late vegetation initiation, earlier date of end of vegetation, well kernel ratio, ease of kernel removal from the shell, shell texture that should be less rough, protecting the kernel, tasty kernel, light coloured kernel, and good chemical composition of the kernel. Genotypes had fruit weight between 8.43 and 13.84 g, kernel weight between 4.20 and 6.54 g, kernel ratio between 39.20 and 52.25%, oil content between 62.04 and 67.23%, and protein content between 13.91 and 19.04%. Most of the selected genotypes have the late time of leaf bud burst, and from that point of view, the BP44 and BP42 genotypes that the leafing on May 5 and 6 are especially interesting, due to avoidance of late frost. The walnut is adapted to the existing agro-ecological conditions over a long period of successful growth in this region, and most genotypes finish their vegetation earlier and are prepared to enter the period of winter dormancy. Genotypes BP09 and AN29 with their properties surpass the worldwide recognized Šeinovo, and in this region, highly valued selection Rasna. BP48 and BP50 genotypes also deserve attention due to the quality of the fruit.

Behavioral variations due to effects of day length on yield and related characteristics of some Brassica juncea L. genotypes under hot humid continental conditions

The search for new oil seed crops in the low rainfall drought Central Anatolia has attracted researchers to profitable alternative crops like Brassica species in recent years. Breeding of a suitable oilseed crop for the Central Anatolia will provide a new rotational break for controlling soil borne diseases, weeds and drought stress that are very difficult to manage with prevailing agricultural practices. Brassica juncea L. is an important oilseed crop and is newly introduced in Turkey. This study was conducted to evaluate the developmental responses to 4 different day lengths and cosequently climatic conditions to screen 38 B. juncea genotypes for some oil yield related agronomic charachterisitics under hot humid climatic conditions of Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey. It was noted that early and delayed sown genotypes had synchronization towards flowering in the month of June with 15 h 01 min to 15 h to 39 min day length photoperiod. The results showed a significant effects of sowing dates day lengths and consequently climates upon genotypes for oil yield and agronomic traits. The maximum mean crude oil yield (38.4 g m-2) was obtained from AK genotype. The results clearly describe that early sowing provides long period of vegetative growth with increased intake of photosynthates to plant sinks; that is not possible under late sowings.

Economic growth, population health and Sustainable Development Goal 8

Abstract High-income countries (HICs), including UK, Germany and Japan, are reducing CO2 output relative to economic growth. SDG8 refers to 'sustainable growth' but does not differentiate between low, middle- and high-income countries. The United Nations target is for net-zero CO2 emissions by 2050, therefore there is a strong case for exploring the implications of low or zero economic growth among HICs as a mechanism for limiting climate change. A key consideration is whether progress in population health would stall if HIC economies stopped growing. We examined headline health statistics among HIC countries for evidence of divergence in health trends. We looked for associations between trajectories of national economies and health trends over the past four decades. Age-standardised death rates were calculated from all-cause and cause-specific rates in the WHO mortality database. All-cause mortality (ACM) rates declined in parallel in UK, France and Japan, from about 700 to 400/100,000 in the period 1980-2010, with the lowest rates in Japan. Decline in the ACM rate in USA was shallower 1980-2010. In the decade of austerity following the banking crisis, the ACM rate in USA and UK stopped declining. The Japanese ACM rate continued its rapid post-war decline in the two decades of economic stagnation after 1990. Trends in Japanese coronary heart disease, stroke and cancer mortality rates, but not those for suicide, were consistently favourable in the recent period. The natural before-and-after experiment in Japan, of high economic growth in the decades to 1990, and low growth after 1990, is an example of a HIC with continuing progress in population health in a long period of low growth. Repeat measures of subjective, self-rated health from a population-based Japanese survey series (1986-2013) add to the evidence from objective mortality rate trends. Progress in population health does not need to stall if HIC economies focus on combatting climate change instead of growth.

Erosion characteristics of viscoelastic anticorrosive coatings for steel structures under sand flow

Due to the continuous erosion of anticorrosive coatings on hydraulic steel structures, the coating falls off over large areas, causing exposure and rusting of the steel structure. This process directly affects the normal use of hydraulic steel structures. To study the erosion law of viscoelastic anticorrosive coatings for steel structures in a sand flow environment, three kinds of polyurethane coatings were prepared with different proportions (A:B = 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3), and accelerated physical erosion tests of the above-mentioned anticorrosive coatings for steel structures in a sand flow environment were carried out with traditional epoxy asphalt coatings as the control group. The erosion patterns of various viscoelastic anticorrosive coatings under different erosion times, sand flow velocity and sediment concentrations under sand flow were obtained. The results show that the abrasion amount of coatings is logarithmically correlated with erosion time and exponentially correlated with sand flow velocity. Under higher sediment concentrations (4.0–8.0 kg/m3), the abrasion of the coating increases with increasing sand flow velocity. Under an erosion condition of low sediment concentration (0.5–1.8 kg/m3), the abrasion of the coating undergoes a long period of slow growth. The abrasion of the polyurethane coating is lower than that of the epoxy asphalt coating, and among the tested samples, the 1:3 polyurethane coating has the least abrasion and the best erosion resistance. Based on the results of the accelerated erosion test and the existing erosion theory, a prediction model was proposed for the viscoelastic anticorrosive coating of steel structures under sand flow, and the correctness of the prediction model was verified by the experimental results. The research results have important guiding significance for reasonably predicting the durability of hydraulic steel structures.

Smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulation of converging Richtmyer–Meshkov instability

The Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method based on the Harten–Lax–van Leer Riemann solver is improved to study converging Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI). A new density summation algorithm is proposed, which greatly suppresses the pressure oscillation at the material interface. The one-dimensional Sod problem is first simulated for code verification. Then, the SPH program is extended to two dimensions to simulate the converging RMI at a square air/SF6 interface, and the numerical results compare well with the experimental ones [Si et al., “Experimental investigation of cylindrical converging shock waves interacting with a polygonal heavy gas cylinder,” J. Fluid Mech. 784, 225–251 (2015)]. Nonlinear mode coupling and pressure disturbance are found to act evidently, causing a very fast growth spike. Performing a Fourier analysis of the interface profiles, amplitude growths of the first three harmonics are obtained. The first harmonic presents an increasing growth rate at early stages due to geometric convergence. The second harmonic experiences a long period of linear growth due to the counteraction between geometric convergence and nonlinearity, whereas the third harmonic saturates very early for stronger nonlinearity. For all three harmonics, the perturbation growth rate reduces evidently at the late stage due to the Rayleigh–Taylor stabilization caused by interface deceleration. It is found that the instability growth at early stages depends heavily on the incident shock strength, while the late-stage asymptotic growth rate is nearly constant, regardless of shock strength. It is also found that intensifying the incident shock is an effective way to produce extreme thermodynamic state at the geometric center even though it causes a faster instability growth.

Variation in the ontogenetic allometry of horn length in bovids along a body mass continuum.

Allometric relationships describe the proportional covariation between morphological, physiological, or life‐history traits and the size of the organisms. Evolutionary allometries estimated among species are expected to result from species differences in ontogenetic allometry, but it remains uncertain whether ontogenetic allometric parameters and particularly the ontogenetic slope can evolve. In bovids, the nonlinear evolutionary allometry between horn length and body mass in males suggests systematic changes in ontogenetic allometry with increasing species body mass. To test this hypothesis, we estimated ontogenetic allometry between horn length and body mass in males and females of 19 bovid species ranging from ca. 5 to 700 kg. Ontogenetic allometry changed systematically with species body mass from steep ontogenetic allometries over a short period of horn growth in small species to shallow allometry with the growth period of horns matching the period of body mass increase in the largest species. Intermediate species displayed steep allometry over long period of horn growth. Females tended to display shallower ontogenetic allometry with longer horn growth compared to males, but these differences were weak and highly variable. These findings show that ontogenetic allometric slope evolved across species possibly as a response to size‐related changes in the selection pressures acting on horn length and body mass.

AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND AGRICULTURAL INTELLIGENCE IN CHINA

China has a large population but has less arable land. With it owning about 7% of the world's cultivated land, China must feed a fifth of the world's population. Therefore, Chinese agriculture is one of the important economic hubs. This sector has developed rapidly since reforms began in rural areas in 1978. China experienced strong growth in the early 1980s, great optimism in the early 1990s, and a long period of low growth after 1995. Market reform, public investment, and technology played an important role. During this comprehensive successful process. However, this shift has also increased inequality between the agricultural and non-agricultural populations, and there are still fundamental institutional issues that need to be fully addressed. Given the relatively short development period of smart cultivation, this general review is limited because literature may be an insufficient source for understanding the recent state of smart cultivation. Since there are many key areas that are not clear about the development of smart agriculture, it is proposed to conduct future research to fill these gaps. First, the impact of information technologies is unclear, specifically, whether or how the development of information technology affects smart agriculture is unknown. Second, questions about interactions between humans and technologies await to determine answers, as information technology alone does not create value, and then there is an urgent need for both quality and quantity of research to explore and examine questions such as what is the economic return provided by agricultural intelligence and how, and what are the factors Essential to adopt and spread agricultural intelligence, and the type of institutional arrangement is the perfect choice. With regard to the unbalanced geographical distribution of smart agriculture in China, more study is needed on questions such as why and how this imbalance is occurring and how to allocate resources effectively.

Origin and transmission of bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 in China revealed by phylodynamic analysis

Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (BVDV-1) is prevalent worldwide and causes significant economic loss in animal husbandry. Since its first report in the 1980s in China, several genotypes of BVDV-1 had been reported, but an in-depth phylogenetic analysis on the BVDV isolates from China is lacking. To investigate the molecular evolution and phylodynamics of BVDV-1 genotypes circulating in China, comprehensive phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses were performed to reconstruct the origin and spatial-temporal distribution, and to trace main viral flows among different areas. BVDV-1 5′-UTR sequences from China and Mongolia were collected from Genbank, and the phylogeny was built using the maximum likelihood method. The Bayesian Skygrid was used to estimate the evolution and population dynamics of BVDV-1. Eight BVDV-1 genotypes were identified, of which 1b and 1 m are the main genotypes. The results indicated that BVDV-1 might be introduced in China in the 1960s, and after a long period of population growth, it gradually leveled off after 2010. The phylodynamic inference clearly shows a more steady BVDV-1 population growth, and the transmission of BVDV-1 may be confined to specific regions. This study will help to understand the molecular epidemiology and long-term evolutionary dynamics of BVDV-1 in China, therefore providing a scientific basis for the prevention and controlof the virus.

On the evolution of operator complexity beyond scrambling

We study operator complexity on various time scales with emphasis on those much larger than the scrambling period. We use, for systems with a large but finite number of degrees of freedom, the notion of K-complexity employed in [1] for infinite systems. We present evidence that K-complexity of ETH operators has indeed the character associated with the bulk time evolution of extremal volumes and actions. Namely, after a period of exponential growth during the scrambling period the K-complexity increases only linearly with time for exponentially long times in terms of the entropy, and it eventually saturates at a constant value also exponential in terms of the entropy. This constant value depends on the Hamiltonian and the operator but not on any extrinsic tolerance parameter. Thus K-complexity deserves to be an entry in the AdS/CFT dictionary. Invoking a concept of K-entropy and some numerical examples we also discuss the extent to which the long period of linear complexity growth entails an efficient randomization of operators.

Cabo Verde

Following a long period of high growth, improved living standards and poverty reduction that lasted through the 2008 global financial crisis, Cabo Verde has been facing the challenge of low growth until recently and high public debt, also driven by key State-Owned Enterprises’ (SOEs) losses. To consolidate recent gains and address remaining challenges, the authorities are implementing an ambitious reform agenda under their Strategic Plan for Sustainable Development (PEDS). In this context, they are requesting IMF support through a program under the Policy Coordination Instrument (PCI) for 18 months.

Bone histology of two pareiasaurs from Russia (Deltavjatia rossica and Scutosaurus karpinskii) with implications for pareiasaurian palaeobiology

Abstract Pareiasaurs were one of the main clades of large herbivorous tetrapods in Middle–Late Permian continental ecosystems. Despite abundant pareiasaur material, many aspects of their biology remain poorly known. This paper provides a description of ontogenetic changes in long-bone and rib microanatomy/histology of two Upper Permian pareiasaurs from Russia, Deltavjatia rossica and Scutosaurus karpinskii. Analysis of a growth series of bones of Deltavjatia and Scutosaurus revealed rapid and cyclical growth early in ontogeny (as indicated by fast-growing fibrolamellar bone with lines of arrested growth). This was followed by a change in the growth pattern (as indicated by an outer avascular layer of lamellar bone in the cortex) and a decrease in the growth rate after 50% of maximum body size was reached in Deltavjatia and 75% in Scutosaurus (larger body sizes in Scutosaurus were attained through an extended initial period of fast skeletal growth). The study confirms that the bones of all pareiasaurs are histologically and microanatomically uniform [spongious (porous) microstructure and a very thin compact cortex] and indicate a similar growth strategy (a short initial period of rapid and cyclical growth followed by a long period of slow growth). The microanatomical characteristics of pareiasaurs do not provide a clear indication of their lifestyle.

Autoindustrie — auf dem richtigen Weg?

The German automotive industry is facing serious problems: After a long period of growth in production and exports, it threatens to lose its dominant position as a result of international trade disputes. But the requirements of the European climate protection targets also call for far-reaching change. However, this change does not only apply to the production of cars but also to the increasing demand for mobility services. Car-Sharing and better links between public and private transport will make it easier to achieve these goals. This is probably not possible simply by using new energy and propulsion options. Nevertheless, these drastic changes also mean drastic changes in the production and distribution system.

Job polarization in the new economy in Danish cities: location, size, and the role of the public sector

ABSTRACTIn this paper we examine the geographic patterns of employment growth and employment polarization in small and medium-sized cities (SMCs) in Denmark during the rise of the new economy. The geography of employment polarization in Danish cities is examined using register-based employment data on occupations and wages divided into the public and private sectors in the period 1993–2006; it therefore covers a long period of transformation and growth in the Danish economy. We conclude that employment growth is characterized by employment polarization combined with growth in low- and high-wage employment and a decline in medium-wage employment. However, these patterns of polarization differ across the public and private sectors, as well as by geography. While local labour market (LLM) size, city position and city specialization influence the geography of private-sector employment growth and polarization, municipal population and composition influence the geography of public-sector growth patterns across wage levels. Finally, public and private employment are positively associated within SMCs, predominantly driven by the positive association between public employment and private-sector low-wage employment. However, public employment is not associated with an increase in private low-wage employment in more remote areas.