Logical Inconsistencies Research Articles

Comparison of Companionable Networking Websites on the Youth and its Impact

Person to person communication locales are increasingly well-known to the juvenile age around the world. Pakistan's biggish populace is gather of juvenile age. In this way, utilization of long range interpersonal communication locales has turned into the float among the young of Pakistan which has solid outcome on the understudy's translation and custom. Hence, this examination curve to cross examine the effect of informal community use on the university understudy's scholarly translation. Cross sectional assessment procedure has utilized in the present examination. Oneself regulated survey dispersed to the 160 understudies of two universities around open dissipated examining. The holding of the present investigation that the university understudies are utilizing unmistakable long range interpersonal communication locales which has logical inconsistency impact on the understudy's instructive presentation and propensities.

A survey of knowledge, attitude and practice of biomedical waste management among 150 nursing staff working in All Indian Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur

Background: India as a developing country is facing a lot of health care problems, with the increase in health care facilities, there is a growing concern of hazards of biomedical waste. Since the nursing staff is at the centre of biomedical waste handling, their knowledge of adequate disposal of biomedical waste is of utmost importance. So, we conducted a study regarding knowledge, attitude and practice of nursing staff working in a premier institute of western Rajasthan with respect to biomedical waste and its management.Methods: This was a hospital-based descriptive, observational study conducted in our institute in the month of October and November of 2018. Written consent was taken and pre-defined questionnaire was prepared based on a review of literature on the subject. Scrutiny was done for the data for any logical inconsistencies, skip patterns and missing values. Coding of the data was done and entered into a Microsoft Excel. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied for data analysis.Results: 150 participants took part in the questionnaire based study. The study showed that majority of participants have adequate knowledge, attitude and practice toward biomedical waste management but still, there were gaps in the knowledge and practice in essentially quite a lot of participants which should not be there.Conclusions: There is a need for strict implementation of biomedical rules at all the tiers of healthcare. There should be regular orientation programs for nursing staff and other health personnel working in the institutes.

Rules in games and sports: why a solution to the problem of penalties leads to the rejection of formalism as a useful theory about the nature of sport

ABSTRACTBernard Suits and other formalists endorse both the logical incompatibility thesis and the view that rule-breakings resulting in penalties can be a legitimate part of a game. This is what Fred D’Agostino calls ‘the problem of penalties’. In this paper, I reject both Suits’ and D’Agostino’s responses to the problem and argue instead that the solution is to abandon Suits’ view that the constitutive rules of all games are alike. Whereas the logical incompatibility thesis applies to games in which players’ actions are perfectly controlled, it does not apply to sports. This insight not only justifies the rejection of formalism as a theory about the nature of sport but it also helps explain the greater normative complexity of sports, which in turn leads to the idea that in sports ‘cheating’ should be interpreted as a genus.

Time travel without paradoxes: Ring resonator as a universal paradigm for looped quantum evolutions

A ring resonator involves a scattering process where a part of the output is fed again into the input. The same formal structure is encountered in the problem of time travel in a neighborhood of a closed timelike curve (CTC). We know how to describe quantum optics of ring resonators, and the resulting description agrees with experiment. We can apply the same formal strategy to any looped quantum evolution, in particular to the time travel. The argument is in its essence a topological one and thus does not refer to any concrete geometry. It is shown that the resulting paradigm automatically removes logical inconsistencies associated with chronology protection, provided all input-output relations are given by unitary maps. Examples of elementary loops and a two-loop time machine illustrate the construction. In order to apply the formalism to quantum computation one has to describe multi-qubit systems interacting via CTC-based quantum gates. This is achieved by second quantization of loops. An example of a multiparticle system, with oscillators interacting via a time machine, is explicitly calculated. However, the resulting treatment of CTCs is not equivalent to the one proposed by Deutsch in his classic paper [1].

The role of plotting and action schemata in the consolidation of narrative information in dramatic writing

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates how mental schemata are utilised in narrative composition by exploring the cognitive mechanisms that come into play during dramatic writing. Schemata are high-level cognitive structures that have the capacity to integrate data relations systematically, and which can organise existing information or serve as bedrocks for the acquisition of future information. In the effort to synthesise complex narrative systems where logical inconsistencies are minimised, schemata appear to hold a triple function. The first function is cognitive and explains the mental processes with which readers and viewers use existing information so to identify with the fictional characters and follow a story throughout. The second function is structural as schemas consolidate related narrative information in situations during which a decision must be made from the author for the advancement of plot; a process that is facilitated by the plotting schema. The third function supplements the second with further architectural differentiation by consolidating information pertaining to narrative activity; a process that is facilitated by the action schema. The analysis leads to the conclusion that in narrative composition correlation gives emergence to causality, and that the aim of authors must be the creation of narratives that are consistent but not complete.

Сравнительные оценки параметров целей ключевых субъектов управления российской экономикой

The paper deals with the key features of declared goals’ setting by economic agents in Russia. It is aimed at designation an approach to making a comparative assessment of public objectives of federal executive authorities, regional administrations, development institutions and major domestic companies. The authors established a set and values of goal-setting’s quality criteria for multicriteria goal analysis. It was identified that federal government’s objectives are more modernization- and long-term-oriented but less measurable than corporate ones. It is also found out that the federal state programs demonstrate logical inconsistency between goals, key performance indicators and expected outcomes. The results suggest that an approach to goal-setting in Russia is non-system-based and nonfunctional at all levels of management. These findings will be of interest to experts and scholars for improving corporate and government strategic documents’ creation.

SELF-ESTEEM, LIFE SATISFACTION AND NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT AMONG PEOPLE IN EARLY ADULTHOOD

One of the most widespread theoretical concepts in psychology and psychotherapy is the rational-emotive theory. It provides explanations of how the individual evaluates the things that happen to him or her through the system of beliefs, and this makes it different in relation to other cognitive-behavioral theories and psychotherapeutic directions. The system of beliefs can be rational and irrational. Rational beliefs are characterized by: logical consistencies, flexibility and correspond with reality, while irrational beliefs are characterized by: logical inconsistencies, absolutism and do not correspond with reality. Self-esteem is often seen as a conditional concept which implies that a person is respected on the basis of the good things that he or she has done. A healthy alternative is unconditional self-acceptance. The need for achievment has its own irrational component because a person has a constant tendency toward personal achievements that will reflect his value as being. People in their early adulthood have a number of challenges that they face in everyday life, and they are very often related to the degree that reflects the respect towards oneself, the way in which life lives and how satisfied they are, as well as the intrinsic need for achievement. What was important to determine is how irrational beliefs affect the self-esteem of an early-aged person, the connection of self-esteem with life satisfaction, as well as gaining insight into whether the need for achievment with its irrational nature influences positively or negative for people who are in early adulthood. The survey included 100 respondents aged 30 to 40, of whom 50 male and 50 female. The following measuring instruments were used: Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Life Satisfaction Scale and General Attitude and Beliefs Scale. From the obtained results, we can see the following: self-esteem is in a negative significant correlation with irrational beliefs (p < .01); self-esteem is in a positive correlation with life satisfaction (p < .01) and self-esteem is in a negative significant correlation with the need to achieve (p < .05).

Drawbacks of the bill project about supplementing article 286 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine with the norm of exemption from criminal liability and the risks of its adoption

The article analyzes the quality of the bill number 10236 dated April 17, 2019, filed by the People's Deputy of Ukraine I. O. Lapin, which proposes to amend the Article 286 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine as regards liability for violations of traffic safety rules.The attention is focused on a number of shortcomings and criminal-law risks that this bill contains. Such drawbacks are:1. The logical inconsistency of the considerations of the initiators of the bill, which, criticizing the legal uncertainty of the norms of the Road Traffic Rules of Ukraine, suggest that amendments be made not to the relevant points of the Rules, but to the Criminal Code of Ukraine.2. Failure to comply with the logical structure of the norms for exemption from criminal liability – exemption is not made dependent on the positive post-criminal behavior of the perpetrator.3. Ignoring the theoretical developments of the criminal law doctrine, according to which the conse- quences of a traffic accident may be causally related to violations of traffic safety rules imposed by several participants in traffic.4. Instead of reducing the amount of criminal liability (mitigation of responsibility) of a road accident participant who participated in the process of causing the consequences together with the others, it is unreasonable to propose complete and unconditional exemption from criminal liability.In addition to the above, the bill contains the risks of unjustified avoidance of criminal responsibility by persons who, along with other traffic participants, violated the rules of road safety and allowed the onset of traffic accidents.The research, carried out in this article, updates the problems of the quality of scientific support of the lawmaking process and the problem of criminal legal risks in law-making and law-enforcement activities, which have already been set in the domestic theory of criminal law.

The instrumental texture profile analysis revisited.

Although innovative at the time of their inception, all the historic and extant instrumental texture profile analysis (TPA) versions have serious methodological flaws. Their measured and calculated parameters, for example, "hardness," "brittleness," and "cohesiveness," bear only a remote relationship to the same properties as understood in material science and other disciplines. The TPA parameters are supposedly objective measures of the tested food's textural attributes. But because they are all specimen size-dependent, they cannot be considered intensive material properties. Also, because the arbitrary test conditions, notably the specimen and probe's geometries and the set deformation level significantly affect the TPA parameters' magnitudes, assigning them textural term leads to logical inconsistencies, making their relationship to the food's actual properties even more difficult to establish. It is doubtful that the instrumental TPA parameters indeed describe the same properties in different foods and sometimes even within the same food, as in ripening juicy fruits and certain soft cheeses. It is proposed that the TPA parameters currently in use be replaced by a list of mechanical and other physical properties determined by testing methods recognized by material scientists, such as "yield stress," "strain at failure," "stiffness," and "toughness," perhaps supplemented by a quantitative measure of "juiciness" and/or the acoustic signature's features, especially developed for the particular food. It is also proposed that instead of correlating such intensive material properties with sensory evaluations described by a predetermined sensory vocabulary, they should be used to study the distribution or spectrum of humans' verbal responses, expressed in their own chosen terms.

Statistical binning leads to profound model violation due to gene tree error incurred by trying to avoid gene tree error

Fundamental to all phylogenomic studies is the notion that increasing the amount of data – to entire genomes when possible – will increase the accuracy of phylogenetic inference. Simply adding more data does not, however, guarantee phylogenomic inferences will be more accurate. Even genome-scale reconstructions of species histories can suffer the effects of both incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) and gene tree estimation error (GTEE). Weighted statistical binning was originally proposed as a technique to assist the avian phylogenomics project in solving the bird tree of life, which has long eluded resolution as a result of both ILS and GTEE. These so-called “statistical binning procedures” seek to overcome GTEE by concatenating loci into longer multi-locus “supergenes” that are used to reconstruct a species tree under the assumption that the supergene tree set is an accurate estimate of the true underlying gene tree distribution. Here we evaluate the performance of the method using the original avian phylogenomics dataset. Our results suggest that statistical binning constructs false supergenes that concatenate loci with different coalescent histories more often than not: >92% of supergenes comprise discordant loci. Our results underscore a major logical inconsistency: GTEE – the sole justification for using statistical binning instead of standard concatenation – also makes these methods unreliable. These findings underscore the need for developing new robust frameworks for phylogenomic inference that more appropriately accommodate GTEE and ILS at a genome-wide scale.

Exploring use of incorrect terminology used in medical sciences: quest for scientific and academic verity

Scientific terminology is used in the context of academic and clinical settings and scientists create novel terms to name them. Many of such terms used in basic and clinical sciences nevertheless appear flawed, and have remained unexamined for a long period of time. Due to common usage, such inappropriate terms have gradually become part of the common language of medical science and continue to be in use. Terms should reflect scientific brevity, be self-explanatory, overcome ambiguity, provide for universal usage, and help basic science to integrate better with the clinical domain logically, correctly and practically. Despite existing efforts in standardization, a large number of non-conforming terms appear to remain in medical use. Some of these are carried on from older terminology, and others are simply the result of convenient habits and usage albeit their logical inconsistency. Words with well-known meaning in common language often pose an academic challenge due to inconsistencies in nomenclature. This study which is the first of its kind, aims at questioning a plethora of terms currently being used in the disciplines of Anatomy, Radiology, Medicine and Surgery that are inappropriate, both logically as well as scientifically, and recommends that these be dropped from the inventory of terms used in medical sciences, and replaced with terminology presented in this article that are semantically logical, scientifically valid, as well as practical. Keywords: Medical terminology, Anatomical terminology DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-6-19

Analyses of entropy generation and entransy for a Stirling cycle system based on generalized heat transfer law

In this paper, a Stirling cycle heated by a finite reservoir is analyzed and optimized with the entropy generation minimization and the entransy theory based on generalized heat transfer law. Taking the output power and the heat-work conversion efficiency as the optimization objectives, we discuss the optimization applicability of the concepts of entransy loss rate, entransy variation rate associated with work, entransy dissipation rate, entransy loss coefficient, entropy generation rate, entropy generation number and revised entropy generation number in detail. Three numerical cases are presented. The results show that both the entransy loss rate and the entransy variation rate associated with work always increase with the increase of output power, and the entransy loss coefficient always increases with the increase of heat-work conversion efficiency. However, larger entransy dissipation rate and smaller entropy generation rate do not always lead to larger output power, while smaller entropy generation number and smaller revised entropy generation number do not always lead to larger heat-work conversion efficiency, either. Therefore, with the three numerical cases discussed in this paper, we can conclude that the concepts of entransy loss rate, entransy variation rate associated with work and entransy loss coefficient are applicable for the optimization analysis, while the other parameters are not always applicable. Based on the results above, the controversy about the entransy theory is also discussed. The main problems in some negative comments of the entransy theory are summerized and analyzed, such as tampering the original text, logical inconsistency, simple repetition of academic views, renaming key concepts and even personal attacks, etc. It should be noticed that these negative comments are not real academic discussions. To some extent, the results in this paper can also be a responce to some negative comments.

Liberal democracy: An African critique

Despite the end of the Cold War and the ascendancy of liberal democracy, celebrated by Francis Fukuyama as “the end of history”, a growing number of scholars and political activists point to liberal democracy’s inherent shortcomings. However, they have tended to dismiss it on the basis of one or two of its salient weaknesses. While this is a justifiable way to proceed, it denies the searching reader an opportunity to see the broad basis for the growing rejection of liberal democracy among African political theorists. Consequently, in this article, I argue that from an African perspective, the almost hegemonic status of liberal democracy can be challenged on at least five grounds, namely logical inconsistency, impracticability due to the largely communalistic outlook of many Africans, inconsistency between affirmation and action, violation of the right to ethnic identity, and the moral imperative to assert the right to cultural emancipation. I conclude by calling upon African and Africanist political theorists to utilise indigenous African political thought, coupled with emancipatory aspects of political thought from other parts of the world, to design practicable models of democracy for contemporary African states. I further conclude that in order to promote genuine inter-cultural dialogue on democratisation, people from Western cultures ought to acknowledge the equality of all cultures, and to recognise that systems of governance are part and parcel of those cultures.

Reading Bodies: Physiognomy as a Strategy of Persuasion in Early Christian Discourse by Callie Callon

Reviewed by: Reading Bodies: Physiognomy as a Strategy of Persuasion in Early Christian Discourse by Callie Callon Colleen M. Conway Callie Callon Reading Bodies: Physiognomy as a Strategy of Persuasion in Early Christian Discourse London: T&T Clark, 2019. Pp. 173. $114.00. What might a man's hair or gait convey about his Christian moral character? Quite a bit, if early Christian writers such as Tertullian or Clement of Alexandria are to be believed. In Reading Bodies: Physiognomy as a Strategy of Persuasion in Early Christian Discourse, Callie Callon shows how early Christian writers shared the same "physiognomic consciousness" as their non-Christian contemporaries. Both Christian and non-Christian writers assumed that a person's physical characteristics, when read with skill, revealed the truth about his (or less often her) moral character. Given the work that has already been done on physiognomic texts in the ancient world, this is not an especially groundbreaking conclusion. Nor does Callon present it as such. But she is right in her observation that the use of physiognomic ideas in early Christian rhetoric has been underexamined. For this reason, the book is a valuable contribution in at least two ways. As Callon argues, attending to the function of physiognomic details offers a more nuanced understanding of early Christian rhetoric. And because physiognomic ideas were so closely linked to constructions of gender, the book is also a significant addition to gender critical studies of the early church. [End Page 677] Callon begins with an overview of the widespread use of ancient physiognomy across multiple genres, all of which was put to similar purpose, namely, "to help persuade an audience to either support or disdain the individual being portrayed" (21). Nevertheless, the meanings of physiognomic references were variable both in their application and interpretation. Here Callon also highlights a tension inherent to physiognomic thought. On the one hand, ancient authors refer to physical traits as though they are inherently natural indicators that reveal a man's true character, despite efforts he may make to conceal it. On the other hand, the fact that authors regularly offered instructions on how to walk, talk, or otherwise manipulate the body to achieve a desired physiognomic outcome, suggests that such traits were not natural as much as learned. While Callon suggests several ways by which this and other tensions might be resolved, more to the point is her claim that such logical inconsistencies did not threaten the legitimacy of the physiognomic enterprise in all of its variations. The rest of the book traces the different ways that references to the body functioned in early Christian rhetoric. Perhaps most obviously, a rhetorical focus on bodily defects added to the arsenal of ways writers could denigrate theological opponents. Meanwhile, highlighting positive physical features was useful for supporting claims of Christian moral superiority. As an example, Callon suggests that when the author of the apocryphal Acts of Peter contrasts Simon Magus's "shrill" or "weak and useless" voice with Peter's "strong" and "great" one, he is likely using physiognomic indicators to showcase Simon's effeminacy (47–49). Chapter Two details this and other examples of the use of physiognomy against so-called heretics. Chapter Three shows how writers drew on physiognomy to describe (and construct?) the ideal Christian, thereby solidifying group identity. Here Callon shows us Clement of Alexandria pronouncing on a range of physiognomic topics, including the proper grooming of hair, the necessity of avoiding the effeminate "mincing gait," not to mention tips for how to avoid sweating too much. Notable in this chapter is a section that discusses the somewhat distinctive admonitions to Christian ascetics. Both male and female should be aware of appearances, but in this case, pale faces and unkempt bodies reveal the truth of the ascetic's character and devotion. Chapter Four extends and confirms the work of Stephanie Cobb (Dying to Be Men: Gender in Early Christian Martyr Texts [New York: Columbia University Press, 2008]). Here Callon explores how physical descriptions of martyrs such as Polycarp, the Martyrs of Lyon, and Prudentius affirm their masculinity, while descriptions of their torturers were often rhetorically effeminizing. As Callon puts it, "The tortured Christian can 'win' physiognomically via bodily...

Metacognitive Inference Activity Support by Visualizing Eye-Movement Graph During Critical Reading

Although writing activities present a good opportunity to develop metacognitive skills, it is difficult for novice learners to be aware of logical inconsistencies or a lack of perspective, even in their own documents. To promote such learners’ metacognitive activities, a novel eye-movement visualization system is proposed that activates learners’ metacognitive inference activities by expanding a previously proposed framework. The system intuitively visualizes all reading processes of the expert, who critically reads the learner’s document, as a timeline graph. In addition, it has several support functions that provide information on the expert’s characteristic reading behaviors and the logical structure of documents. The initial experiment showed that the proposed graph visualization system has the potential to activate learners’ metacognitive inference activities, even after verifying the previously proposed eye-movement visualization tools. It was also confirmed that learners can generate the correction points by themselves, even in documents that they had already checked critically before submission.

Лінгвософія сучасного гумору й сатири в журналі «Перець»

The article is devoted to the analysis of linguistic means of humor and satire in Magazine «Perets». Particular attention is paid to the nuclear concepts of texts (power, social sphere, economy) around which the satirical-humorous paradigms of language are formed. Humorous-satirical effect is achieved by combining high and low styles, combining in one row of heterogeneous objects, contextual logical inconsistency, repetition of ambiguous words, accumulation of synonyms, use of the periphery of transformed folk-speaking phraseologies. The main function of laughter at the present stage of society is to minimize social stress, to adapt the society to a radical change in socio-cultural values, to maximize painless perception of daily household difficulties. The content of Magazine «Perets» remains an expression of national-intellectual humor, a testament to the moral and psychological health of Ukrainians, who, laughing, saying goodbye to the past, trying to change contemporary realities, establish themselves, and preserve universal values.It became the main illustrated satirical-humorous magazine, a manifestation of the defensive reaction of Ukrainians against various threats, authorities, authorities, the fixator of Ukrainian noble laugh culture.Since the end of the twentieth century. the edition is dominated by satirical texts with a sharply revealing character with elements of sarcasm, the defining feature of which is malleability, documentalism, exposition of important social phenomena, important social events.

A Preventive Approach for Consistent OWL 2 DL Ontology Versions

Knowledge is continually changing over time. As such, semantic modelling knowledge formalisms, such as ontologies, must follow this evolution and change accordingly. However, ontology changes should never affect consistency. An ontology needs to remain in a consistent state along the whole ontology engineering process. In the literature, most of the approaches check/repair ontology inconsistencies in an a posteriori manner. This costs time and resources. In this article, an inconsistency prevention approach is proposed. It relies on OWL 2 DL change kits, which anticipate inconsistencies upon each change request. The proposed approach predicts potential inconsistencies, provides an a priori repair action, and applies the required changes. Consistency rules are defined and used to check logical inconsistencies, but also syntactical invalidities or style issues. A protégé extension is implemented to validate the proposal.

Comparison of Models for Excess Mortality of Influenza Applied to Japan

To elucidate the social effects of an influenza outbreak, the World Health Organization recommends a concept for excess mortality attributable to an influenza outbreak. However, because several models exist to estimate excess mortality, we would like to ascertain the most appropriate of three models: the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) model, the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model, and the National Institution of Infectious Diseases (NIID) model. Excess mortality is defined as the difference between the actual number of deaths and the epidemiological threshold. The epidemiological threshold is defined as upper bound of 95% confidence interval (CI) of the baseline. The actual number of deaths might be less than the baseline, which implies inconsistent with the definition of baseline. Especially, actual deaths fewer than the lower bound of 95% CI of baseline suggest the inappropriateness of a model of excess mortality. Among 123 months during epidemic periods, the NIID model found excess mortality in 56 months, CDC model in 31 months, and SARIMA model in 35 months. Conversely, the NIID model found negative excess mortality in only 2 months, but the CDC model and SARIMA model found it respectively for 10 and 33 months. Negative excess mortality represents the logical inconsistency of the model. Therefore, NIID model might be the best among the three models considered.

Elicitation of Health-Related Utility in Perianal Fistula in Crohn's Disease.

Perianal fistulae are a common complication of Crohn's disease (CD) and pose a substantial burden on quality of life. Data capturing health-related utility associated with perianal fistulae in CD are scarce. The current study aims to value health states related to different stages of the disease to quantitatively evaluate the impact of complex perianal fistulae on CD patients' quality of life. Eight health state descriptions associated with complex perianal fistulae in CD were developed following qualitative research with patients and validation by clinicians. Following pre-testing, a survey was administered online in two samples of UK respondents: the general population and patients with CD. A choice-based valuation technique, the time trade-off (TTO), was used for direct utility measurement. CD patients also valued their current health state using the TTO. Exclusion criteria for respondents displaying logical inconsistencies were applied. Usable responses were received from 835 respondents, reflective of the UK population in age and sex, in the general population survey and 162 CD patients in the patient survey. Non-remission states were valued much lower than the remission state by both samples, ranging from 0.20 for proctectomy with a negative outcome to 0.66 for chronic symptomatic fistulae with mild symptoms. Patients currently experiencing fistulae reported lower values for current health than those without fistulae. Low utility values were assigned to the non-remission health states for perianal fistulae in CD by the general public and patients with CD. This demonstrates the high humanistic burden of inadequately managed perianal fistula in CD.

Physics of Discrete Impurities under the Frameworkof Device Simulations for Nanostructure Devices.

Localized impurities doped in the semiconductor substrate of nanostructure devices play an essential role in understanding and resolving transport and variability issues in device characteristics. Modeling discrete impurities under the framework of device simulations is, therefore, an urgent need for reliable prediction of device performance via device simulations. In the present paper, we discuss the details of the physics associated with localized impurities in nanostructure devices, which are inherent, yet nontrivial, to any device simulation schemes: The physical interpretation and the role of electrostatic Coulomb potential in device simulations are clarified. We then show that a naive introduction of localized impurities into the Poisson equation leads to a logical inconsistency within the framework of the drift-diffusion simulations. We describe a systematic methodology for how to treat the Coulomb potential consistently with both the Poisson and current-continuity (transport) equations. The methodology is extended to the case of nanostructure devices so that the effects of the interface between different materials are taken into account.