Routing Logic Research Articles

The evolution of exceptions and investigations messaging and flows

This paper aims to provide the reader with information concerning the migration of exceptions and investigations (E&I) messages from the FIN MT format to the ISO 20022 format. In addition to this format migration, there are improvements that Swift will implement as part of their Case Manager product, such as smart routing of E&I messaging, automated confirmation of receipt messages and automated reminder generation. These enhancements will bring many benefits for financial institutions, such as cost reductions, due to a decrease in the number of cases being raised (ie no need to raise a case when playing the role of an intermediary for some investigation types), increased automation due to the new, structured elements of the ISO messaging format and clear investigation types, speed of resolution due to the smart routing logic and reduction of messaging legs required and fewer processes for operators as generation of the confirmation of receipt and the reminder/chaser messages are initiated by the Case Manager rather than requiring an operator to initiate these. This paper provides an overview of the ‘As is’ and ‘To be’ message formats and flows to enable the reader to fully understand the benefits that this migration will bring and the changes that will be mandated within the industry in the E&I space.

Monolithic integrated superconducting nanowire digital encoder

Superconducting digital circuits are promising technologies that can overcome bottlenecks in both classical and quantum computation due to their ultra-high operation speed and extremely low power dissipation. Superconducting nanowire cryotrons (nTrons) are emerging as one type of superconductor switching devices, offering advantages complementary to conventional Josephson junctions. Achieving monolithic integration of a reasonable number of nTrons into a functional digital circuit is a crucial step to extend its application. In this study, we constructed a monolithic integrated nTron-based binary encoder, which includes input fanout circuits, on-chip biasing, combinational logic routing and multi-gate nTrons. This represents a monolithic nTron digital circuit comprising 137 nTron gates, 424 resistors, 274 inductors, and 164 vias developed using a two-superconducting-layer fabrication process. The performance of this monolithic nTron encoder surpasses that of our previously demonstrated circuit with discrete nTron components. The maximum bias margin is 28% for the fanout circuit and 60% for the multi-gate nTron when using a signal generator, while the minimum timing jitter is 40 ps. The total power dissipation mainly from biasing resistors is 19.6 μW, making it more power efficient than RSFQ encoders. The encoder is then packaged and connected with a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector array for demonstrating its function of addressing pixel locations. Compared to the conventional readout, the nTron encoder shows a minimum readout error rate lower than 10−4 and reduces the readout RF lines from 15 to 4. The design and fabrication technologies could enrich integrated nTron digital circuits beyond current limits and promote their applications in classical and quantum systems.

Reliable Cost Prediction and Control for Intelligent Manufacture: A Key Performance Indicator Perspective

Article Reliable Cost Prediction and Control for Intelligent Manufacture: A Key Performance Indicator Perspective Hang Geng 1,*, Alireza Mousavi 2, Nikolaos Grigorios Markatos 2, Kai Chen 1, and Xuan Gou 1 1 School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China 2 Department of Computer Science, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom * Correspondence: Hang.Geng@uestc.edu.cn Received: 10 July 2023 Accepted: 11 October 2023 Published: 26 March 2024 Abstract: Intelligent manufacturing is facing significant challenges in adapting to the ever-changing equipment, instrumentation, process and economics. Such a trend together with the pressure to reliably control and contain production costs means that frequent adjusting decisions are required to adapt to incessant volatility imposed on manufacturing systems. Under this circumstance, cost-effective and quality-guaranteed manufacturing strategies would be the most logical route to reducing production costs. In this paper, a novel dynamical cost prediction and control (CPC) model is proposed to support collective decision-making in intelligent manufacturing, where the model output is the real-time prediction of possible manufacturing costs, while the inputs are generic manufacturing key performance indicators covering inventory, product quality, production efficiency, resource utilisation and environmental impact. This proposed CPC model distinguishes itself from existing ones for its capability to translate manufacturing data (at both the physical level and operation management level) into financial metrics that contribute to forming a common language between engineering, financial and administrative departments of an enterprise. The case study about the assembly line of optoelectronic devices demonstrates that, although different enterprise departments have different priorities, our CPC model helps them to achieve certain consensus on intended production that finally creates satisfactory profitability for the company at controlled manufacturing costs.

Reliable Cost Prediction and Control for Intelligent Manufacture: A Key Performance Indicator Perspective

Article Reliable Cost Prediction and Control for Intelligent Manufacture: A Key Performance Indicator Perspective Hang Geng 1,*, Alireza Mousavi 2, Nikolaos Grigorios Markatos 2, Kai Chen 1, and Xuan Gou 1 1 School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China 2 Department of Computer Science, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom * Correspondence: Hang.Geng@uestc.edu.cn Received: 10 July 2023 Accepted: 11 October 2023 Abstract: Intelligent manufacturing is facing significant challenges in adapting to the ever-changing equipment, instrumentation, process and economics. Such a trend together with the pressure to reliably control and contain production costs means that frequent adjusting decisions are required to adapt to incessant volatility imposed on manufacturing systems. Under this circumstance, cost-effective and quality-guaranteed manufacturing strategies would be the most logical route to reducing production costs. In this paper, a novel dynamical cost prediction and control (CPC) model is proposed to support collective decision-making in intelligent manufacturing, where the model output is the real-time prediction of possible manufacturing costs, while the inputs are generic manufacturing key performance indicators covering inventory, product quality, production efficiency, resource utilisation and environmental impact. This proposed CPC model distinguishes itself from existing ones for its capability to translate manufacturing data (at both the physical level and operation management level) into financial metrics that contribute to forming a common language between engineering, financial and administrative departments of an enterprise. The case study about the assembly line of optoelectronic devices demonstrates that, although different enterprise departments have different priorities, our CPC model helps them to achieve certain consensus on intended production that finally creates satisfactory profitability for the company at controlled manufacturing costs.

Visualizing pH and Mass Transport at Hydrogen Evolving Electrodes with Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy

The chemical industry needs electrochemical solutions to avoid large CO₂ emissions. However, many of these electrochemical processes suffer from poor mass transport around the catalyst. To optimize these technologies, we need to gain a better understanding of the local processes at the electrode. This could give us ideas of new catalyst and reactor designs to enhance mass transport.The pH is a parameter that helps us to understand these processes. This is because the catalyst stability and selectivity of many reactions is strongly dependent on the local pH. You need a non-invasive technique to measure in operando spatial maps of pH. Optical techniques are a logical route for this.Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) is a technique that measures the fluorescence lifetime of a probe molecule. It is friendly to use, as it is self-referencing (i.e. you do not need to calibrate your system for every new measurement). Many electrochemical applications, like seawater electrolysis, CO2 reduction and alkaline water electrolysis, tend to work in alkaline conditions (pH >8). Unfortunately commercial FLIM probes are only available in neutral and mildly acidic pH (4 to 8), owing to their use in biological systems.We have developed new fluorescence lifetime probes based on the 1-methyl-7-amino-quinolinium fluorophore molecules, that allow pH measurements in the range of pH 5.5-13. We have used the probes to visualise the local pH around a hydrogen evolving electrode and can show the boundary layer that forms close to the electrode and investigate how it is disturbed by gas bubbles at a rate of 3 fps and resolution of 4 μm. Figure 1

ObNoCs : Protecting Network-on-Chip Fabrics Against Reverse-Engineering Attacks

Modern System-on-Chip designs typically use Network-on-Chip (NoC) fabrics to implement coordination among integrated hardware blocks. An important class of security vulnerabilities involves a rogue foundry reverse-engineering the NoC topology and routing logic. In this paper, we develop an infrastructure, ObNoCs , for protecting NoC fabrics against such attacks. ObNoCs systematically replaces router connections with switches that can be programmed after fabrication to induce the desired topology. Our approach provides provable redaction of NoC functionality: switch configurations induce a large number of legal topologies, only one of which corresponds to the intended topology. We implement the ObNoCs methodology on Intel Quartus™ Platform, and experimental results on realistic SoC designs show that the architecture incurs minimal overhead in power, resource utilization, and system latency.

Current status of Fe-based MOFs in biomedical applications.

Recently nanoparticle-based platforms have gained interest as drug delivery systems and diagnostic agents, especially in cancer therapy. With their ability to provide preferential accumulation at target sites, nanocarrier-constructed antitumor drugs can improve therapeutic efficiency and bioavailability. In contrast, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have received increasing academic interest as an outstanding class of coordination polymers that combine porous structures with high drug loading via temperature modulation and ligand interactions, overcoming the drawbacks of conventional drug carriers. FeIII-based MOFs are one of many with high biocompatibility and good drug loading capacity, as well as unique Fenton reactivity and superparamagnetism, making them highly promising in chemodynamic and photothermal therapy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Given this, this article summarizes the applications of FeIII-based MOFs in three significant fields: chemodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy and MRI, suggesting a logical route to new strategies. This article concludes by summarising the primary challenges and development prospects in these promising research areas.

SWPU: A 126.04 TFLOPS/W Edge-Device Sparse DNN Training Processor With Dynamic Sub-Structured Weight Pruning

When deploying deep neural networks (DNNs), edge devices training is practical to improve model adaptivity for various user-specific scenarios while avoiding privacy disclosure. However, the training computation is intolerable for edge devices. It inspires sparse DNN training (SDT) into the limelight, which reduces training computation by dynamic weight pruning. Generally, SDT has two strategies based on the pruning granularity: the structured or the unstructured. Unfortunately, both of them suffer from limited training efficiency due to the gap between pruning granularity and hardware implementation. The former is hardware-friendly but has a low pruning ratio, indicating limited computation reduction. The latter has a high pruning ratio, but the unbalanced workload decreases utilization and irregular sparsity distribution causes considerable sparsity processing overhead. This paper proposes a software-hardware co- design to bridge the gap for improving the efficiency of SDT. On the algorithm side, a sub-structured pruning method, achieved with hybrid shape-wise and line-wise pruning, generates a high sparsity ratio and keeps the hardware-friendly property. On the hardware side, a sub-structured weight processing unit (SWPU) effectively handles the hybrid sparsity with three techniques. First, SWPU dynamically reorders the computation sequence with hamming-distance-based clustering, balancing the irregular workload. Second, SWPU performs runtime scheduling by exploiting the feature of sub-structured sparse convolution through a detect-before-load controller, which skips redundant memory access and sparsity processing. Third, SWPU performs sparse convolution by compressing operands with spatial disconnect log-based routing and recovers their location with bi-directional switching, avoiding the power-consumed routing logic. Synthesized with 28nm CMOS technology, SWPU can enable 0.56V-to-1.0V supply voltage with a maximum frequency of 675 MHz. It achieves a 50.1% higher pruning ratio than structured pruning and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.53\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> higher energy efficiency than unstructured pruning. The peak energy efficiency of SWPU is 126.04TFLOPS/W, outperforming the state-of-the-art training processor by <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.67\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> . When training a ResNet-18 model, SWPU reduces <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3.72\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> energy and offers <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4.69\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> speedup than previous sparse training processors.

Design Principles for VanVR APP: a Virtual Anatomy Lab

The VanVR APP (Vancouver Virtual Reality Anatomy and Pathology Project) is a virtual anatomy lab with 3D anatomy dissection scans, which in the post‐pandemic learning environment is a “digital twin” to the physical lab. The principles of this re‐design are based on instructors' need to offer an alternate supplemental teaching environment, and students’ need to access high‐quality anatomy scans preparing for the dissection lab experience.VanVR was created using Unity and WebGL offering two separate user interfaces (UI): one for students and one for instructors. The student UI leads to a virtual anatomy lab (VAL) of interactive 3D models. The instructor UI; the Lab Maker (LM), allows instructors to customize their courses from a wide database of fully‐labeled specimens, images, and videos. VanVR’s user experience (UX) of the VAL was designed to mimic a lab’s environment including anatomy code of conduct and many control functions. UI and UX designs intend to meet student needs with a focus on intuitive interfaces and interactions to maximize attention on the anatomy content rather than navigating technological difficulties.VanVR was designed as an accessible web app using a traditional and universal design layout that allows for seamless future mobile/tablet expansion. In the student portal and the LM, organized by importance, the main bulk of the course material was centrally placed in common sections to allow for an effective tree hierarchy and smooth accessibility. The student UI visual hierarchy was highlighted via a checklist to track weekly learning progress supplemented by course material, lab manuals, specimens, videos, and images. The login information, content menu, and sub‐menus were then distributed around the main grid. This layout helped to convey easy navigation, accessibility, and uniform connectivity. The anatomy content menu was sorted by body regions (atlas or textbook hierarchy). The aim of VanVR's layout was to mimic familiar apps for a smooth user experience. Moreover, to attain user seamless transition, VanVR’s layout matched UBC’s learning management system; Canvas features such as student checklists, content upload, and editing course material in the LM.Equal principles were used in the UX, the VAL design resembles an actual anatomy lab, this mimicry principle induces learnability. The user control shows the main elements in a simple hierarchy, design, colors, and text font granting intuitive and seamless navigation. To deliver flexibility and redundancy, we added multiple logical routes to finish tasks and bypass system lags. For more student‐instructor interaction, instructors were given the feature to control the number of labels on the specimens or pose question labels to match the learning objectives. As a result, VanVR UI and UX design followed basic aesthetics aiming for an efficient and accessible learning/teaching tool.Our future plan includes adapting the UI and UX to smartphone/tablet screen size and features. For more accessibility and redundancy, a search feature will be added to allow users to rapidly find specimens.

Interaction-free bidirectional multi-channel all-optical switching in a multi-level coupling atom-cavity system.

We propose a scheme of interaction-free bidirectional multi-channel all-optical switching in a multi-level coupling system consisting of four-level atoms confined in a cavity and coupled by a free-space control laser. A signal laser field is coupled into the cavity and excites two separate transitions of atoms simultaneously under the collective strong coupling condition. The transmission and reflection of signal fields form bidirectional output channels. A free-space control laser induces destructive quantum interference in the multi-level excitation of an atom-cavity system, which can be used to switch on/off the output signal lights of transmission/reflection channels. There is no direct coupling of control light and signal light through the cavity-confined atoms because the output of signal light is nearly totally suppressed to the opposite direction when control light is present. The proposed all-optical switching scheme can be realized with high switching efficiency, broad bandwidth, and weak light intensity. It may be useful for future devices of optical routing, optical communications, and various quantum logic elements.

Multi‐objective location‐allocation‐routing problem of perishable multi‐product supply chain with direct shipment and open routing possibilities under sustainability

AbstractIn this study, a multi‐objective formulation is proposed for designing a supply chain of perishable products including suppliers, plants, distributors, and customers under sustainable development. In addition to the studies of the literature, direct shipment between producers and customers and also alternative products possibility are allowed. In this problem, the objectives, such as facilities establishment costs, transportation costs, negative environmental impacts, and social impact (fixed and variable employment rates) are optimized simultaneously. As in real situations, most of the transportation activities of such supply chain are performed by hiring transportation devices, the open routing logic is applied to form the traveling path of each hired transportation device. Furthermore, the possibility of direct shipment from the plants to the customers is considered in order to increase profitability of the plants. Because of the NP‐hard nature of the supply chain design problems, some meta‐heuristic solution approaches of the literature are modified to multi‐objective form and applied to solve the problem. Several test problems from small to large sizes are generated randomly to evaluate the meta‐heuristic algorithms. As a result, among the proposed algorithms, the multi‐objective gray wolf optimizer (MGWO) performs better than others by considering four well‐known evaluation metrics. Finally, a case study from perishable products supply chain of Iran is solved and analyzed to show the applicability of the proposed problem.

Методика обеспечения своевременного представления информационных ресурсов органам управления корпоративной системы управления за счет трансформации исходной физической структуры неоднородной ИТК

The method of transformation of the initial physical structure of the information and telecommunication system is proposed to increase the timeliness of presenting information resources to the management bodies of the corporate management system. The developed methodology makes it possible to create an infotelecommunication system of the corporate control system, which, under the conditions of predicted impacts, ensures that management bodies receive information services of a given quality in the required time, by changing the logical routes of information directions. The essence of the method is to create the required number of logical routes, with a given degree of intersection of the component elements, by creating targeted redundancy in the original physical structure due to the deployment of additional infotelecommunication elements in reasonable locations.

国家公园体制背景下中国自然保护地体系变迁--基于多源流理论分析

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 国家公园体制背景下中国自然保护地体系变迁--基于多源流理论分析 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202010162643 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 中央高效建设世界一流大学(学科)和特色发展引导专项(中国人民大学2022年) Transitions of the Natural Protected Area System under the development of National Park in China: an Multiple-streams Analysis Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:随着经济社会的发展,中国自然保护地体系经历了由以自然保护区为主体向以国家公园为主体的重要变迁。应用多源流理论分析了中国自然保护地体系变迁。从内在逻辑、民主化程度和变量控制三个方面分析了多源流理论在中国保护地变迁研究中的适用性;从问题源流、政治源流和政策源流三个方面分析了中国自然保护地体系变迁的主要影响因素,梳理了变迁的逻辑路线,总结了变迁的内容,变迁内容包括管理客体、管理主体和管理手段三个方面。结果表明:中国自然保护地体系变迁是问题源流、政治源流和政策源流共同作用的必然结果,表现在问题源流中的指标数据和问题反馈促进了政策源流中政策建议和方案的提出,而焦点事件与政治源流中执政理念的冲突对变迁起到了重要的催化作用;政策源流存在渐进式完善过程,尤其是国家公园体制试点对政策源流的发展起到关键作用。此次变迁的逻辑路径主要包含三股源流的相互作用,通过引入国家公园重塑中国自然保护地体系,促进其系统性、整体性和协同性发展。 Abstract:As socio-economic developed, the main components of the natural protected area system in China has experienced an important transition from nature reserves to national parks. Based on multiple-streams framework, the systematic changes of natural protected area system under the background of national park development was analyzed. First, the applicability of multi-streams theory in the study on China's natural protected area was demonstrated from three aspects, namely internal logic, degree of democratization and control of multiple-variables. The key influential factors in the transition of China's nature reserve system were identified from the aspects of problem stream, policy stream and political stream. Then, the logical route of the transition were summarized, the changes were concluded as well. In which, management object, management subject and management strategies were the three main changes in the transition of China's nature reserve system, aiming to reform and solve the existing problems in China's nature reserve system. By adding the type of national park as the main component, resources in the natural protected area were integrated and optimized, which could be regarded as the change of management object. While the change of management subject was mainly explored in the establishment of a unified, standardized and efficient management system, and the National Park Administration uniformly performed the management responsibilities of national parks and other nature reserves. Changes of management strategies were to establish modern management system with multilateral participation, adhering to government leadership and multilateral participation, and highlighting the social welfare of the construction of nature reserve system. The results showed that, the transition of China's natural protected area system was an unavoidable result of cohort impacts of problem stream, policy stream and political stream. The index data and problem feedback in problem stream promoted the proposals and suggestions in policy stream, while the conflicts between focus events and governance concept in the political stream catalyzed the transition of China's natural protected area system. A gradual improvement process was found in the policy stream, and especially the trials of national park pilot played a key role in the development of policy stream. The logical route of the change was mainly affected by the interaction of the three streams. The increase of problems in the nature reserve system promoted the proposals of policy schemes and policy pilots. As the policy pilot putting forward, the technical feasibility of the policy scheme could be continuously enhanced, which laid a foundation for the progress of the national parks. By the development of national parks, China's nature reserve system is reshaped to promote its systematic, integrated and coordinated development. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Highly Reliable Fuzzy-Logic-Assisted AODV Routing Algorithm for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.

Due to the noncentered, self-organizing, and self-healing characteristics, mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) have been more and more widely used as an alternative access technology for regions having no fixed infrastructure. On-demand routing protocols (e.g., ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV)) are used to cope with the rapidly changing topology of MANET and reduce the network overhead. Taking delay, stability, and remaining energy of nodes into consideration, a fuzzy-logic-assisted AODV (FL-AODV) routing algorithm is proposed in this paper to further improve the reliability of the route in MANET. In the route discovery phase, the node with the highest reliability is selected as the relay node, and the route with the highest accumulated reliability is reserved for data transmission. Simulation results show that, compared with the traditional AODV protocol and the fuzzy logic routing algorithm (FLRA), the proposed routing protocol has higher reliability without increasing delay, i.e., better link connectivity and longer route life. The average routing reliability is about 18% higher than AODV while the average delay is the same low when the number of node greater than 70.

Emulating Software Defined Network using Mininet-ns3-WIFI Integration for Wireless Networks

SDN enables a new networking paradigm probable to improve system efficiency where complex networks are easily managed and controlled. SDN allows network virtualization and advance programmability for customizing the behaviour of networking devices with user defined features even at run time. SDN separates network control and data planes. Intelligently controlled network management and operation, such that routing is eliminated from forwarding elements (switches) while shifting the routing logic in a centralized module named SDN Controller. Mininet is Linux based network emulator which is cost effective for implementing SDN having in built support of OpenFlow switches. This paper presents practical implementation of Mininet with ns-3 using Wi-Fi. Previous results reported in literature were limited upto 512 nodes in Mininet. Tests are conducted in Mininet by varying number of nodes in two distinct scenarios based on scalability and resource capabilities of the host system. We presented a low cost and reliable method allowing scalability with authenticity of results in real time environment. Simulation results show a marked improvement in time required for creating a topology designed for 3 nodes with powerful resources i.e. only 0.077 sec and 4.512 sec with limited resources, however with 2047 nodes required time is 1623.547 sec for powerful resources and 4615.115 sec with less capable resources respectively.

Imitation modeling of production processes by using the planned and situational logic of the workplaces reservation

The logic of priorities assignment for workplaces reservation when simulating the manufacturing operations of a batch of machine parts sets is proposed. Examples of combined redundancy of the workplaces in the manufacture of the parts batches with different technological cycles are considered. It is shown that the complex application of situational logic and the logic of the workplaces planned reservation at the imitation modeling of production processes will significantly increase the adequacy of modeling. Keywords imitation modeling; production process; adequacy; routing logic

TRAVEL ROUTE PLANNING AND TRACKING APPS

The quality of a tourist trip depends on many factors, and one of the essential is route consistency route. This geographical factor influences the popularity, usefulness, efficiency and tourist travel safety. Drawing up logical routes requires not only a maximum of regional information, but also the developer experience. The creation of clear and convenient routes will allow for more organized tourism activities and reduce the chaotic load on the natural environment. Based on the analysis of applications for planning and tracking routes, this article focuses on the methodology for calculating the time of passage of multi-day cycling routes in main categories and solve the problem of symbiosis between geography and tourism practice. Article will talk about programs that will help you create a route and stick to it along the way.

Fully Reliable Dynamic Routing Logic for a Fault-Tolerant NoC Architecture

A fault-tolerant adaptive wormhole routing function for Networks-on-Chips (NoCs) is presented. The novelty of this routing logic is that it is capable of using runtime information on availability of links to dynamically bypass faulty channels. When faults occur, no offline reconfiguration or dropping of packets is necessary. Instead, dynamic routes are suggested on-the-fly. Routing decisions are based only on local knowledge, which allows for fast switching. Our approach does not use any costly virtual channels. As we do not prohibit cyclic dependencies, the routing function provides minimal routing from source to destination even in the presence of faults. We have implemented the architecture design using synthesizable HDL. Using simulations, we have assessed the overhead of our approach in terms of latency, power and area. On average, even with 40% of the links faulty our routing logic is capable performing correctly. Using formal verification, we have proven 100% reliability up to three faults, i.e., for any combination of three faults our routing logic remains connected, deadlock-free and livelock-free.

Infants recruit logic to learn about the social world

When perceptually available information is scant, we can leverage logical connections among hypotheses to draw reliable conclusions that guide our reasoning and learning. We investigate whether this function of logical reasoning is present in infancy and aid understanding and learning about the social environment. In our task, infants watch reaching actions directed toward a hidden object whose identity is ambiguous between two alternatives and has to be inferred by elimination. Here we show that infants apply a disjunctive inference to identify the hidden object and use this logical conclusion to assess the consistency of the actions with a preference previously demonstrated by the agent and, importantly, also to acquire new knowledge regarding the preferences of the observed actor. These findings suggest that, early in life, preverbal logical reasoning functions as a reliable source of evidence that can support learning by offering a logical route for knowledge acquisition.

Fuzzy Logic Based Geocast Routing in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network

The purpose of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) is timely, effectively and efficiently transmission of urgent messages from source to destination. These objectives can be solved effectively with geocast routing approaches in VANETs as the most of the intelligent transportation system (ITS) applications require sending information to the vehicles belonging to a particular geographic region. In this paper an attempt has been made to develop the geocast routing protocols using fuzzy logic. The fuzzy logic routing (FLR) approach is used to implement the protocols. Three membership functions for each input distance, direction, speed and five membership functions for output (chance) with Mamdani fuzzy inference system (FIS) are used. MATLAB R2015a has been used to analyze the performance of developed protocols and compared with other fuzzy routing protocols in terms of packet delivery ratio and delay. It has been observed that fuzzified geocast protocols developed with FLR approach outperform fuzzy based unicast protocols reported by other authors.