Logical Conclusion Research Articles

ФИНАНСОВЫЕ РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ И ФИНАНСОВОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ: ЛОГИКА ВЗАИМОСВЯЗИ, МОДЕЛИ И ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИЯ

The article discusses important categories of financial analysis of the organization's activities – financial results and financial condition. The emphasis is on assessing their interrelationship and interdependence, which is confirmed by formalized analytical models, informal empirical studies and logical conclusions. The criteria for evaluating the rational distribution of the company's net profit are proposed. The importance of the issues under consideration in the development of management decisions.

Museum restitution problems: The cases of the Grosz and Flechtheim families against the New York Museum of Modern Art

The relevance of the topic raised in this article is justified by the importance of the issue of restitution of cultural property after the Second World War and the interest it arouses in society at the current stage of development. During the time that has passed since the defeat of Nazi Germany, many former owners of works of art, from whom the Nazis requisitioned their collections, have regained their artifacts. The process of restitution continues up to the present. The idea of restitution arose from the idea of protecting cultural property from encroachment. And if shortly after the war, the families of former owners of works of art tried to return their art property from private collectors, now lawsuits are usually directed against museums. One of the well-known restitution cases in recent years is the lawsuit against the New York Museum of Modern Art, which is an attempt to return family values by the descendants of the German artist Georg Grosz and collector Alfred Flechtheim. Dispute resolution has not yet been brought to its logical conclusion. The purpose of the article is to establish the problems of returning the lost cultural property that was illegally acquired by the Nazis during the Second World War and sold to museums, as well as to private collectors. Today, many of these works of art are owned by American collectors or museums. The descendants of repressed cultural figures who suffered from the Nazi regime demand the restoration of their rights, through the restitution of art artefacts or compensation for lost works of art.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВ ЛЕГКОЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ В СВЯЗИ С ПЕРЕХОДОМ К ЦИФРОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКЕ

The article discusses modern ways of using AI technologies, digitalization, and automation in light industry, thanks to which it is possible to significantly increase economic indicators, reduce production costs and reduce the required amount of human labor. The problems of light industry production before the advent of solutions using automation technologies and digitalization of data arrays are analyzed. It explains the need for an integrated approach to the implementation of improvements and the introduction of new technologies, taking into account competition in the global market. The technological process of sewing production, as the main component of production, is divided into stages. For the modernization of each of which its own artificial intelligence technologies are proposed. It is revealed that the main part of the stages is carried out according to technological schemes that are compiled by technologists in production. This process is time-consuming and takes a lot of time. To solve this problem, the scheme of the program and the content of its modules are proposed as part of the creation of an expert recommendation system for the compilation of technological sequences by technologists in the garment industry. Such a system can offer technological operations based on previous experience (knowledge base), in response to the entered keywords, giving out the most relevant, in its opinion, results (logical conclusion). The tasks of the technologist in the case of using such a system will be reduced to the introduction of keywords, checking the results and, if necessary, correcting them. The author consistently describes the stages of creating such a system. The scheme and modules of the expert recommendation system proposed in the article for the work of technologists at the enterprise, if implemented as a model using artificial intelligence, can significantly reduce the time spent on drawing up technological maps for sewing new clothing models at a light industry enterprise. In the context of sewing production, this will increase productivity and free up resources for such work that artificial intelligence cannot yet take over.

Socio-cultural changes influenced by information and communication technology

Information and communication technologies have eliminated communication barriers, transformed forms of communication into social sustainability, created a global virtual community with its own language and culture. The list of Internet phenomena, which includes elements of a mass culture modified by technology, is long indeed. It is apparent that social media platforms, being part of the innovation process in modern society, have had and continue to have an impact on people's identity, especially on the cultural identity and emotional tendencies of young people. The objective of this study is to consider these ongoing changes influenced by information and communication technologies. To achieve the objective, the hypothesis is put forward that information and communication technologies contribute to satisfying the need for communication and obtaining information, create the language picture of the virtual world on a global scale, have a significant impact on the emotional component and cultural universals of young people. The study consists of two parts. The first part is a systematic review of the scientific literature focused on social media platforms and the influence of such dynamic parameters as speed and scale of interaction on socio-cultural changes, emotional tendencies, attitudes and behavior of representatives of youth culture. The second part contains a logical conclusion on socio-psychological changes based on the results of a survey aimed at collecting the data necessary to analyse the use of social media technologies and to identify dominant platforms in the youth environment.

“If You Go to the Right, You Will Come to the Left”: The Paradoxes of Chilean Fascism, 1930s–1940s

The period between the two world wars was a time of the emergence and rise of fascism all over the world, including Latin America, where one of the few countries where a mass fascist movement emerged was Chile. In this article the author analyses the ideology and political praxis of Chilean National Socialism in the 1930s. The analysis is based on the Chilean National Socialist political and ideological journalism, the press, and the memoirs of the activists and their opponents. The National Socialist Party (“Creole Nazism”) was formed in Chile, proclaiming nationalism, anti-democracy, anti-liberalism, and anti-communism. It was an anti-systemic movement which rejected the values of liberal democracy, which was associated with the domination of plutocracy and imperialism. They adopted corporatism, anti-Semitism, and racism from European fascists and saw themselves as the only alternative to Marxism, which threatened the Western world. The Chilean Nazis envisioned an anti-liberal revolution, the construction of a totalitarian state. Taken to its logical conclusion, these principles made the movement a dangerous force for the ruling circles, which differed little from the left, Marxist parties, which explains the harsh repression against the “Creole Nazis”, which in turn brought them closer to the left. Chilean Nazism was characterized by its constant evolution towards the left and opposition to traditional right-wing parties, which led this movement to an alliance with the anti-fascist Popular Front, which was created precisely to counter the fascist threat in the face of National Socialism. Thus, the Nazis found themselves in the same political bloc with the communists and the socialists. This unnatural alliance with the left, the preaching of the need for a “right-wing revolution”, as well as the hostility of the traditional right, led to the collapse of the movement and its disappearance from the political arena. Despite the elimination of the movement, the ideas of a right-wing revolution, a totalitarian state, corporatism were firmly established on Chilean soil, and their most striking manifestation was the regime of A. Pinochet in the 70s of the twentieth century.

Three notes on Asconius

This article deals with three passages from Asconius’ commentary on Cicero’s speeches. In the first of these fragments, Asconius reports that Cicero’s daughter Tullia died after childbirth in the house of her husband P. Lentulus. This version stands in contrast to the communis opinio in the scholarship (albeit rested on indirect evidence), according to which Tullia passed away at the Tusculan villa of Cicero after she had given birth to her son in Cicero’s house in Rome. Asconius’ testimony is compared with the account of Plutarch (Cic. 41. 7–8) who tells the same story as the commentator of Cicero. The author concludes that the reports of two ancient writers are based on a common source, namely Cicero’s biography composed by Tiro, in which only the place of birth of Tullia’s son, but not the place of her death was given. Based on this information, Asconius and Plutarch independently of each other came to the logical but wrong conclusion that Tullia died in the house belonged to her ex-husband. In the second passage Asconius mentions that M. Licinius Crassus sat on the jury upon the trial of C. Cornelius de maiestate in 65. In the same year Crassus held the censorship. However, office-holding magistrates were excluded from juries. Since the trial of Cornelius can be dated to the late spring or the first half of summer, we are to assume that Crassus gave up the office by this time. In the third part of the paper Asconius’ account on the murder of Lucretius Afella is examined. According to Asconius, Afella was killed by a L. Bellienus, whereas Plutarch reports that Afella was murdered by one of Sulla’s centurions. The identicalness of L. Bellienus and the anonymous centurion mentioned by Plutarch is usually called into doubt in the scholarship, but the author comes to conclusion that the ancient authors write about the same man.

Принцип индивидуальности в философии "бессознательного" (русские отклики на новинки немецкой мысли 1880-х гг.)

The article deals with the problem of the “individual spirit” (in the context of the“improvement” of mankind) as a counterpoint to Russian-German cultural ties. It is argued that in the historical circumstances of that time (the emergence of social revolutions and national liberation movements, the successes of natural science, critical realism in art and literature), the anthropological paradigm became the logical conclusion of the era of German classical philosophy. It is proved that the principle of individuality in the philosophy of the “unconscious” should be considered an application for a syncretic (synergistic) unification of the efforts of the humanities and natural sciences in the study of man and society. It is concluded that the obvious contribution of E. von Hartmann as a philosopher (a contemporary of both Feuerbach and Nietzsche) to the renewal of aesthetics, as well as the formation and development of psychiatry, demonstrates the reliability of his empirical experience in understanding the personality and nature of creativity.

SPOTLIGHTING RAPE CULTURE IN GHANA THROUGH THE LENS OF DRAMA

This paper projects the deep-rooted veracity of rape culture in Ghana. Rape barely comes up in mainstream discourse in Ghana and there are no significant efforts to address this pervasive menace. Reported rape cases are often swept under the carpet and hardly sustained to logical conclusions. Victims are either blamed or stigmatised if they speak up and often, preventive overtures on rape are limited to cautioning girls to be careful not to get raped. In a bid to openly engage in conversation and examine the entrenched reality of rape culture in Ghana, we directed Danso Sakyi’s play, You Raped Me, which highlights rape culture in Ghana. The play presents a controversial rape case in which the audience forms the jury to pronounce judgement after the accuser and accused are heard. Selected members of the audience were engaged in open forum discussion on why the culprit should be convicted or reasons to declare the victim’s story incredible. With the play as a stimulus, the pertinent subject of rape was discussed offering an appreciable depth of insight into society’s views on rape culture in Ghana. This paper illuminates the contents of the play in relation to rape culture and discusses the views of the respondents. The findings showed that rape culture is really entrenched in Ghana and people will believe or disprove one’s claim of rape based on engrained biases of who raped, who got raped and the circumstances of the rape.

Development of Scientific Techniques in Investigation of Criminal Cases in India

Solving crime is a major task to the investigators and it is also considered as a serious business. Successful investigation as well as prosecutions contributes to public safety to a great extent by incapacitating violent criminals. In doing so, people build confidence in our criminal judicial system. Whenever, investigation fails, the offenders remain free and therefore, the public is at risk of harm by the offenders. Similarly if innocent person was arrested and convicted, it will be horrible injustice done to that person which causes reputation of criminal justice system. To solve this problem, it is the forensic science, which plays an important role in criminal investigation of crime cases. The scientific method of investigation helps the courts to reach at logical conclusion of an offence. Tremendous scientific and technological developments have been made in India during the last century and also intensified in the 21st century. The 20th century is often called as the age of science. Many scientific Institutions came into exist in India at the beginning of 20th Century and the flow is continued till now. Various scientific technologies such as fingerprinting, DNA profiling ,Narco-analysis, Polygraph, Brain Mapping, Electronic surveillance, Computer forensics etc. are being used by the investigating officers to bring out the real facts of the case. At present, the Government has created a lot of forensic facilities for the disposal of cases in timely manner through scientific investigation. This paper aims to explore the use of scientific and modern technologies in criminal investigation and how it helps to keep law and order in our society. It also discusses the problems in investigation, contemporary sciences and the essentialities of forensics in India.

К вопросу об уголовно-правовой характеристике надругательства над телами умерших и местами их захоронения

We examines the composition of the crime provided for in Article 244 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, and also points out a number of controversial points on the correctness of the interpretation of certain elements of the composition of this crime and the problems of the qualification of this act in judicial practice. The purpose of the scientific work is to investigate the elements of the composition of the crime reflected in Article 244 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation “Abuse of the bodies of the deceased and their burial places” and the qualification of certain actions of the perpetrators, for example, when committing theft of objects that are with the deceased. In the course of the study, the generic, specific and direct object and subject of the act under Article 244 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation are considered in detail, the signs of the objective side of this crime, the problems of its qualification are analyzed. Based on judicial practice, it is possible to formulate a logical conclusion that the abuse of the body of the deceased can be expressed in various forms of dismemberment of the corpse, in mockery of the corpse of a person, committing sexual intercourse in relation to him (necrophilia). It is emphasized that there is also no uniform opinion regarding the criminal legal qualification of the theft of property from the body of the deceased. We express our point of view about the need to develop and implement a unified approach to understanding Article 244 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the correct qualification of acts falling under the set of signs provided for by this study. Proposals are formulated to supplement the norms of legislation in the field under consideration.

ФОРМУВАННЯ ТЕРИТОРІЇ УКРАЇНИ-РУСИ, ІДЕОЛОГІЧНО-ПРАВОВЕ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ... ЇЇ ЦІЛІСНОСТІ ТА УДІЛЬНА РОЗДРОБЛЕНІСТЬ

The article acquaints the reader with the peculiarities of the formation of the territory of the early medieval empire of Ukraine-Rus, its marking, legal and ideological support for its centralization, and the divisiveness that became one of the reasons for its disintegration. The authors come to the conclusion that the structuring of state power in Ukraine-Rus was based on the transformations of Prince Volodymyr the Great, who carried out administrative, military, land, financial, religious, and judicial reforms. The reforms were based on the territorial principle of political consolidation of the subjects that formed Ukraine-Rus, the ancestral principle of ownership and protection of its territories by representatives of the Rurik ruling family, the principle of establishing a state-building ideology to ensure its integrity, and the dynastic principle of strengthening at the international level. In the political dimension, the reform was aimed at overcoming the separatism of the local regional, mainly tribal elite and the ruling princely clans of individual lands-principalities. The prince liquidated the tribal principalities (lands). In this way, the influence of the powerful boyar clans, consisting of the descendants of the tribal aristocracy within the lands, was significantly limited. The entire territory of the country was divided into eight volosts, they were headed by Volodymyr’s sons, and in the most important cities the boyars (officials) appointed by him were established. In order to ensure the ideological unity of the empire, Volodymyr carried out a religious reform – the introduction of Christianity as the state religion. The legal consolidation of the religious reform was provided by the Church Statute of Prince Volodymyr. However, Christianity as a state-building ideology never became the value system that could mobilize society, especially the representatives of the Rurik ruling dynasty, to fulfill the internal tasks of state-building. The formation of the state was brought to a logical conclusion by Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise of Kyiv, who finally broke local separatism and stabilized the state territory and its borders. However, he did not manage to overcome the tendency to infighting in the middle of the ruling family of the Rurikovichs, which ended in a particular fragmentation, disputes over the Kyiv throne. The final point in the development of Ukraine-Rus was put by the Mongol-Tatar invasion on the land of Ukraine. Kyiv as the political center of the empire declined. With its loss of economic and political importance, the geopolitical role of the Western Russian lands increased. The Galician-Volyn state took over the best traditions of its predecessor, supplementing them with novels borrowed from the state-building experience of medieval European countries.

Особенности экспериментального изучения устойчивого и неустойчивого вытеснения в ячейке Хеле-Шоу, заполненной стеклянными шариками

The paper presents the results of an experimental study of immiscible displacements: displacement of water by oil (stable) and displacement of oil by air or water (unstable) at constant pressure drop in the Hele-Shaw cell filled with glass balls, which is a physical model of a porous fracture in an oil reservoir. The presented data allows one to draw a logical conclusion: the higher the inlet pressure, the higher the displacement efficiency. With the same oil displacement time in the Hele-Shaw cell, the passed volume of the gas significantly exceeds that of the water. The displacement by water is more complete, though. Displacements are highly dependent on inhomogeneity of the model skeleton, most significantly for the flow at low pressure drop. At the edges of the model, where the volume of the dispersed medium is greater, the motion is faster. When displacement in the model with balls is stable, the flow spreads out towards the outlet and takes a "funnel" shape that gradually expands; the motion is directed through the channel passed. For unstable displacement at low pressure drop, the motion occurs along the edges of the cell; with an increase in the pressure drop, the motion becomes more uniform, and the " viscous fingers" begin to "branch" and grow even at a distance from the outlet.

FUZZY FACTORS CONSIDERATION FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF THE WASTE COLLECTION ROUTE IN THE TERRITORIAL COMMUNITY

The paper considers the process of the creation of the information technology module for the optimization of the waste collection process in the communities. The given module determines the expediency of inclusion of the waste containerbin to the route of the dust cart, depending on the degree of loading of the container and impact of the external factors on its availability, determined by the intensity of the traffic on the road to the container and state of the road, connected with weather conditions. Objective of the research consists in automatic determination of those waste containers which do not need urgent waste removal, that is an important component of theoptimization problem for the formation of the most reasonable routes for waste transportation. Scientific task of the researchincludes: determination of the factors, influencing the relevance  of the waste removal problem; substantiation of the expediency of using fuzzy logic for this purpose; formation of fuzzy linguistic variables and construction of fuzzy knowledge base; study the efficiency of the process of fuzzy logic conclusion, regarding the determination of the relevance of the containers removal on the base of the suggested influencing  factors; conclusion concerning the rationality of the suggested approach. The process of the relevance  calculation of the inclusion the waste containers into the route of the waste collection, taking into account the degree of their filling and availability by means of fuzzy logic tools is described. Analysis of the external factors, influencing the relevance of the waste collection from the specific container is performed. Fuzzy graph model is suggested, the model presents possible routes of the dust carts, linguistic variables are given, membership functions of their terms are formed, fragment of the knowledge base, supplied by the production rules, processes of the fuzzification and defuzzification are graphically illustrated using Mamdani fuzzy inference algorithm. Calculation of the actuality index of the waste collection is given on the specific example. Testing has been performed on the base of the data of trash enclosures in the city of Rivne. As a result of elimination ща non-actual containersfrom the route the length of the routes was cut by on average 10.43 %. Further improvement of the routes formation is possible, taking into account the degree of importance of the waste collection, for instance, such as from hospitals, schools, recreation spaces and other civil objects.

The Dispute over the Imperial Title: the Traditionalism of William I and the Policy of State Interests of Otto Von Bismarck

The logical conclusion of the Franco-German War was, according to many contemporaries, the proclamation of the German Empire headed by King William I of Prussia. At the very last moment, a bitter dispute erupted between him and the Iron Chancellor of the North German Confederation, Otto von Bismarck, over the need for the imperial title and its form. There are several interesting sources related to this largely unexplored subject, and their examination will complement the history of the proclamation of the German Empire, bringing to light one of the most dramatic episodes in the long history of the relationship between the Emperor and his Chancellor. Bismarck associated the assumption of the imperial title with the success of the continued process of imperial integration. That was beyond the mere desire of Wilhelm I for the German princes to recognise the supremacy of the Prussian crown in Germany. The result of Bismarck's initiative in preparing the Kaiserbrief was that Wilhelm I agreed to assume the imperial title. The date of 18 January 1871 was chosen for the proclamation of the German Empire – a symbolic date, since the Prince-elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, Friedrich III, was crowned King of Prussia on 18 January 1701. The dispute between Wilhelm I and Bismarck continued over the form of the title. The difference between the title of “Emperor of Germany”, as insisted upon by Wilhelm I, and that of “German Emperor”, as suggested by Bismarck, was not simply a matter of drawing on different historical traditions. The title “Emperor of Germany” carried with it the danger of a territorial claim by the Reich to German lands that were not part of the newly created empire. This dispute culminated in the Grand Duke of Baden Frederick I declaring a triple hurrah for William I in the Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles.

Analysis of the Rural Youth Engagement in IFAD Value Chain Development as a Panacea to Unemployment in Southeast Nigeria

Analysis of the rural youth engagement of IFAD value chaindevelopment program as a panacea (way-out) to unemployment in Southeast,Nigeria was the main aim of the study. The socioeconomic characteristics, valuechain interventions, readiness of the youth to implement the skills acquiredand factors hampering the youths’ readiness to implement the skills acquiredwere looked into. The data was analyzed using statistical tools such asdescriptive statistics, principal factor analysis and inferential statistics ofpaired sample t-test in order to arrive to a logical conclusion. The factorshampering the youth readiness to implement the skills were rotated intoawareness factors such as: Sex (-0.747), inadequate market arrangement (0.687)and inadequate fund (0.896) and institutional factors such as; age (-0.426), level of education (-0.797), high cost of labor (0.882) and absence of local fabricators (0.891). Furthermore,Sex, Age, Year of formal learning, Household size and mean monthly income werethe socioeconomic variable that influenced the youth’s readiness to implementthe skills acquired and the t-value of 10.5386** indicated that there was asignificant difference in the mean income of the youths before and after theirengagement.

Опыт организации предмета «Индивидуальный проект» в старшей школе

The Federal State Educational Standard of Secondary General Education presupposes the mandatory implementation of the course “Individual Project”, the logical conclusion of which is the protection of one of the selected types of work by the student: project or research. This actu-alizes the expansion of approaches to teaching and learning, the system of accompanying teachers for the effective organization of project and research activities of students in educational organizations at the level of secondary general education. The approach of organizing the subject “Individual Project” in high school is presented. The main stages of organizing project and research activities within the framework of the above subject are identified and clarified, namely, ascertaining – preparing students for independent activity, distinguishing between the concepts of “educational project” and “educational research”, which included two blocks: 1) “immersion” by students in project activities, 2) “immersion” by students in research activities; organizational – stimulation of students' mental and activity processes, consisting of blocks aimed at 3) the development of search and analytical activities, 4) fixing the distinctive characteristics of the object and subject of research, 5) development of planning and goal-setting skills, 6) development of presentation and communication skills; designing – developing skills in working with scientific and educational literature, academic writing; instrumental – acquaintance with the organization and conduct of the experimental part of the study, development of the final product; constructive – finalization of the study/project, taking into account the comments and suggestions, the design of the text of the work, public defense before the commission. A number of practical and laboratory works carried out in the classroom are considered.

Передумови та організаційні заходи щодо заснування журналу «Український селянин»

Introduction. The article analyzes the prerequisites for the creation the Bohdan Khmelnytsky National University of Cherkasy peasant journal ”Ukrainian Peasant”, considers measures to organize its publication. It is stated that the university in the 1990’s became an important center for the study of agricultural history of Ukraine. In particular, all-Ukrainian symposia on agrarian history were launched, a peasant research institute, a society of agrarian historians were established, and a number of monographs and articles by university scientists were published. The purpose of the article, which is to characterize the degree of development of the problems of agrarian history of Ukraine in the pages of the magazine ”Ukrainian Peasant” and determine its place and role in the development of historiography of this important part of Ukrainian history. Results. Ukraine’s independence was marked by profound reforms not only in all spheres of social and economic life of the state, but also in methodological approaches to the assessment of historical processes, events and phenomena by scientists. Historians have opened up completely new prospects for the study of topical issues, the development of which would previously be impossible, as well as the introduction into scientific circulation of unknown documentary sources. Conclusion. Thus, the preconditions for the founding of the Ukrainian Peasant were active work on the history of the Ukrainian peasantry, which was carried out at the Bohdan Khmelnytsky National University of Cherkasy in the second half of the 1990s, laying the foundations of a scientific school on this issue. With the expansion of the scope of research work there was an urgent need for a periodical scientific publication of peasant studies. The logical conclusion of a number of organizational measures was the decision to establish a specialized scientific publication ”Ukrainian Peasant”, which began publishing in 2001.

TECHNOLOGY OF WRITING A PROFESSIONAL SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE

The interpretation of the concept of "professional scientific article" as a type of scientific publication, which actualizes and characterizes the final or intermediate results of research in a particular specialty (specialty, profession, qualification, scientific discipline) based on analysis of recent research by other authors, substantiation of ways and methods scientific results, presentation of logical and concise conclusions and outlining the prospects for further research. A professional scientific article is a mini-study that has, in accordance with a holistic, comprehensive and systematic methodological approaches, the same structural components as a general study of a particular problem, of which it is a component. The technology of writing a professional scientific article, conditionally divided into three stages, is substantiated and characterized: the choice of the topic of the scientific article; collecting or supplementing the necessary theoretical and empirical material; elaboration of the collected material and its structuring-presentation in the format of a scientific article. The criteria for choosing the topic of a professional scientific article, an approximate scientific novelty are determined: by the subdivision of the currently carried out research; in the context of the academic discipline taught by the scientist, conducting educational activities in educational institutions; in the plane of the target topic of a particular scientific journal; as a situational topic that arises as a result of: available material for further study; sudden emergence of a scientific idea; interesting topic of speech at the conference, etc. The criteria of conformity of the scientific article to modern requirements are generalized: the importance, timeliness, relevance and prevalence of this problem; originality, uniqueness of the content of the article as a sign of scientific value and reflection of the author's professionalism; adherence to academic integrity, primarily through the presence of their own opinions and vocations to other authors; the integrity of the disclosure of one or more related issues; consistency and logic of the material; quality of writing style (intelligibility, accessibility, straightforwardness, ease of understanding and logic); accuracy of scientific terminology; literacy of the text; degree of thoughtfulness, purposefulness, relevance, elaboration of a sufficient number of used scientific sources; use of a sufficient experimental sample; providing verified, reliable, absolutely proven information, the provability of the content of the text; logic, brevity, authenticity and reliability of conclusions; critical in the selection of facts; compliance with the relevant requirements and recommendations of the editorial boards. It is emphasized that it is necessary to secure the scientific-conflict situation as a result of writing a professional scientific article by formulating tolerant and balanced scientific appeals (with examples); at the stage of elaboration of the collected material and its structuring-presentation in the format of a scientific article, the scientific text should be formulated in only two ways: presenting the opinions of other scientists and the author's own opinions, which is the scientific novelty of the article.

ძირითადი უფლების შეზღუდვის შეფასების პრობლემატიკა საქართველოს საკონსტიტუციო სასამართლოს არსებითად განხილვის სხდომაზე

The differentiation between the preliminary hearing and the hearing on the merits has a practical function in constitutional proceedings. Considering the growing trend in terms of application to the Constitutional Court of Georgia since 2015, in order to observe the principles of expediency of justice and procedural economy, it is important to have a clear boundary between the procedures and legal outcomes of the said two hearings. However, this should not prejudice the legal interests of the parties to the proceedings or exclude their adequate protection at any stage of the hearing. The applicable legislation does not provide an unequivocal answer as to whether it is possible to evaluate the restriction of a fundamental human right at the stage of hearing a case on the merits as well. The analysis of the relevant provisions of the Organic Law of Georgia on the Constitutional Court of Georgia allows drawing a logical conclusion in favour of the evaluation of restriction of fundamental human rights at the stage of preliminary hearing. The said position has been supported by judges in a number of hearings on the merits, which is confirmed by the minutes and audio and video recordings of the hearings. In the current circumstances, the legal analysis of this issue is important to the extent that, at any stage of the proceedings, on the basis of the newly revealed factual circumstances or arguments, nothing excludes the re-evaluation of the facts evaluated during the preliminary hearing. In addition, in exceptional cases, the judicial practice has proved otherwise as well.

Tolerating Ambiguity: Reflections on the Schrems II Ruling

This paper considers the European Court of Justice’s Schrems II ruling from a variety of angles. From a strictly legal point of view, considering the GDPR, the CJEU came to a logical conclusion. In this paper, I nevertheless try to think about other ways of understanding the dispute and the ruling. In addition to data protection law, the case is about surveillance, platform power, resistance, global politics, data territoriality and the Court’s competence. These sensitive issues come forth when the strict data protection issues are set aside and a slightly more open analysis undertaken. In the end, however, the ruling does bring about real-life problems that pertain to data protection law. Transfers of data to third countries are a pressing problem that no one seems to know how to solve.