Logic Simulation Research Articles

Timing issues on power side-channel leakage of advanced encryption standard circuits designed by high-level synthesis

In recent years, field programmable gate array (FPGA) have been used in many internet of things (IoT) devices and are equipped with cryptographic circuits to ensure security. However, they are exposed to the risk of cryptographic keys being stolen by side-channel attacks. Countermeasures against side-channel attacks have been developed, but they are becoming more of a threat to IoT devices due to the diversity of attacks. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the basic characteristics of side-channel attacks. Therefore, this study clarifies the relationship between two timing issues, the clock period of the circuit and the power sampling interval, and the amount of side-channel leakage. We design seven advanced encryption standard (AES) circuits with different clock periods and conduct empirical experiments using logic simulations to clarify the correlation between the two timings and the amount of side-channel leakage. T-test is used to evaluate the leakage amount, which is evaluated based on four metrics. From the results, we argue that the clock period and sampling interval do not interfere with each other in the side-channel leakage amount.

A system model to repurpose slag into alternative brick solution for low-cost housing

The world’s leading producer of Platinum Group Metal is South Africa and accounts for 94 percent of world’s platinum. Platinum smelters produces around 10 525,90 tons of slag annual of which accumulates as stockpile, never utilised. More storage area is required for continuous operation of the smelters to store slag. The aim of the research is to repurpose the slag into bricks for low-cost housing. Any Logic simulation model specifically the Discrete Event Modelling (DEM) was employed for the modelling and simulation because of its capabilities compared to other models such as Flexsim, Vensim, ANSYS. The results indicate that 92 human resources are required to have functioning business that is able to manufacture and deliver bricks enough to build 326 houses per month. The operation is labour intensive to ensure more job opportunities are created and a total 368 personnel are employed permanently on all sites. The smelter potentially saves over R1,5 billion per operation and R5,6 billion across 4 sites over a decade by giving the slag away for free. The environmental pollution is improved as five heavy plant equipment is removed from the operation. The operation has potential to generate R392,2 million profit over 10-years.

Analysis and simulation of the operational capacity of a rail motorway terminal

This work aims to analyze the factors that influence the operational time at a railway-motorway intermodal terminal, with a specific focus on the loading and unloading of trains with semi-trailers. This operation is commonly referred to as a rail motorway intermodal process. The terminal under analysis is the Zaragoza-PLAZA intermodal terminal, located in Zaragoza, Spain. Using AnyLogic® PLE, a discrete event and block-based logic simulation software, a model is developed to realistically simulate the terminal's operations, offering potential improvements. The model enables observation of the terminal's behavior by modifying certain parameters. The results obtained can be directly applied to the existing terminal for performance enhancements. Finally, a sensitivity analysis of the model is conducted, allowing us to assess how various factors influence the terminal's operations.

Computer Design of the Regulating Working Element of the Channel Cleaning Equipment

Cleaning devices of channel systems used for irrigation of agricultural plants and mechatronic parts regulating their operations were analyzed, the issues of automation of construction design, measurement and management in this field were examined and the purpose of the work was determined. As the goal of the work, the issue of automation of the construction design, technological measurement and management process of the working body for efficient cleaning of small and medium-sized concrete-covered channels, bathtubs from sludge and weeds was set. A complex scheme of information, algorithmic and software support for the automation of the design, technological measurement and control of the mechatronic parts of the working body used for cleaning the channel and bathtub was proposed, and the issues of logical modeling and simulation of the drawing of 2- and 3-dimensional images of the working body were solved. Algorithms were developed using the production modeling method to automate the process of technological measurement, implementation and management, which accurately regulates the operations of the working body of the mechanical device of complex construction. In Solid Edge 2D, 3D software environments, the determination of the geometric shapes of the individual mechanical parts of the channel cleaning unit with a milling cutter, their sizes and types of materials is ensured, and the algorithm was developed using the logical modeling method. For the automation of the structural design process, the information security of the mechanical parts of the application object and the elements of the new design milling cutter device was created for the management of the database of drawings.

Design and Simulation of Balanced Ternary Priority Encoder

The priority encoder is a frequently used circuit in binary logic and is mostly used for interrupt handling and other priority resolving tasks. On the other hand, Ternary computing has tremendous potential for handling a wide variety of functions involving large range of numbers, whereas, the literature is confined to very basic functions. The proposed balanced priority encoder circuit that uses three logic symbols i.e.−1,0 and 1. In this study, we develop the design and architecture of a Ternary Priority Encoder circuit with an estimation of its time complexity. The intricacy of the circuit under consideration is supposed to highlight the capabilities of the ternary logic system. The flexibility of the circuit lies in its implementation using simple binary counterparts. As there is no simulator available for Ternary Logic, we have developed a Balanced Ternary Logic Simulator which is freely available from https://github.com/Aggtur11/Ternary-Logic-Simulator. The logic behaviour of the proposed priority encoder circuits is verified using the developed simulator.

Quantitative Risk Analysis for Construction Projects Considering Risks Correlations and Fuzzy Logic

Construction projects have a high level of uncertainty because of several risk factors. Risks may affect projects in many ways resulting in time delays or cost overruns. Thus, the evaluation of uncertainty is required to get a reliable schedule. This research proposes a method for project scheduling considering risks. Expert judgment is used to identify and analyze risks. Potential risks are identified through Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA). Risks impact is evaluated through fuzzy logic and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). The simulation considered the relationship between risks, and risks and activities.

SEAF-IoD: Secure and efficient user authentication framework for the Internet of Drones

The Internet of Drones (IoD) stands as a rapidly advancing technology, finding applications across civilian, military, and industrial domains, facilitating the efficient execution of challenging tasks. However, the IoD environment introduces a plethora of security concerns. Drones, for example, must exchange critical information with control station servers and users through open and unsecured wireless channels. Consequently, protecting these sensitive data becomes paramount, leading to the development of SEAF-IoD, a secure and efficient user authentication framework for the IoD, as presented in this paper. SEAF-IoD relies on symmetric encryption, physical uncloneable functions (PUF), and hash functions. This framework empowers users to securely establish connections and obtain real-time data from specific drones deployed within the IoD environment. Furthermore, the utilization of PUF holds great promise in achieving cost-effective security. PUF obviates the necessity to store confidential keys in device memory, offering a potential alternative for establishing a more secure and cost-efficient authentication framework for IoD systems. PUF empowers the SEAF-IoD to enhance its resilience against privileged insider attacks and drone/device capture attempts. To ensure the robustness of SEAF-IoD, it undergoes rigorous validation using BAN logic and Scyther simulation. Furthermore, an informal analysis affirms that SEAF-IoD fulfills critical security requirements and effectively thwarts various adversarial threats, including privileged insider, replay, and impersonation attacks. A comprehensive comparison of SEAF-IoD against existing schemes highlights its resilience and superiority in safeguarding IoD environments.

A Lightweight Symmetric Cryptography based User Authentication Protocol for IoT based Applications

The utilization of IoT is expanding across various domains, including telecare, intelligent home systems, and transportation networks. In these environments, IoT devices generate data gathered on remote servers, requiring external users to authenticate themselves to access the data. However, existing authentication protocols for IoT must meet the crucial requirements of speed, security against multiple attacks, and ensuring user anonymity and un-traceability. The main objective of this work is to find lightweight symmetric cryptography-based user authentication protocol tailored for IoT-based applications, focusing on MIM (Man-in-the-Middle) attack prevention, enhanced anonymity, and secure communication between IoT nodes and remote servers via IoT gateways. Existing protocols often lack sufficient defenses against MIM attacks and do not adequately address the need for enhanced user anonymity and secure communication channels within the IoT framework. Our research has identified that authentication techniques based on pairing are susceptible to attacks targeting temporary session-specific data, impersonation, privileged insiders, and offline password guessing. Furthermore, using bilinear pairing in these techniques requires significant computational and communication resources to address the security as mentioned above concerns. A new authentication mechanism must be proposed and designed explicitly for IoT scenarios. The proposed approach exclusively utilizes hash and exclusive-or operations to ensure suitability within the IoT context; thoroughly evaluated the recommended protocol against existing authentication protocols, employing both informal and formal analytical routines like BAN logic, ROR model, and AVISPA simulation. Our findings suggest protocol not only enhances performance but also enhances security. The proposed approach is a tried-and-true strategy for improving security rules in practical Internet of Things (IoT) settings addressing the inherent challenges posed by authentication requirements in IoT environments. The accuracy 98.93%, and Node detection rate 46.57% were improved which is a better outcome.

Gate-Level Side-Channel Leakage Ranking With Architecture Correlation Analysis

While side-channel leakage is traditionally evaluated from a fabricated chip, it is more time-efficient and cost-effective to do so during the design phase of the chip. We present a methodology to rank the gates of a design according to their contribution to the side-channel leakage of the chip. The methodology relies on logic synthesis, logic simulation, gate-level power estimation, and gate leakage assessment to compute a ranking. The ranking metric can be defined as a specific test by correlating gate-level activity with a leakage model, or else as a non-specific test by evaluating gate-level activity in response to distinct test vector groups. Our results show that only a minority of the gates in a design contribute most of the side-channel leakage. We demonstrate this property for several designs, including a hardware AES coprocessor and a cryptographic hardware/software interface in a five-stage pipelined RISC processor.

Exploiting Symmetric Temporally Sparse BPTT for Efficient RNN Training

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are useful in temporal sequence tasks. However, training RNNs involves dense matrix multiplications which require hardware that can support a large number of arithmetic operations and memory accesses. Implementing online training of RNNs on the edge calls for optimized algorithms for an efficient deployment on hardware. Inspired by the spiking neuron model, the Delta RNN exploits temporal sparsity during inference by skipping over the update of hidden states from those inactivated neurons whose change of activation across two timesteps is below a defined threshold. This work describes a training algorithm for Delta RNNs that exploits temporal sparsity in the backward propagation phase to reduce computational requirements for training on the edge. Due to the symmetric computation graphs of forward and backward propagation during training, the gradient computation of inactivated neurons can be skipped. Results show a reduction of ∼80% in matrix operations for training a 56k parameter Delta LSTM on the Fluent Speech Commands dataset with negligible accuracy loss. Logic simulations of a hardware accelerator designed for the training algorithm show 2-10X speedup in matrix computations for an activation sparsity range of 50%-90%. Additionally, we show that the proposed Delta RNN training will be useful for online incremental learning on edge devices with limited computing resources.

AUTOMATION OF PETROLEUM STORAGE TANK LEAKAGE THROUGH PRODUCT TRANSFER CONTROL USING PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

Industrial storage tanks have always been a critical part of the petrochemical industry due to their capacity to either act as a buffer to other plant processes or simply to store enormous amounts of fluids for a long period of time in a controlled environment. These petroleum storage tanks are supposedly constructed to follow specific sets of instructions guided by the American Petroleum Industry from the type of material used up to the welding procedure. But due to inefficient construction, unmaintained and uninspected problems, welding defects, and environmental concerns among others, a leak in a storage tank can occur and will be a major problem as this can cause fire, explosion, and environmental hazards. Additionally, due to tensions between Ukraine and the Russian government and the succeeding Russian ban on oil imports, the cost of 1 barrel of oil rises at an alarming since 2020. With that in mind, an automation procedure is proposed by the researchers, to save as much of this oil from leaking and being unusable and to reduce the causes of further accidents. This paper not only seeks to use an existing tank layout, with currently installed level indicator transmitters, motor-operated control valves, and other equipment, but also to introduce flammable gas detectors that could detect the leaked petroleum on the ground and would initiate the automation procedure. The automation setup was realized by flowcharts, PLC, and ladder logic simulation using Picosoft software. Automation procedures are analyzed wherein the tanks are being filled, the trucks are being loaded, a leaking tank has its contents pumped to another tank, and a leaking tank has its contents pumped to the truck loading station. Results show that a minimum number of 8.89 barrels of oil saved could breakeven the cost of an estimated amount of $80-90 dollars per barrel of oil can be saved by the proposed automation.

Military logistics planning models for enemy targets attack by a swarm of combat drones

This article describes and investigates the planning aspect of military actions aimed at destroying enemy targets with the help of an attack drone swarm. This study attempts to solve the task of operational-tactical planning of a massive attack on enemy targets with the help of combat drones, which have different combat potential characteristics. It analyzes the problems of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) swarms’ usage, which ensures maximum efficiency during combat operations. The article shows that in order to plan effective military operations, it is necessary to form the following logistical sequence: identification of relevant targets set, formation of drones into a swarm to attack targets, distribution of drones by targets, and planning flight routes of a drone swarm in conditions of military threats. It concludes that for the effective use of a combat drone swarm, it is necessary to plan logistical actions in advance to inflict maximum damage on the enemy and successfully fulfill the operational and tactical goals of the military leadership. The purpose of this study is to create information technology models that will allow planning logistical military actions for the effective use of combat drone swarms to defeat enemy targets. This article describes a systematic representation of logistical military operations for combat drone swarms. It also analyzes enemy targets, which are represented in the form of a priority list with the characteristics of relevance, the necessary combat potential to hit the targets, the risks of approaching the targets, and the flight time of the drones. From the list of targets, a sublist is formed, considering the combat potential of the drone swarm and the necessary potential to defeat the selected enemy targets. The optimization model helps to distribute the swarm of drones into groups to achieve the enemy targets and destroy them. The movement of drones is planned considering flight zones, possible anti-drone actions of the enemy, and the risks of military threats. Any Logic agent simulation platform can be used to create a simulated flight model of a drone swarm to selected enemy targets. Modeling makes it possible to form rational flight routes of a drone swarm under conditions of military threats from the enemy. An example is given to illustrate the formation of logistical actions for planning a massive attack on enemy targets with the help of a drone swarm. The scientific novelty of this study is related to the solution of the urgent problem of planning logistical military operations for the effective use of a combat drone swarm to destroy enemy targets. The results of this study should be used for the operational and tactical planning of logistical military operations to defeat enemy targets with the help of a combat drone swarm.

Improvement of risk management in the project scheduling of road construction projects – Case study

In this paper the risks that affect highway construction projects duration are studied by qualitative and quantitative approaches. For the qualitative analysis the consistency of expert opinions was evaluated, and two methods were applied to identify critical risks that affect local projects. The quantitative analysis studied the impact of those risks over the activities of a local project and also the relationship between risks using fuzzy logic and Monte Carlo simulation.

A label free fluorescent aptamer sensor based on the combined action of Graphene oxide and SYBR Green I for the detection of Aflatoxin B1.

Here, based on the characteristics of Graphene oxide(GO) and SYBR Green I(SGI) dye, an enzyme-free and label-free fluorescent biosensor with signal amplification through DNA strand reaction is proposed for the detection of Aflatoxin B1(AFB1) in food safety. Firstly, without the addition of AFB1, the substrate in the system includes a double stranded Apt-S with a long sticky end and two hairpins H1 and H2. Although the complementary pairing of bases may exhibit fluorescence due to the insertion of SGI dyes, the use of GO, which is highly capable of adsorbing single stranded parts and quenching fluorescence, cleverly reduces the background fluorescence. Adding the target AFB1 triggers DNA inter chain reactions, generating a large amount of long double stranded DNA H1-H2, thereby generating strong fluorescence signals under the action of SGI. More importantly, logical theory verification and computer simulation were conducted before biological experiments, providing a theoretical basis for the implementation of the biosensor. After analysis, the fluorescence biosensor exhibits a good linear relationship with AFB1 concentration in the range of 5-50nM, with a detection limit of 0.76nM. It also has good specificity, anti-interference ability, and practical application ability, and has broad application prospects in the field of food safety.

A privacy preserving four-factor authentication protocol for internet of medical things

Medical applications of the Internet of Things (IoT) have gained significant attention, especially in the context of monitoring health-related information for elderly individuals living alone and patients receiving home-based care, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. These applications offer immense convenience and contribute to the reduction of infection risk. Consequently, safeguarding the privacy of patient data has become increasingly vital. However, the resource limitations inherent to IoT present challenges in implementing complex algorithms. Numerous researchers have proposed authentication schemes based on three factors: passwords, biometric features, and smart cards. While three-factor authentication protocols are generally more secure than two-factor ones, recent studies have unveiled vulnerabilities in existing protocols designed for IoT environments, particularly concerning sensor node capture attack and smart card stolen attack. Only a few protocols provide reliable solutions to address these issues. To tackle this challenge, we propose a lightweight authentication protocol that introduces the Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) as the fourth factor, enhancing the security and privacy of the system. By integrating PUF technology into servers and embedding it into the integrated circuit chips of sensors, our protocol is specifically designed to thwart attacks like sensor node capture and smart card stolen. We validate the security of our proposed protocol using formal BAN logic and ProVerif simulator tool, demonstrating its capability to provide secure mutual authentication. Moreover, through informal analysis, we illustrate that our scheme can withstand multiple attacks. Furthermore, our proposed protocol outperforms existing protocols in terms of computational cost, storage cost, communication cost, and security requirements.

SIMULATION OF OPTIMAL MIX OF SIO2-TIO2-AL2O3 NANO ADDITIVES FOR THE MINIMAL WEAR AND COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION OF LUBRICANT USING FUZZY LOGIC

Nano-particles of oxides of various metals are typically added with the base lubricants for enhancing the tribological properties, especially the wear and coefficient of friction of the lubricants. However, it is required to determine the optimum proportion of mix of the nano-additives in order to obtain the desirable characteristics gained through the addition of various oxides of metals mixed with the lubricants. This paper deals with the application of fuzzy logic to simulate the various proportions of a mix of three nano-additives of SiO2, Al2O3 and TiO2 with the corresponding predicted values of tribological characteristics of wear and coefficient of friction. The limited number of outcomes obtained from a full factorial design of experiments carried out with these three nano-additives at three different levels of mixing, are used as inputs to the fuzzy logic simulation. This approach facilitates simulating as many combinations of nano-additives as possible with the base lubricant oil along with the predicted output of characteristics of interest, which otherwise will be cumbersome to carry out the experiments for all the combinations of mix of additives.

Simulation of universal optical logic gates under energy sharing collisions of Manakov solitons and fulfillment of practical optical logic criteria.

The universal optical logic gates, namely, nand and nor gates, have been theoretically simulated by employing the energy sharing collision of bright optical solitons in the Manakov system, governing pulse propagation in a highly birefringent fiber. Further, we also realize the two-input optical logic gates, such as and, or, xor, xnor, for completeness of our scheme. Interestingly, our idea behind the simulation naturally satisfies all the criteria for practical optical logic, which in turn displays the strength and versatility of our theoretical simulation of universal optical logic gates. Hence, our approach paves the way for the experimentalists to create a new avenue in this direction if the energy sharing collisions of Manakov solitons are experimentally realized in the future.

Взаимосвязь предпочитаемых типов цифровых игр и регуляторных функций у детей 6-7 лет

<p>This study aimed to examine the relationship of the types of digital games preferred by preschoolers and their executive functions. For a more detailed study we created a classification of the games in question based on the content analysis of the participants’ interview, game mechanism, and the required cognitive functions. 6 types of digital games were developed: quick reaction games, logic games, educational games, strategic games, drawing games, and simulators. The overall sample comprised 335 children (48.6% girls) aged 6–7 (M=74.6 months, SD=6.06 months). The study included assessment of the executive functions and an interview about digital games. We used the NEPSY-II subtests to measure the examinees’ executive functions level: visual and verbal working memory, and inhibition. We also used “The Dimensional Change Card Sort” to assess cognitive flexibility. Data analysis revealed that quick reaction games were the most popular at this age. The next favourite were logic games, strategic games, and simulators’. The study demonstrated quick reaction game players’ visual working memory was better developed than in the non-players. Logic game players processed information at a higher speed than the non-players. Simulation game players obtained higher score in cognitive inhibition, than the children who didn’t like this type of games.</p>

The accuracy analysis of different algorithms for 4-Bit absolute value detector

This paper proposes and compares three different algorithms for implementing a 4-bit absolute value detector (AVD) using Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The demand for low power, low delay and high-performance drive the need for AVDs. The proposed algorithms are analysed based on logical effort theory and simulation results for delay and energy performance. The circuits employ a range of logical gates, including multiplexers, NAND gates, XNOR gates, XOR gates, and inverters. The chosen proposed algorithm achieves the lowest delay and energy cost while maintaining high accuracy. Sizing and Vdd optimization can be used to optimize energy, and a 53.7 FO4(1V), 39.91Eu(1V) 4-bit Absolute-Value Detector can be achieved. Overall, this paper provides valuable insights into the design and optimization of AVDs using CMOS technology, which can have important applications in developing electronic systems.

Low-Voltage Logic Gates based on Vertical GAA Nanotransistors

The issues of numerical simulation of low-voltage logic gates based on silicon vertical surrounding gate CMOS nanotransistors with a conical working area circuits are discussed. Using the TCAD instrument process modeling program, numerical studies of conical prototypes have been performed. The electrophysical characteristics in the control voltage range from 0 to 0.6 V are characterized by a higher transistor current, a maximum Ion/Ioff current ratio, a low leakage current and a slope of the subthreshold characteristic close to the theoretical aisle. 3D TCAD models of three basic logic gates on vertically arranged transistors of n-and p-types have been developed for an optimized ratio of the diameters of the working area of 8.4/10 nm and the length of the working area of 22 nm. Their electro-physical characteristics are numerically investigated at control voltages of 0.6 V and a frequency of 20 GHz. The gate models demonstrate picosecond delays and low power consumption. The promising characteristics of the proposed transistors and valves based on them, such as a high degree of integration, high performance and low cost, open the way to the development of 3D integrated circuits of the next generation.