Spring Locations Research Articles

Groundwater spring potential modelling: Comprising the capability and robustness of three different modeling approaches

Sustainable water resources management in arid and semi-arid areas needs robust models, which allow accurate and reliable predictive modeling. This issue has motivated the researchers to develop hybrid models that offer solutions on modelling problems and accurate predictions of groundwater potential zonation. For this purpose, this research aims to investigate the capability and robustness of a novel hybrid model, namely the logistic model tree (LMT) and compares it with state-of-the-art models such as the support vector machine and C4.5 models that locate potential zones for groundwater springs. A spring location dataset consisting of 359 springs was provided by field surveys and national reports and from which three different sample data sets (S1–S3) were randomly prepared (70% for training and 30% for validation). Additionally, 16 spring-related factors were analyzed using regression logistic analysis to find which factors play a significant role in spring occurrence. Twelve significant geo-environmental and morphometric factors were identified and applied in all models. The accuracy of models was evaluated by three different threshold-dependent and –Independent methods including efficiency (E), true skill statistic (TSS), and area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC-ROC) methods. Results showed that the LMT model had the highest accuracy performance for all three validation datasets (Emean = 0.860, TSSmean = 0.718, AUC-ROCmean = 0.904); although a slight sensitivity to change in input data was sometimes observed for this model. Furthermore, the findings showed that relative slope position (RSP) was the most important factor followed by distance from faults and lithology.

Evaluation of the quantitative and qualitative relationship between springs and geological formations using geostatistics as well as Boolean logic in Iran

Geologically, Mahdishahr watershed are considered as a part of the folds of the Alborz southern slopes in which we can find the signs of the first to third geological periods. This basin with an area of 1954 km2 is located in the north of Semnan. About 600 springs are found in this area. In the present study, geostatistics and Boolean logic is used to evaluate the correlation between the springs location, discharge, and EC with structural factors and geological formations. In order to assess the role of geological formations in quality and quantity of the springs discharge, after preparing a file of the springs location with 500, 1000, 2000, and 5000 m buffers, effective pre-Quaternary formations were counted based on the Boolean logic and geostatistical methods. The results of this study showed that most springs have been occurred in Shemshak, Elika, marl, and Eocene limestone (Elm) formations, respectively, which are followed by Laar, Ruteh, and Barut limestone formations. The most faults and fractures in this area have been occurred in the same formations, with the amount of 176, 98, 77, 71, 58, and 38 km, respectively. The highest discharge among the formations was devoted to Tizkuh formation, with an ultra-low EC value, while the highest EC value was observed in marl, and Eocene limestone formations. So, it can be concluded that faults and fractures of this area are closely related to the number of exposed springs, so that the faults of this area have increased the number of the springs and the type of the formation has controlled the amount of the springs discharge.

Cyanobacterial Diversity and the Role of Cyanobacteria in Formation of Minerals in the Baunt Group Hydrotherms (Baikal Rift Zone)

A comprehensive research of water and cyanobacterial mats in Mogoysky and Shurindinsky thermal springs (Baikal rift zone) was carried out by hydrochemical, chemical, microbiological, and mineralogical methods. Detailed descriptions of the springs location and their characteristics were given. According to their chemical composition, the springs were classified as fluoride-bicarbonate (Mogoysky) and bicarbonatesulfate (Shurindinsky) types with a high concentration of fluorine. This is explained by the interaction of infiltration waters with embedding rocks. A wide diversity of cyanobacteria (14 species of 7 genera) was revealed in the investigated springs. The development of cyanobacteria in microbial mats was observed at water outflows at the temperatures of 37.8 to 76.6°C. Chlorophyll a was the predominant pigment in microbial mats of the studied springs, indicating predominance of cyanobacteria in the mat. Deposition of various pyrite forms, celestite (SrSO4), fluorite (CaF2), calcium carbonate, elemental sulfur, barite, and amorphous silica was found in microbial mats.

Biogeographical patterns of endemic diversity and its conservation in Australia's artesian desert springs

AbstractAimSprings in the Australian arid zone are distinct from other waterways because they house a large number of endemic species. We aimed to assess spatial patterns in endemic diversity at a basin‐wide scale and whether environmental features can help to explain them. In doing so, we take the opportunity to summarize the current state of conservation in the system.LocationGreat Artesian Basin (GAB), arid and semiarid regions of eastern AustraliaMethodsWe combine data regarding the location of springs with published GIS layers regarding environmental characteristics and a literature review of all species and subspecies documented in the published literature to be endemic to GAB springs.ResultsWe found evidence of 96 species and subspecies of fishes, molluscs, crustaceans and plants endemic to these springs. The majority of endemic species are invertebrates with geographical distributions limited to a single spring complex (<61 km2). Endemic taxa are concentrated in 75 of the 326 spring complexes. Spring complexes with a large number of springs, high connectivity via drainage basins and low rainfall were more likely to contain endemic taxa, but environmental models were poor predictors of diversity. Only 24% spring complexes with high conservation value are within conservation reserves, and the majority of endemic species are unassessed under the IUCN and Australian conservation legislation, particularly the invertebrates.Main conclusionsDiversity in this system is underestimated given the current rate of species discovery and prevailing data deficiency for many taxa. Historical processes and species‐specific environmental requirements may be more important for explaining why diversity is concentrated in particular complexes. Almost a decade after this system was listed as endangered, most complexes of high conservation value remain outside of conservation reserves, and the endangered species status of many taxa, and particularly the invertebrates, remain unassessed.

GIS-based groundwater potential analysis using novel ensemble weights-of-evidence with logistic regression and functional tree models

The aim of the current study was to produce groundwater spring potential maps using novel ensemble weights-of-evidence (WoE) with logistic regression (LR) and functional tree (FT) models. First, a total of 66 springs were identified by field surveys, out of which 70% of the spring locations were used for training the models and 30% of the spring locations were employed for the validation process. Second, a total of 14 affecting factors including aspect, altitude, slope, plan curvature, profile curvature, stream power index (SPI), topographic wetness index (TWI), sediment transport index (STI), lithology, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), land use, soil, distance to roads, and distance to streams was used to analyze the spatial relationship between these affecting factors and spring occurrences. Multicollinearity analysis and feature selection of the correlation attribute evaluation (CAE) method were employed to optimize the affecting factors. Subsequently, the novel ensembles of the WoE, LR, and FT models were constructed using the training dataset. Finally, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, standard error, confidence interval (CI) at 95%, and significance level P were employed to validate and compare the performance of three models. Overall, all three models performed well for groundwater spring potential evaluation. The prediction capability of the FT model, with the highest AUC values, the smallest standard errors, the narrowest CIs, and the smallest P values for the training and validation datasets, is better compared to those of other models. The groundwater spring potential maps can be adopted for the management of water resources and land use by planners and engineers.

PEMETAAN POTENSI MATAAIR DI PULAU BALI

There are three objectives of this research. First, to map springs location, second to know spring characteristic and third to calculat springs potency for domestic use. To reach these aims, springs location were plotted on map base on its coordinate. Springs characteristic were analysed descriptively by spatial analysis base on geologic, geomorphologic and hydrogeologic conditions. Springs potency were calculated base on its discharge, whereas domestic use was determined 60 l/person/day for rural and 120 l/person/day for urban area. The study shows, that springs distribution in Bali Island are not homogeny Springs appearance were controlled by geologic structure as fault and rock contact. The differences of discharge also depend on the structure. Contact between volcanic rock (tuff and lahar) from Buyan-Bratan-Batur Formations with another rock formation in its surrounding result many springs appereance with high discharge. Beside that, orohydrology properties of Agung Mount as strato volcanic result springs belt in a certain elevation and each slope changing. Base on calculation, springs potency in Bali Island are 628.800 m3/month,whereas the domestic use is 9.079.990 m3/month. So, the springs potency is just 6,9% from domestic use in Bali Island.Key words : springs potency, springs distribution, springs characteristic

Identification the geothermal system using 1-D audio-magnetotelluric inversion in Lamongan volcano field, East Java, Indonesia

Tiris village, Probolinggo, East Java, is one of geothermal potential areas in Indonesia. This area is located in a valley flank of Mount Lamongan and Argopuro volcanic complex. This research aimed to identify a geothermal system at Tiris area, particularly the fluid pathways. The geothermal potential can be seen from the presence of warm springs with temperature ranging 35-45°C. The warm spring locations are aligned in the same orientation with major fault structure in the area. The fault structure shows dominant northwest-southeast orientation. We used audio-magnetotelluric data in the frequency range of 10 Hz until 92 kHz. The total magnetotelluric sites are 6. From the data analysis, most of the data orientation were 2-D with geo-electrical direction north-south. We used 1-D inversion using Newton algorithm. The 1-D inversion resulted in low resistive anomaly that corresponds to Lamongan lavas. Additionally, the depth of the resistor are different between the area to the west (i.e. 75 m) and to the east (i.e. 25 m). This indicates that there is a fault around the aligned maar (e.g. Ranu Air).

The Study of Fault Lineament Pattern of the Lamongan Volcanic Field Using Gravity Data

Lamongan Volcano located in Tiris, East Java, possesses geothermal potential energy. The geothermal potential was indicated by the presence of geothermal manifestations such as hot springs. We usedsecondary gravity data from GGMplus. The result of gravity anomaly map shows that there is the lowest gravity anomaly in the center of the study area coinciding with the hot spring location. Gravity data were analyzed using SVD method to identify fault structures. It controls the geothermal fluid pathways. The result of this research shows thatthe type of fault in hot springsisanormal fault with direction NW-SE. The fault lineament pattern along maaris NW-SE.Maar indicates anormal fault. As the result we know that gravity data from GGMplus which analyzed with SVD can be used to determine the type and trend of fault.

Caldera unrest detected with seawater temperature anomalies at Deception Island, Antarctic Peninsula

Increased thermal activity was detected to coincide with the onset of volcano inflation in the seawater-filled caldera at Deception Island. This thermal activity was manifested in pulses of high water temperature that coincided with ocean tide cycles. The seawater temperature anomalies were detected by a thermometric sensor attached to the tide gauge (bottom pressure sensor). This was installed where the seawater circulation and the locations of known thermal anomalies, fumaroles and thermal springs, together favor the detection of water warmed within the caldera. Detection of the increased thermal activity was also possible because sea ice, which covers the entire caldera during the austral winter months, insulates the water and thus reduces temperature exchange between seawater and atmosphere. In these conditions, the water temperature data has been shown to provide significant information about Deception volcano activity. The detected seawater temperature increase, also observed in soil temperature readings, suggests rapid and near-simultaneous increase in geothermal activity with onset of caldera inflation and an increased number of seismic events observed in the following austral summer.

Groundwater potential mapping using C5.0, random forest, and multivariate adaptive regression spline models in GIS.

Ever increasing demand for water resources for different purposes makes it essential to have better understanding and knowledge about water resources. As known, groundwater resources are one of the main water resources especially in countries with arid climatic condition. Thus, this study seeks to provide groundwater potential maps (GPMs) employing new algorithms. Accordingly, this study aims to validate the performance of C5.0, random forest (RF), and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) algorithms for generating GPMs in the eastern part of Mashhad Plain, Iran. For this purpose, a dataset was produced consisting of spring locations as indicator and groundwater-conditioning factors (GCFs) as input. In this research, 13 GCFs were selected including altitude, slope aspect, slope angle, plan curvature, profile curvature, topographic wetness index (TWI), slope length, distance from rivers and faults, rivers and faults density, land use, and lithology. The mentioned dataset was divided into two classes of training and validation with 70 and 30% of the springs, respectively. Then, C5.0, RF, and MARS algorithms were employed using R statistical software, and the final values were transformed into GPMs. Finally, two evaluation criteria including Kappa and area under receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC-ROC) were calculated. According to the findings of this research, MARS had the best performance with AUC-ROC of 84.2%, followed by RF and C5.0 algorithms with AUC-ROC values of 79.7 and 77.3%, respectively. The results indicated that AUC-ROC values for the employed models are more than 70% which shows their acceptable performance. As a conclusion, the produced methodology could be used in other geographical areas. GPMs could be used by water resource managers and related organizations to accelerate and facilitate water resource exploitation.

Ground-active arthropod response to distance from the Mediterranean seashore in coastal sand areas of western Israel

ABSTRACTInformation on the effects of distance from the seashore on soil biotic communities is limited and restricted to soil arthropods and microarthropods. The aim of this study, conducted in a sand-dune area, was to distinguish the changes of a ground-active arthropod community along a 4-km-transect from the seashore going inland. Pitfall traps were set up in open spaces at four locations (L1, through L2, L3, and L4 going inland) through the year. The abiotic gradient from the seashore going inland was found to be mostly dependent on seasonality. Group richness was found to be remarkably greater at the L2, L3, and L4 locations compared with the L1 location in winter, and at the L2 and L3 locations compared with the L1 location in spring. The Fisher α index was 0.32 ± 0.21, 3.51 ± 0.87, 5.04 ± 0.70, and 4.86 ± 0.54 in winter and 3.29 ± 0.55, 13.79 ± 1.49, 10.12 ± 1.24, and 5.06 ± 0.62 in spring at the L1, L2, L3, and L4 locations, respectively. Regarding abundance and group richness, the trophic relationships between predators, phytophages, omnivores, and saprophages were remarkably affected by both location and seasonality. The dominant groups and dominant index distribution of ground-active arthropod communities were found to follow a similar pattern. Soil organic carbon content was found to be the key factor driving the ground-active arthropod community structure along a coastal gradient going inland in winter and spring. We conclude that the distribution, trophic composition, and diversity index are affected by both location and seasonality, while total abundance is consistently affected by location across all three seasons.

Residues and sources of organochlorine pesticides in soils of elementary schools and communities in Wenchuan 5.12 Earthquake-affected areas.

The disinfectants and pesticides extensively used after Wenchuan 5.12 Earthquake on May 12, 2008 (so-called Wenchuan 5.12 Earthquake), for epidemic prevention purpose can raise great concerns of environmental pollution and potential personal exposure. To investigate the soil pollution caused by the intensive application in earthquake-affected areas, surface soil samples from two elementary schools, two communities and two background areas were collected in Beichuan County and Dujiangyan City once per location in spring and in autumn in 2011 and then analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The results showed serious soil pollution of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs, 0.05-60.05ng/g) and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDTs, 0.06-35.79ng/g) in the study areas compared with Wolong Nature Reserve (0.03-0.81ng/g for HCHs and 0.02-0.40ng/g for DDTs). The concentrations of most OCPs in soil of Beichuan County (e.g., 0.10-60.05ng/g for HCHs and 0.17-35.79ng/g for DDTs) were much higher than those of Dujiangyan City (e.g., 0.05-20.58ng/g for HCHs and 0.06-10.69ng/g for DDTs). In Beichuan County, the highest concentrations of HCHs and DDTs were found in the elementary school. In Dujiangyan City, the highest concentrations of HCHs and DDTs were found in the elementary school and the community, respectively. The concentrations of HCHs and DDTs were generally higher in spring than those in autumn. The predominant species (γ-HCH in ∑HCHs and 4,4'-DDT in ∑DDTs) and specific ratios suggested new inputs of lindane and technical DDT in the study areas. Therefore, continuous soil monitoring and possible intervention would be recommended to minimize local residents' exposure to these toxic chemicals.

Influence of specimen location and residual stress on transformation temperatures of SMA spring

The phase transition sequence of SMAs is characterized by transformation temperatures (Mf, Ms, As, Af). These temperatures can be determined by differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis. The present study addresses the influence of specimen location in SMA spring and effect of induced residual stress during sample preparation on transformation temperatures of SMA helical spring using DSC analysis

THE EFFECT OF GRAVITY MEASUREMENT DISTRIBUTION POINTS ON INTERPRETATION OF GRAVITY DATA IN THE GUNUNG ENDUT GEOTHERMAL PROSPECT AREA, INDONESIA

The geothermal prospect located at Gunung Endut was investigated in 1980s based onreconnaissance surveys, primarily on geological and geochemical aspects. Then in 2006 a gravitymeasurement with 247 stations was carried out. However, due to the distribution of the gravity station wasless than optimal, interpretation of gravity data was not suitable with the geological situation that supportgeothermal system. To ensure this, we have carried out a new gravity survey with 134 random stationsdistribution but remained concentrated on hot spring locations. Data from both measurements were processedby the same treatment starting from pre-processing with some standar corrections to obtain completeBouguer anomaly, then continue by filtering process to separate regional and residual gravity anomaly usingButterworth filter in a wavenumber domain. Residual gravity anomaly map obtained by random position ofstations is more resemble to the geological features developed in the prospect area. The contrast boundariesof the residual gravity anomaly value coincide with the fault-line structures recorded in the surface geologicaldata. This result is better when compared with previous measurements. This study shows that there is asignificant influence of the distribution pattern of the gravity stations which affects the conformity with thegeological data. Based on the new interpretation result, the structural features in the prospect area arecharacterized by the complex fault structures that intersected each other mainly close to the surfacemanifestations. This intersection area is expected to be an enhanced permeability zone so that thehydrothermal fluid can flow to the surface. The interpretation of new gravity data combined with the resultsof geochemical analysis can be used for more understanding of the geothermal system beneath GunungEndut prospect area.

The formation of a geothermal anomaly and extensional structures in Guangdong, China: Evidence from gravity analyses

Southeast Asia contains significant natural geothermal resources. The structure of the geothermal anomalies, which have been affected by extension, are characterized by northeast trending normal faults surrounded by Mesozoic magmatic intrusions. In order to study the relationship between tectonic movements and geothermal resources, Bouguer gravity data of Guangdong province is inverted to determine the crustal structure. Density sources from different depths are separated with multi-scale wavelet decomposition. Concealed granites are inferred from low gravity anomalies and these high radioactive granites correlate with the location of natural thermal springs. The locations of basins are delineated by high gravity anomalies. The granites and rift basins, which formed during the Mesozoic in an extensional regime associated with thermal and magmatic activity, resulted in the current geophysical and geothermal anomaly.

Effects of land use and sampling distance on water quality in tropical headwater springs (Pimenta creek, São Paulo State, Brazil).

Abstract The studies targeted to hydrology and water quality are scarce in tropical headwater streams. In these delicate ecosystems the comprehension of water quality can constitute a challenge, because the impact of land uses on stream dynamics is particularly severe in tropical areas. To fill this gap, an evaluation of water quality in a headwater streams (Pimenta creek, Sao Paulo State, Brazil) under tropical conditions was performed. The implementation of linear mixed models to water quality parameters allowed to know how and to what extent water flowing in these headwaters are influenced by: (i) the spatial variation of spring locations; (ii) the different land uses; and (iii) the state of conservation of the riparian vegetation. Both the land uses in the surroundings of water springs (native forest, degraded vegetation, agriculture and pasture) and the sampling points (exactly in the spring and 10, 30 and 50 m downstream) were found to be factors able to explain water quality variability. Most of the analysed parameters, some of which strongly correlated each others (mainly electrical conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids and salinity, but also color, turbidity and iron concentrations), showed significant variations mainly due to the effects of the different land uses, but also to the distance from water spring. The instability of the water quality parameters in springs degraded from its headwater was also demonstrated. The water springs with developed riparian vegetation of natural forest (in a preserved or even disturbed conservation level) showed the best conditions in the aquatic environment (lower temperature, turbidity, color, nitrite and nitrate concentrations, neutral pH). Conversely, in the water springs with pasture or agricultural activities a general worsening of water quality was detected (worse turbidity, color, pH, nitrate and nitrate concentrations). Overall, the study has confirmed how much aquatic environment is sensitive to changes in the environment.

Spatially Variable CO2 Degassing in the Main Ethiopian Rift: Implications for Magma Storage, Volatile Transport, and Rift‐Related Emissions

AbstractDeep carbon emissions from historically inactive volcanoes, hydrothermal, and tectonic structures are among the greatest unknowns in the long‐term (∼Myr) carbon cycle. Recent estimates of diffuse CO2 flux from the Eastern Rift of the East African Rift System (EARS) suggest this could equal emissions from the entire mid‐ocean ridge system. We report new CO2 surveys from the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER, northernmost EARS), and reassess the rift‐related CO2 flux. Since degassing in the MER is concentrated in discrete areas of volcanic and off‐edifice activity, characterization of such areas is important for extrapolation to a rift‐scale budget. Locations of hot springs and fumaroles along the rift show numerous geothermal areas away from volcanic edifices. With these new data, we estimate total CO2 emissions from the central and northern MER as 0.52–4.36 Mt yr−1. Our extrapolated flux from the Eastern Rift is 3.9–32.7 Mt yr−1 CO2, overlapping with lower end of the range presented in recent estimates. By scaling, we suggest that 6–18 Mt yr−1 CO2 flux can be accounted for by magmatic extension, which implies an important role for volatile‐enriched lithosphere, crustal assimilation, and/or additional magmatic intrusion to account for the upper range of flux estimates. Our results also have implications for the nature of volcanism in the MER. Many geothermal areas are found >10 km from the nearest volcanic center, suggesting ongoing hazards associated with regional volcanism.

On the optimal selection of interpolation methods for groundwater contouring: An example of propagation of uncertainty regarding inter-aquifer exchange

Abstract The selection of the best possible method to interpolate a continuous groundwater surface from point data of groundwater levels is a controversial issue. In the present study four deterministic and five geostatistical interpolation methods (global polynomial interpolation, local polynomial interpolation, inverse distance weighting, radial basis function, simple-, ordinary-, universal-, empirical Bayesian and co-Kriging) and six error statistics (ME, MAE, MAPE, RMSE, RMSSE, Pearson R) were examined for a Jurassic karst aquifer and a Quaternary alluvial aquifer. We investigated the possible propagation of uncertainty of the chosen interpolation method on the calculation of the estimated vertical groundwater exchange between the aquifers. Furthermore, we validated the results with eco-hydrogeological data including the comparison between calculated groundwater depths and geographic locations of karst springs, wetlands and surface waters. These results show, that calculated inter-aquifer exchange rates based on different interpolations of groundwater potentials may vary greatly depending on the chosen interpolation method (by factor >10). Therefore, the choice of an interpolation method should be made with care, taking different error measures as well as additional data for plausibility control into account. The most accurate results have been obtained with co-Kriging incorporating secondary data (e.g. topography, river levels).

Uso de sistemas de información geográfica para determinar pérdida de bosque y suelo de las nacientes administradas por acueductos rurales de la Zona Huetar Norte, Costa Rica

En Costa Rica el suministro de agua para la población rural esta dado mayoritariamente por las Asociaciones Administradoras de los Acueductos y Alcantarillado (ASADAS). <br />Con el levantamiento espacial de las nacientes mediante un Sistema de Información Geográfica (GPS), además de realizar cálculos para determinar pérdida de bosque y suelo mediante las fórmulas Puyravaud (2003) y Ecuación Universal de Pérdida de Suelo Revisada (RUSLE), durante el periodo 1997 al 2012. Este proceso realizado en un radio de 200 metros a la redonda de la naciente. Con estos procesos se determina la cobertura boscosa y la erosión en la superficie que rodea la naciente.<br />En la naciente denominada Caimitos y San Francisco, para el año 1997 la cobertura en los 200 metros a la redonda, era un superficie deforestada, contando con 12.3 hectáreas, lo cual se mantuvo en la misma condición para el año 2012, esta condición genera pérdidas de suelo importante para la naciente calculadas en 12.28 toneladas por hectárea por año, esto se clasifica como una erosión ligera, sin embargo hay nacientes que muestran erosión moderada, severa y muy severa.<br />La determinación de pérdida de bosque y erosión, junto con la elaboración de mapas y los de Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG), permiten establecer el comportamiento del bosque y la erosión, mediante modelados espaciales.

Determination Of Organic Compound Pollution In The Springs At Pesedahan Village, Karangasem By Permanganometri

Introduction: Water is the main component / important for living things, so its quality and quantity needs to be maintained. Similarly, the springs in the Pesedahan Village, Manggis District, Karangasem Regency that gives an important influence for the community’s activities there.Water quality decline to a certain level caused by one of the organic compounds contamination. The decrease of water quality to a certain level is caused by one of the organic compounds. Method: This research is a quantitative research. The purpose of this research is to determine and analyze the level of organic compound spring in Pesedahan Village, Manggis Subdistrict, Karangasem Regency. The research was conducted on 5 springs in the location, each taken 2 L as sample. Result: The result of the research by permanganometri result showed that the data of organic compound samples 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 sequentially in mg / L were 8,2581, 8,8481, 11,0178, 9,8381 and 6,6781, respectively With Permenkes R1 No.492 / Menkes / Per / IV / 2010 found that the organic compound of sample 3 exceeded the maximum limit, while the other four samples were below maximum. Discussion: For that it is advisable for the community to maintain the safety of water springs, one of which cleans the area of ​​the spring, and does not dispose of waste around the springs location.