Location In Space Research Articles

Augmented reality mobile information system for the obtaining detailed and non-intrusive information in large environments

Introduction: This article is the result of the augmented reality project "AR position U" for the effective visualization of information of interest dynamically through augmented reality, carried out in the year 2022 in the city of Popayan, capital of the department of Cauca.
 Problem: Problems have been identified regarding the location of spaces in very large places by people who have no knowledge of the site you need to locate causing loss of time, frustration to the point of being late to the desired location. This leads to the following problem question: What would be the impact of the implementation of an augmented reality application, whose purpose is to provide detailed information to people in a non-intrusive way in large environments?
 Objective: To propose a mobile information system that allows users to orient themselves and obtain detailed information in a dynamic and non-intrusive way in large environments through augmented reality.
 Methodology: The experimental methodology is used, since a series of tests were determined to reach the validation of the information system in order to have a product that was articulated with the guide of good practices of project management and meet the needs of the population to which it could be directed.
 Results: As a result, the information system based on augmented reality was obtained, allowing the easy location of spaces due to the usability of the product.
 Conclusion: Based on the experimental methodology it is determined that, although augmented reality improves the detailed descriptions of large environments, it is very limited to the external conditions, however, the tool meets the proposed objectives.
 Originality: Augmented reality information system for orientation in large places and obtaining information in a non-intrusive way, under the PMBOK and XP methodology.
 Limitations: Due to complexity and time constraints, it is not possible to cover all faculties. On the other hand, 3D interface is only generated by QR tags. On the other hand, the correct functioning of the system can be affected by lighting factors, the distance of the user from the tag, the hardware and software capacity of the smartphone and the internet connection.

Functional ultrasound imaging reveals 3D structure of orientation domains in ferret primary visual cortex

Background and purposeThe sensory cortex is organized into “maps” that represent sensory space across cortical space. In primary visual cortex (V1) of highly visual mammals, multiple visual feature maps are organized into a functional architecture anchored by orientation domains: regions containing neurons preferring the same stimulus orientation. Although the pinwheel-like structure of orientation domains is well-characterized in the superficial cortical layers in dorsal regions of V1, the 3D shape of orientation domains spanning all 6 cortical layers and across dorsal and ventral regions of V1 has never been revealed. MethodsWe utilized an emerging research method in neuroscience, functional ultrasound imaging (fUS), to resolve the 3D structure of orientation domains throughout V1 in anesthetized female ferrets. fUS measures blood flow from which neuronal population activity is inferred with improved spatial resolution over fMRI. ResultsfUS activations in response to drifting gratings placed at multiple locations in visual space generated unique activation patterns in V1 and visual thalamus, confirming prior observations that fUS can resolve retinotopy. Iso-orientation domains, determined from clusters of activations driven by large oriented gratings, were cone-shaped and present in both dorsal and ventral regions of V1. The spacing between iso-orientation domains was consistent with spacing measured previously using optical imaging methods. ConclusionsOrientation domains are cones rather than columns. Their width and intra-domain distances may vary across dorsal and ventral regions of V1. These findings demonstrate the power of fUS at revealing 3D functional architecture in cortical regions not accessible to traditional surface imaging methods.

POINTNET++ TRANSFER LEARNING FOR TREE EXTRACTION FROM MOBILE LIDAR POINT CLOUDS

Abstract. Trees are an essential part of the natural and urban environment due to providing crucial benefits such as increasing air quality and wildlife habitats. Therefore, various remote sensing and photogrammetry technologies, including Mobile Laser Scanner (MLS), have been recently introduced for precise 3D tree mapping and modeling. The MLS provides densely 3D LiDAR point clouds from the surrounding, which results in measuring applicable information of trees like stem diameter or elevation. In this paper, a transfer learning procedure on the PointNet++ has been proposed for tree extraction. Initially, two steps of converting the MLS point clouds into same-length smaller sections and eliminating ground points have been conducted to overcome the massive volume of MLS data. The algorithm was tested on four LiDAR datasets ranging from challengeable urban environments containing multiple objects like tall buildings to railway surroundings. F1-Score accuracy was gained at around 93% and 98%, which showed the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed algorithm. Noticeably, the algorithms also measured geometrical information of extracted trees such as 2D coordinate space, height, stem diameter, and 3D boundary tree locations.

A CNN approach based on correlation metrics to chemical process fault classifications with limited labelled data

AbstractThis paper proposes a novel correlation metrics‐based convolutional neural network (CNN) classification model for chemical process fault diagnoses, creating a heuristic representation concerning process variable locations in grey correlation space (GCS) in terms of the copula entropy to guide the learning of classifiers. The proposed method based on correlation metrics can help solve the problem of insufficient information caused by a lack of labelled data. Specifically, variable correlations are fused into a heuristic matrix to provide prior knowledge for network learning in compensating data information before the CNN is employed to build the classifier for mining features in GCS. Driven by this mechanism, fault classifications in the case of small numbers of fault samples are successfully implemented. With successful simulation experiments carried out on the Tennessee Eastman (TE) process platform, we found that in GCS, different fault samples can represent hugely different features, while data resulting from the same fault rarely contribute to different ones. This observation lays a solid foundation for constructing superior fault classifiers. In addition, compared with conventional approaches, the proposed method has demonstrated better fault classification performances in the case of limited labelled fault samples.

Analysis of the use of automatic control systems for the destruction of weeds in the conditions of organic cultivation of vegetable and row crops

Puprose. To analyze the state of development of MTU automatic control systems in the world and Ukraine and determine the rational direction for the development of new systems. Reducing the cost of manual labor for the destruction of weeds when growing environmentally friendly vegetable and row crops. Reduction of protective zones during the destruction of weeds in row-spacings and rows of vegetable and tilled crops. Methods. Monographic, analytical, abstract-logical, structural modeling, design and manufacture of alternative MTU automatic control systems for the implementation of effective methods of weed control in the organic farming system. Results. The analysis of technological solutions was carried out using specialized technical means equipped with automated control systems of the MTU. A technical and economic analysis of the use of technical means for the automated control of the MTU was carried out. The structural and functional scheme of the system for automatically bringing the working bodies of the row cultivator to the row of cultivated plants is substantiated. Conclusions. According to the results of the analysis, it was found that for automatic driving of the MTU in aggregation with agricultural technical means, it is most relevant to use GNSS tools, which are a satellite navigation system created for the purpose of positioning (determining the location in space – that is, coordinates) of objects. The automatic control system developed at the IMA AIP NAAS will allow to increase the productivity and quality of weeding operations by mechanical cultivators when working with minimal protective zones (2–3 cm) or weeding in a row of agricultural crops (corn, sunflower, tomato seedlings, garlic) with polyurethane finger-star discs. Keywords: automatic control system, control system, artificial intelligence, video vision camera, technical means, machine and tractor units, weed control, organic cultivation.

Effectiveness of retro walking on knee proprioception after knee injury

Background: Knee injuries are frequent and can significantly affect a person’s functionality and capacity to carry out regular tasks. Only two of the many components that support the equilibrium of the knee joint are ligaments and supporting structures. Direct or indirect trauma can cause ligament injuries that result in instability, and sports and physical activity put the knee joint at a higher risk for injury. Proprioception, the body’s ability to recognize its location in space, is crucial for preserving balance and coordinating motions. Walking is a fundamental action that may be employed for rehabilitation, both forward and backward. The aim of the study is to investigate how retro walking after a knee injury affects knee proprioception. Finding out how retro walking impacts knee health is one of the objectives. The objectives include comparing the experimental group’s findings to those of a control group and determining how retro walking affects knee proprioception. Retro walking increases knee proprioception as well as the neuromuscular and muscular systems, which may make rehabilitation programs for those with knee injuries more effective. Objective: The study’s objective is to evaluate how retro walking after a knee injury affects knee proprioception. The objectives include comparing the experimental group’s findings to those of a control group and determining how retro walking affects knee proprioception. Retro walking increases knee proprioception as well as the neuromuscular and muscular systems, which may make rehabilitation programs for those with knee injuries more effective. Method: 24 injured individuals (men and women) participated in this experimental investigation. They were split into two groups of 14, the control group, and the experimental group, obtaining everyone’s approval after having informed them. The knee injury and osteoarthritis scale (KOOS), star excursion balancing test, and joint position sense are employed as outcome measures. Prior to the intervention, baseline measurements were collected. After 6 weeks of interventions, the final grade was determined. While stationary cycling and strengthening exercises for the quadriceps, calf muscles, and hamstrings are part of traditional therapy among the control group, retro walking was also offered to the experimental group. Results were collected, and the data were examined after 6 weeks. Result: The experiment group of knee injury patients who performed retro walking demonstrated a substantial increase in knee function and proprioception ratings, according to the study’s findings. According to the analysis of the KOOS scale, scores for proprioception and knee function after retro walking were significantly different, with a mean change of −19.833 units. Retro walking’s ability to enhance knee proprioception was further supported by the SEBT score, which showed a mean change of −37.167 units. A substantial mean change of −4.583 units was also seen when the JPS score was evaluated, showing the beneficial effects of retro walking on knee proprioception in knee injury patients. These results imply that retro walking is a viable option for enhancing proprioception and knee functionality in knee injury patients. 34 Conclusion: It has been found that retro walking on a treadmill for 15 min, up to 6 weeks at 3 times each week, with a 10◦ inclination and a speed of 1–2 m/s, significantly improves knee proprioception following injury. The statistical study supports this observation. Considering the study’s results, one may assert that retro walking helps knee injury patients raise their total level of physical activity. It has been demonstrated that retro walking enhances knee function and proprioception. Analysis of differences between both the test and control groups, the joint position awareness, star excursion balance test, and KOOS score all show greater progress. Retro walking is therefore more successful in the rehabilitation of post-knee injury in the current investigation.

КОНЦЕПЦИЯ КОГНИТИВНОГО МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ ТЕКСТОВОГО ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННОГО ПРОСТРАНСТВА

The article presents the theory of cognitive modeling of literary text space aimed at a comprehensive cognitive interpretation of proxeme text code. A typology of text cognitive constructs is proposed. This typology includes six types such as: literary concept, cognitive-plot matrix of literary text, text cognitive links, cognitive coordinates of literary text, cognitive text space models, cognitive text temporal models. The research presents the author’s algorithm for modeling and interpreting text proxeme constructs applied to studying the cognitive model of nominative field of concept SPACE and offers the typology of literary space nominees consisting of proxemes’ types such as: (1) words with prepositions as space markers, (2) verbs of movement or location in space, (3) place names, (4) landscape units as landscape nominations. It is revealed that proxemes have the form of a word or phrases that can be single-component or multi-component nominees. According to the method of functioning proxemes are divided into personalised proxemes and non-personalised proxemes. The existence of anthropocentrically marked and anthropocentrically unmarked models of literary space is justified.

Environmental inequalities in the municipality of Lisbon: spatial analysis of combustion gases

Some inducing factors of climate change can be attributed to a set of pollution indicators, and the territorial distribution of pollution has repercussions on environmental inequalities. Based on the case study of Lisbon, we map some environmental inequalities and how they relate to the location of transport infrastructures, green spaces, and mobility practices. How is air pollution distributed inside Lisbon? What is the relationship between the distribution of air pollution and the location of transport infrastructure, and green spaces? The results show that there are environmental inequalities, air pollution is higher in zones with a dense road network and heavy traffic. Environmentally friendly mobility practices do not exclude an exposure to higher levels of air pollution due to combustion gases, representing a mismatch between the production of pollution and environmental exposure.

Tomography of fast ion distribution function under neutral beam injection and ion cyclotron resonance heating on EAST

In magnetic confinement fusion devices, velocity-space tomography of fast-ion velocity distribution function is crucial for investigating fast-ion distribution and transport. In the neutral beam injection (NBI) and ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRF) synergistic heating experiments in Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), high-energy particles with energy exceeding the particle energy in NBI are observed. Simulations of synergistic effect on fast-ion velocity distribution function given by TRANSP also show the existence of particles with energy higher than the particle energy in NBI. To investigate the behaviors of fast ion distribution and calculate the velocity distribution functions under different heating conditions, the first-order Tikhonov regularization tomographic inversion method with higher inversion accuracy is introduced by comparing various regularization techniques. The limitations of the dual-view fast-ion D<sub>α</sub> (FIDA) diagnostic measurements in velocity space are addressed by incorporating prior information such as null measurement and the known peaks and effectively mitigate the occurrence of artifacts. This method is first employed in the case of NBI heating. The NBI peak is successfully reconstructed at the expected location in velocity space, which shows significant improvement in the inversion results. In order to further validate the synergistic effect of NBI-ICRF heating and study the mechanism of fast ion distribution under synergistic heating, the combination of FIDA and neutron emission spectrometer (NES) is applied to the first-order Tikhonov regularization tomographic inversion method for enhancing the coverage of velocity space, through which the issue of artifacts in the inversion results is significantly improved, and thus the precision of the obtained fast-ion velocity distribution functions is enhanced. Based on the benefit described above, the method of combining NES diagnosis and FIDA diagnosis is used to obtain fast-ion velocity distribution functions in the NBI and ICRF synergistic heating discharge. The synergistic heating effect is manifested in the fast-ion velocity distribution. The availability of this inversion method in reconstructing fast-ion velocity distribution functions during high-performance operation of NBI-ICRF synergistic heating in the EAST experiment is confirmed. In the next-step EAST research, high performance discharge will demand more efficiency NBI and ICRF synergistic heating, the present work builds the stage for investigating the underlying mechanism of synergistic heating and the intricate behaviors associated with fast ion distribution and transport.

Atypically located arachnoid cyst in a five-year-old cat

Arachnoid cysts are cystic lesions that occur in spinal or intracranial locations in the leptomeningeal space. Four intracranial cases have been described in cats, three of which were diagnosed by imaging techniques alone. We now report the clinical, gross and histopathological findings in a 5-year-old, male-neutered European Shorthair cat that presented with chronic, asymmetrical encephalopathy. Using magnetic resonance imaging, a focal, fluid-filled cavity that did not show contrast enhancement was identified in the left temporal and piriform lobes. Necropsy confirmed the presence of a cystic, meningeal cavity filled with clear, serous fluid. Histologically, the cyst had an irregular, hypereosinophilic surface and single psammoma bodies with moderate perivascular oedema in the adjacent neuroparenchyma. Immunohistochemical evidence of meningeal tissue surrounding the cyst confirmed the diagnosis of an arachnoid cyst, which should be considered as a differential diagnosis of intracranial, fluid-filled cavities.

Sequence Similarity among Structural Repeats in the Piezo Family of Mechanosensitive Ion Channels

Members of the Piezo family of mechanically activated cation channels are involved in multiple physiological processes in higher eukaryotes, including vascular development, cell differentiation, touch perception, hearing, and more, but they are also common in single-celled eukaryotic microorganisms. Mutations in these proteins in humans are associated with a variety of diseases, such as colorectal adenomatous polyposis, dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis, and hereditary xerocytosis. Available 3D structures for Piezo proteins show nine regions of four transmembrane segments each that have the same fold. Despite the remarkable similarity among the nine characteristic structural repeats in the family, no significant sequence similarity among them has been reported. Using bioinformatics approaches and the Transporter Classification Database (TCDB) as reference, we reliably identified sequence similarity among repeats based on four lines of evidence: (1) hidden Markov model-profile similarities across repeats at the family level, (2) pairwise sequence similarities between different repeats across Piezo homologs, (3) Piezo-specific conserved sequence signatures that consistently identify the same regions across repeats, and (4) conserved residues that maintain the same orientation and location in 3D space.

Applications of negative permeability metamaterials for electromagnetic resonance type wireless power transfer systems

With the development of electric drive systems such as unmanned aerial vehicles and electric vehicles, the charging problem of power supply devices has become increasingly prominent. However, the traditional charging method requires physical circuits, which makes it impossible to achieve freedom of the position in actual use. The wireless power transmission technology, which mainly relies on electromagnetic wave to complete energy transmission, is expected to get rid of the restriction of physical space location and solve the problem of charging location, which has great potential in medical treatment, rescue, detection and other fields. However, the low transmission efficiency and short transmission distance caused by electromagnetic field leakage are the two main problems faced by radio energy transmission systems. In general, with the increase of transmission distance, the transmission efficiency will drop sharply. Fortunately, inserting a negative permeability metamaterial with extraordinary electromagnetic characteristics into the transmitting and receiving coils will greatly alleviate this attenuation trend and can also shield electromagnetic radiation to a certain extent. In this paper, some experiments of negative permeability metamaterials used in electromagnetic resonance type wireless power transfer systems are summarized for reference.

An Insight of Adaptive Notification Management and User Experience Intelligent Systems for the Blind

Due to the lack of accessibility features, the process by which a blind person navigates in space is sometimes regarded as difficult. A large part of the accessibility systems, for the public, are not designed to consider the usage of the blind, which can lead to exclusion. The majority of them must rely on other senses for space location awareness, an example that is followed frequently is the creation of mental maps for certain already-known places. Using the means of transportation, which is a necessary activity for a blind person but uncomplicated for a sighted person, may require studying every move the driver makes in order to accurately determine the present path. Crowdsourcing systems offer the potential to develop a social network through which some of the issues faced by blind people may be resolved. Over time, this leads to the development of a community that fully comprehends the issues and requirements that visually impaired people (VIPs) encounter on a daily basis. With the use of multi-modal feedback interfaces, this effort intends to demonstrate a collaborative system that pairs volunteers with blind persons and guides them along a route. We address the issue of minimizing the cognitive load in addition to the architecture-related issues of such a system by designing a notification system that does not distract the user from their current action.

Analysis of the relationship between the gated community Citraland Surabaya’s spatial configuration and social segregation

Previous studies have shown that gated community development encourages social segregation, which occurs due to the ability of the design elements to separate from their environment. An example is the plurality of the entrance element, the provision of portals to roads, and the inaccessibility of open spaces such as parks to the public. Therefore, this study discusses the relationship between the spatial configuration of a gated community and social segregation by analyzing spatial elements, such as boundaries, roads, and public spaces. The relationship is described quantitatively with the integration value (R), both on local (R3) and global (Rn) scales, generated by the DepthmapX application from Space Syntax. One of the gated communities in Surabaya, Indonesia, Citraland, was chosen as a case study. The results showed that the higher the integration value, the lower the level of segregation and vice versa. Furthermore, it proves that the primary circulation path has the highest integration value and is the main axis influencing segregation. The number of entrances does not affect segregation as opposed to its relationship to the main axis. The number of public spaces also does not affect segregation, as opposed to the relationship between the location of public spaces and the main axis. The level of segregation of gated communities is very likely to differ on a local scale (R3) and a global scale (Rn). Citraland has proven to be integrative on a local scale but segregative on a global scale.

Evocations: Honouring The Memory of Women Artists

The life and work of women artists has been, more often than not, neglected and excluded from history. There are artists, groups, authors and institutions around the world who have made and continue to make efforts to shed light on excluded artists by showing their work in exhibitions, compilations, websites or social media accounts. The ongoing project Evocations aims to honour some of those forgotten artists through the creation of artwork inspired by them. Until now, this project has consisted of four participatory public performance art pieces and a collective exhibition honouring eleven women artists who have not been properly recognised for their achievements. By undertaking these participatory performances in public space locations the art, ideas and lives of these women are drawn into the daily life of contemporary Mexico.

삼척 흥전리사지의 입지 환경과 공간 활용

산지 및 산간 지형에 자리한 흥전리 사지는 입지 환경의 특징을 살필 수 있다. 사지는 산지 지형을 선택하였지만 당시의 정치, 경제, 사회적 상황 등과 같이 고려되었을 것이다. 하지만 무엇보다 지형 공간을 적절히 이용하고 활용하는 모습이 명확하다. 유형의 공간으로는 사찰 건축물을, 무형의 공간으로는 기도와 도량 등의 신앙적 장소 등을 지형의 형태와 특성에 맞게 배치하고 이를 사역 범위에 포함시켰다. 그러한 모습은 발굴조사 자료를 통해 확인된 유구의 배치, 고고 지형학적 관점의 고지형분석 그리고 과거 풍수 지리 환경 자료 등을 종합하고, 여기에 GIS의 TPI분석 등을 통해 그 특징을 명확히 살필 수 있었다. 흥전리 사지와 그 일원에는 자연적이고 인위적인 지형 흔적이 모두 확인된다. 사지의 중심으로는 평탄대지를 넓게 조성한 흔적이 있고, 그 외부로는 단차를 두는 사면과 곡부 내 습지 그리고 도로로서의 임도 등을볼 수 있다. 이러한 지형의 모습은 사지를 둘러싼 산지와 하천의 분포에서도 그 특징을 명확히 할 수 있었다. 북쪽의 산지 정상에서 동서로 뻗은 능선과 남쪽의 하천 그리고 그 너머의 산지 지형은 전형의 풍수지리적자연 환경을 갖추고 있다. 그러한 자연 환경의 중심에는 흥전리 사지의 건물들을 배치하고 그 외부로는 생산지대로 활용하면서 사역의 범위를 넓혀 가는 모습이다. 경내에서 경외로 그리고 가시적 경관 차원의 사역의범위로 확장하였다. 경내 사역은 금당과 부속 건물의 축조를 위해 대지를 조성한 지형으로서 인위성이 매우 강하게 나타난다. 반면 경외 사역은 인위적 행위가 이루어지긴 하지만 형질 변형이 최소한으로 이루어지는 조금 더 자연 지형에 순응한 지형으로 확인된다. 그리고 경관적 사역은 흥전리 사지를 대상으로 주변 자연환경을 바라보는범위인데 온전히 자연에 순응한 지형이다. 이러한 사역 범위는 흥전리 사지의 내·외부로 지형 공간 활용과도 연관된다. 발굴된 흥전리 사지를 둘러싼 경내는 불지의 공간이며 다시 승방과 불방의 공간으로 구분된다. 경외는 속지의 공간으로서 출입공간, 생계를 위한 생산공간, 경내의 오폐수 처리 공간 그리고 도량을 위한 개별의 신앙 공간 등이 존재할 가능성이 있다. 마지막으로 사역의 확장된 범위로서 경관의 범위는 가시권이 미치는 무형의 지형 공간으로 살필 수있을 것이다.

Copebot: Underwater Soft Robot with Copepod-Like Locomotion.

It has been a great challenge to develop robots that are able to perform complex movement patterns with high speed and, simultaneously, high accuracy. Copepods are animals found in freshwater and saltwater habitats that can have extremely fast escape responses when a predator is sensed by performing explosive curved jumps. In this study, we present a design and build prototypes of a combustion-driven underwater soft robot, the "copebot," which, similar to copepods, is able to accurately reach nearby predefined locations in space within a single curved jump. Because of an improved thrust force transmission unit, causing a large initial acceleration peak (850 body length·s-2), the copebot is eight times faster than previous combustion-driven underwater soft robots, while able to perform a complete 360° rotation during the jump. Thrusts generated by the copebot are tested to quantitatively determine the actuation performance, and parametric studies are conducted to investigate the sensitivity of the kinematic performance of the copebot to the input parameters. We demonstrate the utility of our design by building a prototype that rapidly jumps out of the water, accurately lands on its feet on a small platform, wirelessly transmits data, and jumps back into the water. Our copebot design opens the way toward high-performance biomimetic robots for multifunctional applications.

KAJIAN PENENTUAN PRIORITAS RUANG TERBUKA HIJAU BERDASARKAN FENOMENA URBAN HEAT ISLAND DI KOTA CIREBON

Urban Heat Island (UHI) is characterized by an increase in surface temperature that occurs in downtown areas which is higher than in sub-urban areas. Cirebon City in 2018 - 2023 years has an increased population growth rate of 2.9% per year and ± 55% of built-up land. Cirebon city also one of the 9 cities in West Java where there has been an increase in temperature where the UHI phenomenon occurred in 1989 – 2021 years with the downtown and sub-urban areas having a surface temperature difference of 3°C. So it is necessary to have a study regarding determining the priority of green open space reduce the effect of UHI in Cirebon City. The research methodology used is Landsat 8 image processing and with helping of a Geographic Information System (GIS) to determine priority green open space locations. The parameters used are vegetation index, population density and comfort index. The purpose of this study is to determine the priority locations in increasing the area of green open space to reduce the UHI effect based on the level of suitability of the Cirebon City Rencana Detil Tata Ruang (RDTR). The results of the study show that areas that are not suitable according to the RDTR of Cirebon City are the top priority that needs to be done. The priority is reforestation covering an area of ± 2,481.22 ha around built-up land by modifying green open space in the form of implementing green infrastructure (GI) .

Multi-fidelity Surrogate Modelling of Wall Mounted Cubes

This paper focuses on the application of multi-fidelity surrogate modelling to characteristics of a flow as it changes with a parameter. This provides insight into the potential of combining multi-fidelity modelling approaches with varying fidelities of computational fluid dynamics methods to a parameter space exploration. A limited number of trusted high-fidelity large eddy simulation data points, in combination with an extended study using lower-fidelity Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes modelling is used as the input for the surrogate model. Multi-fidelity surrogate models are implemented to bridge the low-fidelity and high-fidelity models providing an improved surrogate model over using a single fidelity alone. The flow around tandem wall mounted cubes at varying inlet yaw angle is used as an aerodynamic test case for this methodology. Results presented show that the multi-fidelity surrogate modelling provides a significant improvement over single fidelity modelling for the prediction of global flow properties. This methodology is then extended to combine multiple local flow features into the multi-fidelity model to build up fuller descriptions of the flow at angles not included in the training data for the model. The results of this are presented for both one-dimensional line plots at a range of locations along the center line of the flow and for two-dimensional slices of the velocity field. The multi-fidelity surrogate model produces results at locations in the parameter space away from the high fidelity training data that match closely to large eddy simulation results.

Green Open Spaces as Butterfly Refuge Habitat: Potential, Issues, and Management Strategies for Butterfly Conservation in Urban Areas

One of the ecological functions of green open space (RTH) is to accommodate biodiversity in urban areas by providing a habitat for wild plants and animals. Pollution, urbanization, and various other environmental pressures make green open spaces in urban areas more susceptible to disturbances, both natural and due to human activities, which can affect the existence of biodiversity within them, including butterflies, which have specificity and sensitivity to certain environmental conditions, thus acting as bioindicators. Assessment of butterfly species, habitat conditions, and assistance with problems was carried out at four green open space locations in the East Jakarta Administrative City (DKI Jakarta Province) and four green open space locations in Pontianak City (West Borneo Province) to determine the potential and effectiveness of green open space as habitat protection for butterflies. The assessment was carried out by observing the presence of butterflies using the time search method and measuring the environmental factors that form the habitat and their correlation with the butterfly community through quantitative analysis. The results of the study showed that there were 22 species of butterflies in green open space in the East Jakarta Administrative City and 17 species of butterflies in green open space in Pontianak City. Correlation analysis at the eight green open space locations showed the same pattern, namely that the occurrence of butterfly species increased along with the number of forage plant species (as hosts or food plants) and canopy density (as shelter plants). The clustered shape of green open space is also a characteristic of green open space, which supports the function of green open space as a refuge habitat for butterflies in urban areas.