Local Terminology Research Articles

Demonization of Local Terminology in Bible Translation: The Case of Nat in the Kachin Bible

There are cases in which Bible translation has involved the demonization of local terminology. This is the case with the translation of the Bible into the Kachin language of Myanmar (Burma). The pre-Christian religion of Kachins was Nat worship, which provided religious vocabulary items for the Kachin Bible translation. The local term Nat (meaning “spirit”) was used for several demonological terms in the Kachin Bible. This study argues that the local term Nat was demonized in the process of Bible translation, resulting in a lasting and damaging impact on the biblical and theological understanding of Kachin Christians.

Exploring community insights on antimicrobial resistance in Nepal: a formative qualitative study

BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the process by which microbes evolve mechanisms to survive the medicines designed to destroy them i.e. antimicrobials (AMs). Despite being a natural process, AMR is being hastened by the abuse of AMs. In context of Nepal, there is limited information on drivers of AMR and barriers in addressing it from a community perspective. This study explores the local language and terminology used around AMs in the community, commonly used AMs and reasons for their usage, how these AMs are sourced, and the perceived barriers to addressing AMR via One Health approach.MethodsA phenomenological study design was utilized with applied qualitative research theoretically framed as pragmatism. Twelve in-depth interviews and informal discussions with a One Health focus, were purposively conducted with wide range of stakeholders and community resident of Kapilvastu municipality of Nepal during April 2022. The acquired data was analyzed manually via a thematic framework approach. The study obtained ethical approval from ethical review board of Nepal Health Research Council and University of Leeds.ResultsNepali and Awadhi languages does not have specific words for AMs or AMR, which is understandable by the community people. Rather, community use full explanatory sentences. People use AMs but have incomplete knowledge about them and they have their own local words for these medicines. The knowledge and usage of AMs across human and animal health is impacted by socio-structural factors, limited Government regulation, inadequate supply of AMs in local government health facilities and the presence of various unregulated health providers that co-exist within the health system. Novel ideas such as the use of visual and smart technology, for instance mobile phones and social media exposure, can enable access to information about AMs and AMR.ConclusionThis study shows that terminology that is understandable by the community referring to AMs and AMR in Nepali and Awadhi languages does not exist, but full explanatory sentences and colloquial names are used. Despite regular utilisation, communities have incomplete knowledge regarding AMs. Since, knowledge alone cannot improve behaviour, behavioural interventions are required to address AMR via community engagement to co-produce their own solutions.Trial registrationNot applicable.

Exploring numeracy teaching and learning by using ethnomathematics

The purpose of this study was to explore the impact that the cultural or everyday practices of ethnomathematics of a particular cultural group will have if they are used in teaching and learning of numeracy concepts related to geometrical shapes. It explored cultural practices, artefacts, written, verbal or visual communication messages reflecting mathematics in order to see how they could best eliminate the problems learners encounter in the acquisition of numeracy language. Data was generated using observations, brainstorming and interviews. Based on this research, the impact of using ethnomathematics in numeracy teaching and learning brings in innumerable benefits. These include promoting deep learning and allows teachers to maka use of prior knowledge in the classroom. This allows learners to recall and relate to the concepts learnt and employ them in their daily activities so that they do not to remain inert. Another impact of interest was the reclaiming of names of geometrical shapes from certain languages which currently teachers are not aware of as they are overlooked. For instance when geometrical shapes were first discussed using local terminology, it made more meaning than when taught using English used as a medium of teaching and learning in the research area.

Татарский костюм в музейных собраниях России

The article is an overview of the collections on the folk costume of the Tatars, stored in the funds of numerous museums in Russia and Tatarstan. It contains information about the traditional types of upper and lower clothing, shoes and jewelry of the Volga-Ural Tatars (Kazan, Kasimov, Mishars, and Kryashens), as well as similar information on the costume of Astrakhan and Siberian Tatars living on the territory of the Russian Federation. Particular attention is paid to women's costume which characterizes folk arts and crafts to the greatest extent. A significant part of the collections is well passportised, indicating the region of existence, gender and age, and local terminology. The materials of the collections reflect the ethno-local and regional features of traditional clothing. On provision of firm attribution, museum objects have advantages over other historical sources. Artifacts from the early to mid–19th century and of the earlier period – medieval “imperishable” metal jewelry, leather goods, etc. are of particular value. They serve as a reliable illustration for the reconstruction of pre-national costume variations, which are extremely in demand in modern museum, theater, and ritual practices. When using the synchronous-diachronic methods of comparative historical analysis, museum artifacts considerably contribute to the study of the history of the Tatar costume, which largely reflects the ethno- and cultural genesis of the people as a whole.

Kansa talk: mapping cancer terminologies in Bagamoyo, Tanzania towards dignity-based practice

This paper reports and examines the results of qualitative research on the use of local cancer terminology in urban Bagamoyo, Tanzania. Following recent calls to unify evidence and dignity-based practices...

Farmers’ Variety Naming and Crop Varietal Diversity of Two Cereal and Three Legume Species in the Moroccan High Atlas, Using DATAR

Local agrobiodiversity in remote areas such as the Moroccan High Atlas is poorly studied, despite being of great importance for the sustainability and resilience of mountainous populations. This includes important species such as wheat (Triticum spp.), barley (Hordeum vulgare), fava beans (Vicia faba), peas (Pisum sativum), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa). This study aimed to better understand varietal naming by farmers and the traits they use for assessing the current diversity of the five species, in 22 locations, distributed across three hubs of the High Atlas. The data were provided by 282 Amazigh informants during focus-group discussions, household surveys, and market surveys, with the support of the Diversity Assessment Tool for Agrobiodiversity and Resilience (DATAR). The use of local terminology for variety names and systematically collected morphological, ecological, and use descriptors appears to be a valuable way to assess local intraspecific diversity, and further comparisons with genomic results are recommended. Furthermore, the results also indicate low diversity at the household level, which contrasts with the greater diversity at the community level. Larger areas are still planted with landraces compared to areas planted with modern varieties, although the levels of richness (number) of both landraces and modern varieties are equivalent overall. Many factors influence this diversity: the biophysical characteristics of the sites, the socio-economic and management practices of farmers, and the availability of varietal diversity and of modern varieties or landraces. Although selection processes have reduced the local diversity available for economically important crops, we found that farmers still rely greatly on landraces, which present traits and variability that allow them to adapt to local conditions.

Exploring terminology for puerperal sepsis and its symptoms in urban Karachi, Pakistan to improve communication, care-seeking, and illness recognition

ABSTRACT Puerperal sepsis is an important cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Awareness of local terminology for its signs and symptoms may improve communication about this illness, what actions to take when symptoms appear, timely care seeking, and clinical outcomes. This formative research aimed to improve recognition and management of postpartum sepsis in Pakistan by eliciting local terms used for postpartum illnesses and symptoms. We conducted 32 in-depth interviews with recently delivered women, their relatives, traditional birth attendants, and health care providers to explore postpartum experiences. Terms for symptoms and illness are used interchangeably (i.e. bukhar, the Urdu word for fever), many variations exist for the same term, and gradations of severity for each term as not associated with different types of illnesses. The lack of a designated term for postpartum sepsis in Urdu delays care-seeking and proper diagnosis, particularly at the community level. Ideally, a common lexicon for symptoms and postpartum sepsis would be developed but this may not be feasible or appropriate given the nature of the Urdu language and local understandings of postpartum illness. These insights can inform how we approach educational campaigns, the development of clinical algorithms that focus on symptoms, and counselling protocols.

Indexing Imaging Reports for Data Sharing: A Study of Mapping Using RadLex Playbook and LOINC.

New use cases and the need for quality control and imaging data sharing in health studies require the capacity to align them to reference terminologies. We are interested in mapping the local terminology used at our center to describe imaging procedures to reference terminologies for imaging procedures (RadLex Playbook and LOINC/RSNA Radiology Playbook). We performed a manual mapping of the 200 most frequent imaging report titles at our center (i.e. 73.2% of all imaging exams). The mapping method was based only on information explicitly stated in the titles. The results showed 57.5% and 68.8% of exact mapping to the RadLex and LOINC/RSNA Radiology Playbooks, respectively. We identified the reasons for the mapping failure and analyzed the issues encountered.

The Korean Vernacular Story: Telling Tales of Contemporary Chosŏn in Sinographic Writing

The Korean Vernacular Story: Telling Tales of Contemporary Chosŏn in Sinographic Writing

From Homes to Assets and From Pioneers to Shareholders: An Evolving Frontier Terminology

Frontier settlements played a key role in the formation of Israeli society and its territorial project. In the pre-statehood years and during the first decades after the establishment of the state of Israel, settling the frontiers formed one of the main national objectives, securing the nation’s control over space while promoting a unified local identity. Appropriately, settlement practices and discourse focused on pioneer rural communities and industrial towns, with a clear emphasis on housing units and residential estates. With the privatisation of the local economy, the national settlement development mechanism was privatised as well, the former state-led enterprise was harnessed to the interests of the market, and the earlier focus on housing was thus replaced by a property-oriented approach. This article studies the transformations in Israeli frontier settlement practices while analysing their changing modes of spatial production and the terminology they relied on. Studying the development process of Tzur-Yitzhak and Harish, two Israeli localities on the border with the occupied Palestinian West Bank, this article demonstrates how they first emerged as small-scale rural settlements and eventually turned into corporate-led projects. Presenting the geopolitical and societal interests behind both case studies, as well as the manner their proposed planning altered over the years, this article illustrates the transforming modes of production and the evolution of the local settlement terminology, demonstrating the shift from a pioneer-oriented to a market-led frontier settlement.

Recordkeeping culture in Switzerland: the impact of language and communication on the success of recordkeeping initiatives

PurposeRecords management has been heavily influenced by practice in English-speaking countries but is often seen as a foreign import in non-Anglophone countries. This study aims to investigate how using English terminology or translating records management terminology into French in a Francophone environment impacts on the success of recordkeeping strategies.Design/methodology/approachSemi-structured interviews were conducted with Francophone archivists and records managers in Switzerland to assess their communication strategies and the language used to communicate recordkeeping objectives.FindingsThe research findings indicate that in a Francophone environment, archivists and records managers who use French terminology are more successful in promoting recordkeeping objectives than those who use English terminology. Given that research was limited to one Swiss canton, more research is needed to test these findings in other Francophone cantons, provinces and countries.Originality/valueThis study is important for the success of recordkeeping initiatives in non-Anglophone countries. It highlights the need to take into account the local information culture and use terminology with which people are most familiar.

It was not the Government that did it: it was us! Water Supply in Kandon as an Example of Living Lao Socialism

ABSTRACT The core argument of this paper is that English-language scholarly understandings of socialism in Laos have been hampered by implicit ethnocentrism and denial of coevalness. Lingering but pervasive legacies of the Cold War include an equation of ‘true’ socialism with models of socialism that were practised in Europe, and a triumphalist tone that equates socialism with the past, the fake and the crumbling, even when it is (as with Laos) so evidently a tangible part of the lived present and the imagined future. Better understanding of socialism in Laos requires the kind of work that was done by an earlier generation of scholars on power in Southeast Asia, where concepts were translated across difference by rooting them in local terminology, contextualisations and usage. Following this inspiration, I approach socialism in Laos through the example of how the problem of water supply was addressed in a resettled, ethnic Kantu village in Sekong Province, Lao PDR. Why was the village resettled? Why was water a problem? What strategies did people use to obtain safe water? Answering these questions reveals some of what socialism means in lives as lived in this self-identified socialist state.

DCC Terminology Service—An Automated CI/CD Pipeline for Converting Clinical and Biomedical Terminologies in Graph Format for the Swiss Personalized Health Network

One goal of the Swiss Personalized Health Network (SPHN) is to provide an infrastructure for FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) health-related data for research purposes. Semantic web technology and biomedical terminologies are key to achieving semantic interoperability. To enable the integrative use of different terminologies, a terminology service is a important component of the SPHN Infrastructure for FAIR data. It provides both the current and historical versions of the terminologies in an SPHN-compliant graph format. To minimize the usually high maintenance effort of a terminology service, we developed an automated CI/CD pipeline for converting clinical and biomedical terminologies in an SPHN-compatible way. Hospitals, research infrastructure providers, as well as any other data providers, can download a terminology bundle (currently composed of SNOMED CT, LOINC, UCUM, ATC, ICD-10-GM, and CHOP) and deploy it in their local terminology service. The distributed service architecture allows each party to fulfill their local IT and security requirements, while still having an up-to-date interoperable stack of SPHN-compliant terminologies. In the future, more terminologies and mappings will be added to the terminology service according to the needs of the SPHN community.

How Can I Improve the Spelling of Class Four Students?

This research shows how the spelling of class four students, and students need to know the spellings so that their sentence structure is correct and in a way they can improve pronunciation. The need to study spelling from a communicative and functional approach arises from the interest of the researcher to perform a systematic analysis of this problem. In it, we realized the difficulty of writing correctly, and at the same time, the great link between writing correctly and developing in certain contexts in the classroom. For this reason, spelling acquires great importance in the educational context, it is necessary to promote in students the need for written communication, to promote the use of written language in different situations, and to support a progressive approach in learning spelling.
 The researcher target is for class four students and the school has 10 students with six boys and four girls. Their age range is between 10 and 12. The research is conducted from 1st June to 15th August 2021. The data was collected using three methodologies namely observation of their notebooks, dictation, and the writing of articles. The research was made authentic by the data collected by the researcher and observation, a critical friend's observation, and the field notes maintained by the researcher. The researcher compiled the data by keeping a record of class four students' performance both pre-data and post-data. Towards the end, there was a remarkable improvement in the spellings of class four students. Thus, this research helped the researcher to explore ways to improve the spelling which would benefit the students of grade four at the workplace of the researcher. Refer local terminology in Appendix A.

Measurement and sampling error in mixed-methods research for the control of Peste des Petits Ruminants in the Karamoja subregion of Northeastern Uganda: A cautionary tale

A team of interdisciplinary researchers undertook a mixed methods, participatory epidemiology (PE) based study as part of a pilot project for localized control of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), a small ruminant disease of high socio-economic impact. Mixed methods research combines qualitative and quantitative methods, allowing iterative comparison of results to arrive at a more comprehensive and informed outcome. In this study, the use of PE and a household survey (HHS) resulted in contradictory results. However, the mixed methods approach also facilitated the detection and the explanation of bias in the HHS, which may have gone undetected and unexplored had only one method been used. Results show that logistical constraints leading to a failure to apply key aspects of the sampling strategy led to problematic gender/ethnic composition of the HHS sample population. Additionally, while PE findings on local disease and terminology were integrated during HHS development and training, there is apparent measurement error related to enumerator bias in HHS results, possibly due to insufficient respondent understanding or a lack of analytic clarity. The extensive nature of the PE, surveillance methodologies used in the initial site assessment, and formative research for the HHS allowed for a critical analysis and interpretation of HHS results as well as reflection on the research process. The findings of this paper underscore the (1) flexibility and utility of participatory methods, (2) the importance of mixed methods research in designing health interventions, and (3) the necessity of tight integration of study design with team planning for implementation of research in environments such as Karamoja, Uganda. If all three are to be achieved not only researchers but funders must provide these space and structure beginning in the study design phase. These findings are relevant in many places, but have particular importance for international, interdisciplinary teams working from various on-and-off-site locations with traditional or indigenous knowledge systems.

Impact of local terminology on the design of a community-based diagnostic and management algorithm for postpartum sepsis: findings of formative research.

BackgroundPostpartum sepsis is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality and morbidity in developing countries. This formative research elicits local terms used for postpartum illnesses and symptoms of postpartum sepsis with the aim of improving postpartum diagnosis and management in Pakistan.MethodsWe conducted 34 in-depth interviews with recently delivered women (RDW), traditional birth attendants (TBAs), healthcare providers and family members of RDW from rural Sindh to explore local Sindhi terms used to describe postpartum sepsis and related symptoms. During interviews, all participants were asked to orally free list common symptoms of postpartum illnesses; those who were aware of the concept were asked to free list possible symptoms of postpartum sepsis. The responses were recorded by the interviewer. Free listing data were analyzed for frequency and salience.ResultsMost participants, including TBAs, were not familiar with the concept of postpartum sepsis as a distinct disease or of a local term denoting the concept. Almost all could identify and report symptoms related to postpartum sepsis in the local language. Only physicians were able to recognize the term postpartum sepsis and related symptoms. Multiple local terms were used for a particular symptom; still others were used to denote gradations of severity. ‘Bukhar’ (fever) was the most commonly named symptom although it was often considered a normal part of puerperium. Many postpartum illnesses were related to the highly non-specific local term ‘kamzori’ (weakness).ConclusionsBetter awareness about local terminology used in rural areas related to postpartum sepsis could improve communication, care-seeking patterns, diagnosis and management.

The impact of European legal acts on national legal terminology and on German as a minority language in South Tyrol, Italy

Abstract Legal concepts are generally deeply rooted in a specific legal system. Even when two legal systems use the same official language, such as Germany and Austria, the system-boundness of their legal concepts may lead to communication problems. German is also an officially recognised minority language in South Tyrol, Italy. In South Tyrol, the local public authorities must use the minority language in their relations with German-speaking citizens. This brought about the need to elaborate a local German legal terminology to express Italian legal concepts. Terminology development efforts intended to promote terminology consistency and avoid an excessive regionalisation of South Tyrolean German, so as to foster communication with the neighbouring German-speaking legal systems. In the last decades, European Union law has led to a growing harmonisation in the legal terminologies of its Member States, facilitating communication between the different legal systems, also with benefits for terminology work in South Tyrol. This paper focuses on how European legal acts impact on national legal terminology and affect German legal terminology in South Tyrol. The considerations set out are based on comparative legal terminology work regarding the Italian and the German-speaking legal systems done at Eurac Research.

Barriers and enablers to reporting pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes in population-based surveys: EN-INDEPTH study

BackgroundRisks of neonatal death, stillbirth and miscarriage are highest in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where data has most gaps and estimates rely on household surveys, dependent on women reporting these events. Underreporting of pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) is common, but few studies have investigated barriers to reporting these in LMICs. The EN-INDEPTH multi-country study applied qualitative approaches to explore barriers and enablers to reporting pregnancy and APOs in surveys, including individual, community, cultural and interview level factors.MethodsThe study was conducted in five Health and Demographic Surveillance System sites in Guinea-Bissau, Ethiopia, Uganda, Bangladesh and Ghana. Using an interpretative paradigm and phenomenology methodology, 28 focus group discussions were conducted with 82 EN-INDEPTH survey interviewers and supervisors and 172 women between February and August 2018. Thematic analysis was guided by an a priori codebook.ResultsSurvey interview processes influenced reporting of pregnancy and APOs. Women found questions about APOs intrusive and of unclear relevance. Across all sites, sociocultural and spiritual beliefs were major barriers to women reporting pregnancy, due to fear that harm would come to their baby. We identified several factors affecting reporting of APOs including reluctance to speak about sad memories and variation in recognition of the baby’s value, especially for APOs at earlier gestation. Overlaps in local understanding and terminology for APOs may also contribute to misreporting, for example between miscarriages and stillbirths. Interviewers’ skills and training were the keys to enabling respondents to open up, as was privacy during interviews.ConclusionSociocultural beliefs and psycho-social impacts of APOs play a large part in underreporting these events. Interviewers’ skills, careful tool development and translation are the keys to obtaining accurate information. Reporting could be improved with clearer explanations of survey purpose and benefits to respondents and enhanced interviewer training on probing, building rapport and empathy.

Chinese terminology studies

Abstract A single but collective, multifaceted, and multidimensional theory of terminology relies on the contributions of scholars in different ways and in different languages. Local terminology practice and exploration back-feed the general theory and jointly contribute to the completion of a comprehensive theoretical framework. This paper analyzes the application of terminology as the driving force of the discipline, which includes standardized application, domain-specific communicative application, and cross-cultural/cross-lingual application. Specifically, the characteristics of terminology translation practice in China are introduced, with terminology translation conducted as a practice of knowledge dissemination and discourse contribution bound by and affecting Chinese language. Then, several characteristics of Chinese terminology studies are introduced. It is pointed out that Chinese terminology studies, based on the answering of the local terminology problems in China, have universal value for the construction of terminology as a whole discipline.

Ylä-Tenon saamelaisten maiseman kielellinen ulottuvuus

Artikkeli käsittelee Utsjoen Ylä-Tenolla sijaitsevan kolmen kylän saamelaisten paikkoihin ja maisemaan liittyvää perinnettä sekä paikannimien ja paikkoihin liittyvän perinteen suhdetta 1900-luvulla. Analyysin teoreettisena kehyksenä on kognitiivinen kielen- ja kulttuurintutkimus. Tärkeimpänä tutkimusaineistona ovat ns. Talvadas-projektin suomen- ja pohjoissaamenkieliset äänitteet 1960- ja 1970-luvuilta sekä omat kokemukset ja kenttätyöt alueella vuodesta 1996 alkaen. Aineistoa tarkastellaan emic-näkökulmasta: paikallisia perinnetermejä käyttäen ja kertojien omia tulkintoja kunnioittaen. Artikkelista käy ilmi, että Ylä-Tenon saamelaisten paikkoihin liittyvä perinne on hyvin monimuotoista. Sille on tyypillistä voimakas side kunkin perheen suvun maihin sekä kerronnan perustuminen omakohtaisiin kokemuksiin, jota muitalus-genren yleisyys kuvaa. Paikannimet asettuvat paikkaperinteen rinnalla vähäisempään rooliin kuin arkikokemuksen perusteella voisi arvella: ne ovat vain yksi paikan merkitysverkoston osista muiden joukossa.