Local Policy Implementation Research Articles

Local Industrial Policies and Industry Innovation and Development：Empirical Evidence from the New Energy Automobile Industry Policy Text

As an important starting point for promoting green transformation and development, the new energy automobile industry is essential to accelerate the transformation of economic development mode. In this regard, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that “we must increase research and development, carefully study the market, and make good use of policies” during his inspection tour in Shanghai. However, how to “make good use of policies” is an urgent and important problem facing policy-makers and scholars. To this end, based on the information on the official websites of the People’s Government, Department of Finance, Development and Reform Commission, Economic（Industry）and Information Technology Commission of various provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions, this article uses keywords such as “new energy vehicles”“electric vehicles” and “automotives” to screen the policy text, and finally obtains 2289 new energy automobile industry policy text data at 31 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions in China, to match the obtained data with the Chinese patent database. Furthermore, according to the semantics of the policy text, this article divides relevant industrial policies into three categories: demand-based policies, supply-based policies, and environment-based policies. On the basis of constructing regional policy effectiveness indicators, demand-based policy effectiveness indicators, supply-based policy effectiveness indicators, and environment-based policy effectiveness indicators, we empirically test the impact of local industrial policies on the innovation and development of the new energy automobile industry. The results of this paper show that:（1）New energy automobile industry policies can effectively stimulate the innovation and development of the industry. After considering issues such as endogeneity, adjustment policy sample time, policy division criteria, traditional automobile industry development, and regional industrial policy competition, the corresponding research conclusions are still valid.（2）Compared with supply-based and demand-based policy tools, environment-based policies are more conducive to promoting the development of the new energy automobile industry.（3）Mechanism analysis shows that, compared with government subsidies and tax incentives, local industrial policies mainly promote industry innovation by strengthening market competition and reducing corporate financing constraints, thereby boosting the development of the new energy automobile industry. This article not only enriches the relevant research on China’s industrial policies and affirms the importance of local governments’ guiding behavior for industrial development, but also provides empirical evidence for the formulation and implementation of local industrial policies, and the research conclusions respond to a certain extent to the guiding theory of “giving provincial governments and below more autonomy” pointed out in the Report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China.

Impediments to the Actualization of Legislation on Local Brew in Kenya: a Study within the Kenya-Uganda Border Community, Busia County

Despite the aggressive efforts by the legislators and the moralists to demonize local brew in Kenya, Chang’aa and busaa have withstood all the suppression and they remain the most preferred alcoholic drinks for rural and lower class citizens. This study made an inquiry into the challenges facing the implementation of local brew policies, with specific focus on the Alcoholic Drinks Control Act, 2010 and the County Alcoholic Drinks Control Act which is currently being adopted by the counties across Kenya. The study area was unique in the sense that it strategically links Kenya and Uganda and there are deep intricacies in relation to cross border relations. No such study has been conducted in a local community along the Kenya-Uganda border with a long history of local brewing in the western parts of Kenya. The study data was collected from 60 local brewers using questionnaires. Personal interviews were used in gathering data from key informants that included 10 police officers and 10 national administrators. The study found major pitfalls both in the design and implementation of the policies on local brew. The study revealed that the major policy implementation challenges are related to influence from traditions, skewed implementation and coordination measures, inadequate implementation resources, poor conduct of the implementing officers, poor court practices and increased smuggling of sub-standard brew from Uganda. The police are some of the beneficiaries of local brew illegalization efforts since they fleece money from the gullible local brewers. The study recommended that local brew should be legalized and standardized because the current prohibition efforts only benefit Ugandan economy and promote the growth of the black market at the Kenya-Uganda border. There is a need for more investment on the socioeconomic aspects of life that more often lure people to local brewing. The study findings challenge the government to consider meditating upon the realities on the ground before prohibiting local brew. Keywords: Actualization, Legislation, Policy, Public Participation DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/109-08 Publication date: May 31 st 2021

Politics of Subsidiarity in Refugee Reception: Comparative Perspectives

This Special Issue brings together articles concentrating on the politics of subsidiarity in relation to deterrence and dispersal, the involvement of non-state actors and the role of social workers and street level bureaucrats in the local implementation of reception policies. Based on empirical research, we address politics and practices of refugee reception from the vantage point of the politics of subsidiarity, which refers to the delegation of responsibility for refugee reception across different levels of governance as well as from state actors to the civil society. It comprises external conditions, such as the global impact of neoliberalism and the internal complexification of immigration politics.

The selective centralization in decentralization: China’s environmental vertical management reform with a case study in Hebei province

ABSTRACT This article examines why and how China’s environmental vertical management reform has been carried out and how well it helps to improve the implementation of local policies. By applying the theoretical framework of ‘dynamics, strategy, and capacities’ in Hebei province as a case, the changes in the policy process have been fully revealed. The article concludes that the reform shows the character of selective centralization in decentralization, which facilitates the establishment of a degree of standardization in policy implementation. However, a new phenomenon of ‘selective implementation’ has been spotted which severely distorts the actual results of this reform.

IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAH DAERAH TENTANG RETRIBUSI PELAYANAN PARKIR DI TEPI JALAN UMUM KABUPATEN POLEWALI MANDAR

This study aims to determine how the implementation of local government policies regarding parking fees on the side of public roads in Pekkabata Central Market, Polewali Mandar Regency. This research used a qualitative descriptive method, with data collection techniques through interviews and documentation. The results showed that the implementation of the local government policy regarding parking fees at the Pekkabata Central Market was not good because the supervision carried out by the Transportation Agency, especially from UPTD Parking, was still lacking, especially related to illegal collection practices carried out by illegal parking attendants. To emphasize the security of illegal parking attendants, it is necessary to have socialization by the local government related to Regional Regulation Number 2 of 2018 concerning Retribution for Parking Services on Public Roads and Special Parking Areas.

Social networks in the non-profit sector: Social support practices

This paper aims to analyze the adequacy of social support practices in the non-profit sector by users and representatives which are part of “Conselho Local de Ação Social (CLAS)” a non-profit organization located in the north of Portugal and focused on the prevention of social exclusion and poverty. A mixed methodological approach was used. A questionnaire was applied to social beneficiaries. To complement the results, interviews with the entities that constitute the executive board of CLAS were conducted. It was possible to perceive the discrepancies on the social support provided and measure the assessment given by the entity responsible for the social network. Consequently, we could conclude that the beneficiaries of the social response under research perceive a low level of social support received, as opposed to the institutions that perceive a high level of social support provided. This difference in support perception is reflected in all the dimensions analyzed. This research supports executors and decision makers responsible for the implementation of local social support policies on the alignment of beneficiaries’ expectations as well as contribute on the operation improvement of social networks. As for contributions to the practice, some practical suggestions are advised to social network operators, such as the need for more active listening with feedback for beneficiaries, as well as a set of other measures to be implemented regularly in the medium and long term. Regarding contribution to the theory, it is important to mention that the present research is innovative and original as it contributes to clarify and expand the existing literature on social networks in the tertiary sector, based on the analysis of 5 different dimensions of social support. Furthermore, the authors intend to support the welfare of users of the social network under research by increasing the performance of the social network under analysis.

Does functional specialization affect collaborative development? Evidence from four Chinese metropolitan areas.

The layout of urban spatial functions may play an important role in sustainable regional development. Given the rapid development of urbanization in China, this study attempts to analyze how functional specialization affects coordinated regional development. To quantitatively measure the degree of coordinated development within different regions, the coordinated degree index is used to calculate the degree of coordinated development of four Chinese metropolitan areas from 2008 to 2019. The panel vector autoregressive (PVAR) model is employed to empirically test the impact of urban functional specialization on coordinated regional development. The results indicate that high market activity is conducive to the formation of functional specialization synergy in space, and the level of social productivity directly affects the functional specialization and the level of synergy within a region. With the continuous strengthening of the implementation of local government policies, the functional specialization and synergy in metropolitan areas have gradually strengthened. However, the promotion effects and the expression of functional specialization, the coordinated development of government actions, and spatial functions differ across metropolitan areas in China.

European-wide policymaking at the urban level: a qualitative study.

BackgroundInter-urban area (UA) health inequalities can be as dramatic as those between high and low-income countries. Policies need to focus on the determinants of health specific to UAs to effect change. This study therefore aimed to determine the degree to which policymakers from different countries could make autonomous health and wellbeing policy decisions for their urban jurisdiction area.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional, qualitative interview study with policymakers recruited from eight European countries (N = 37).ResultsThe reported autonomy among policymakers varied considerably between countries, from little or no autonomy and strict adherence to national directives (e.g. Slovak Republic) to a high degree of autonomy and ability to interpret national guidelines to local context (e.g. Norway). The main perceived barriers to implementation of local policies were political, and the importance of regular and effective communication with stakeholders, especially politicians, was emphasized. Having qualified health professionals in positions of influence within the UA was cited as a strong driver of the public health (PH) agenda at the UA level.ConclusionLocal-level policy development and implementation depends strongly on the degree of autonomy and independence of policymakers, which in turn depends on the organization, structure and financial budget allocation of PH services. While high levels of centralization in small, relatively homogenous countries may enhance efficient use of resources, larger, more diverse countries may benefit from devolution to smaller geographical regions.

Experiences of Hispanic Families with Social Services in the Racially Segregated Southeast: Views from Administrators and Workers in North Carolina.

North Carolina—as a state in the racially segregated Southeast—offers a unique context to understand access to social services for Hispanic families and children. Theories of administrative burden posit that Hispanic families likely face high learning, compliance, and psychological costs. Hispanic families face challenges that compound these costs: limited English language and literacy proficiency, complex household composition, and citizenship status of family members and other household members. With new survey results and qualitative data on social service administrators and front-line workers, we examine how these costs may affect access to programs for Hispanic families who reside in a state with a history of racial divisions that have shaped local policy implementation. Some workers noted transportation barriers and complex application processes as limiting access. While we expected to find that Hispanic families may be disadvantaged by decentralized service delivery in a manner that is similar to the experiences of African American families, workers instead note significant resources that help facilitate Hispanic families’ access to programs. Workers view national anti-immigrant policies and rhetoric, rather than state and local policy rules or resource constraints, as limiting their capacity to serve Hispanic families.

China's Race to the Top: Regional and Global Implications of China's Industrial Policy

AbstractThe paper examines the global and regional implications of China's revitalized state capitalism model through the sectoral lens of the Chinese automotive industry, which stands at the intersection of both traditional and green industrial policy. At the multinational level, China skillfully facilitates local policy implementation that creates excess capacity by propping up local and national champions through convenient compliance with the WTO. At the bilateral level, China closely links purchasing and coercive diplomacy with protections for Chinese players both at home and abroad. Key endeavors like the Belt and Road Initiative open up overseas markets to develop global champions and secure foreign footholds for Chinese champions. Additionally, China's increasing reliance on exclusionary diplomacy provides political justifications to discriminate against foreign competitors within the Chinese market while moving forward with industrial upgrading of domestic players. When linked together, these factors – all byproducts of China's approach to state-led capitalism – combine to explain China's efforts to create a race to the top.

Recognition of child maltreatment in emergency departments in Europe: Should we do better?

ObjectivesTo evaluate the different policies to recognize child maltreatment in emergency departments (EDs) in Europe in order to define areas of improvement.MethodsA survey was conducted on the recognition of child maltreatment in EDs in European countries with a focus on screening methods, parental risk factors, training and hospital policies. The survey was distributed through different key members from the EUSEM, REPEM and the EuSEN. A summary score based on the NICE guideline (4 questions on child characteristics, 4 questions on parental characteristics and 5 questions on hospital policy) was calculated.ResultsWe analysed 185 completed surveys, representing 148 hospitals from 29 European countries. Of the respondents, 28.6% used a screening tool, and 31.8% had guidelines on parental risk factors. A total of 42.2% did not follow training based on child characteristics, and 57.6% did not follow training on parental characteristics. A total of 71.9% indicated that there was a need for training. 50.8% of the respondents reported a standardized policy for the detection of child maltreatment. Translating the survey results to NICE summary scores of the EDs in Europe, we found that 25.6% (34/133) met most, 22.6% (30/133) met some and 51.9% (69/133) met few of the NICE guideline recommendations. More specifically, with respect to hospital policies, 33.8% (45/133) met most, 15.0% (20/133) met some and 51.1% (68/133) met few of the NICE guideline recommendations.ConclusionThere is high variability regarding policies for child maltreatment detection and only a quarter of the EDs met most of the NICE guideline recommendations for child maltreatment. There is a need for the use of screening tools, training of ED staff and implementation of local hospital policies.

Can Monitoring Make It Happen? An Assessment of How Reporting, Monitoring, and Evaluation Can Support Local Wellness Policy Implementation in US Schools.

US school districts participating in federal child nutrition programs are required to develop a local wellness policy (LWP). Each district is allowed flexibility in policy development, including the approaches used for policy reporting, monitoring, and evaluation (RME). The aim of this convergent mixed-methods study was to quantitatively examine RME provisions in policies among a nationally representative sample of districts in the 2014–2015 school year in order to examine whether policies were associated with RME practices in those districts, and to qualitatively examine perceived challenges to RME practices. Data were compiled through the School Nutrition and Meal Cost Study and the National Wellness Policy Study. In multivariable regression models accounting for demographics, survey respondents were significantly more likely to report that their district had informed the public about LWP content and implementation, if there was a relevant policy provision in place. Having a strong policy (as compared to no policy) requiring evaluation was associated with reports that the district had indeed evaluated implementation. Having definitive/required provisions in policies was significantly associated with actual use of RME practices. RME activities are an important part of policy implementation, and these results show that policy provisions addressing RME activities must be written with strong language to require compliance. In interviews with 39 superintendents, many reported that RME activities are challenging, including difficulty determining how to monitor and show impact of their district’s wellness initiatives. Furthermore, the qualitative results highlighted the need for vetted tools that are freely available, widely used, and feasible for districts to use in assessing their progress toward meeting the goals in their LWPs.

Rola władz lokalnych w zaspokajaniu potrzeb mieszkaniowych mieszkańców wspólnoty samorządowej – wybrane aspekty na przykładzie miasta Łodzi

The social-economic and political transformation which took place in Poland in 1989 changed the way of shaping the housing policy, having transferred a considerable part of the responsibility for satisfying housing needs to local governments. The purpose of this article is to assess the housing policy conducted by the city of Łódź to address the housing needs of its inhabitants. The research carried out allows to evaluate the activities of the city authorities in this area negatively as it has not caused substantial improvement in housing situation in the city. The author also claims that bigger support is needed from the state for the implementation of local housing policies.

Dialogue: A Promising Vehicle to Steer Transformative Local Change towards More Sustainable Communities?

This paper engages in a reflection on how, and under what conditions, dialogue can contribute to local transformative change towards climate neutrality, based on the case of the German city of Marburg which has engaged in a collaborative governance process to steer climate mitigation since 2019. The research findings are drawn from the work of the 2020-created Franco-German Forum for the Future. The project seeks to increase dialogue among states, citizens, and the economy to foster learning, mutual understanding and ultimately collaboration for an inclusive socio-ecological transition. Hence, dialogue plays a central role in both objectives and the methodology in our work with the city of Marburg, based on a collaborative action-research approach. Central to the Forum’s approach are different forms of tailored dialogic engagements, including reflection sessions with our research partners, interviews and theme-based peer-to-peer dialogues between various local initiatives to create space for experience-sharing and knowledge transfer. In this paper, we show how dialogue can create space for self-reflection among stakeholders to recognise some of the structural barriers of designing and implementing local climate policy. Findings offer insights into how multi-stakeholder exchanges can ease conflict in working relationships, by making divergent role understandings and institutional constraints more explicit. We also reflect on the framework conditions dialogue requires to enable collaborative implementation of local policies.

Examining The New Local Content Regime in the Mining Sector in Tanzania

This paper examines the new local content regime in the mining sector in Tanzania. It analyses the new approach taken by Tanzania in implementation of local content policies. The article argues that local content policies and laws adopted in Tanzania aim at ensuring that the government obtains more benefits from extraction of mineral resources beyond the traditional taxes and royalties paid by holders of mineral rights. Thus, local content policies ensure value addition in the mining sector and maximization of economic benefits from the sector through the use of non-fiscal measures such transfer of technology, the generation of value-added in domestic supply sectors, the creation of local employment opportunities, and increasing local ownership and control and local processing of mineral products before exports. This article concludes that effective implementation of local content regime in Tanzania will generate additional benefits to the economy beyond taxes and royalties paid by holders of mineral rights. Keywords: local content, value addition, mining sector

Joves migrats en contextos rurals. Per a una nova ruralitat global i culturalment diversa: polítiques d'inclusió social dels joves emigrats sols als municipis petits

<p>A partir de la seva experiència de treball en el servei de primera acollida de persones estrangeres de l’Equip d’Inclusió i Atenció a la Comunitat de l’àrea de Benestar del Consell Comarcal de l’Alt Empordà, les autores reflexionen sobre el suport als joves emigrats sols, especialment quan aquest s’ha de prestar des de municipis rurals. La seva experiència de treball en aquest àmbit i des d’aquests contextos ha estat pionera: el desembre del 2018 van posar en marxa la taula comarcal de joves sense referents adults, per coordinar<br />tots els agents que treballen a l’Alt Empordà amb aquests joves. En aquest article s’apunten tres línies de treball que poden facilitar l’acollida i inclusió social dels joves emigrats sols: 1) el disseny i la implementació de polítiques locals que garanteixin els drets dels joves i el seu empoderament; 2) polítiques pensades des de la proximitat i l’acció comunitària; i 3) polítiques emmarcades en una visió estratègica global del desenvolupament social i sostenible dels municipis rurals amb eines de diagnòstic concretes. Les autores, a més, aporten una eina per al diagnòstic i la promoció de les accions comunitàries orientades a la inclusió social d’aquests joves. Finalment, apunten les que entenen que seran les línies de treball en un futur proper.</p>

What matters in the implementation of sustainable development policies? Findings from the Well-Being of Future Generations (Wales) Act, 2015

ABSTRACT This paper examines the implementation of the unique and pioneering latest Welsh Government sustainable development legislation: the Well-Being of Future Generations (Wales) Act, 2015. The paper is the first empirical analysis of this legislation, based on 16 semi-structured interviews and 89 documents. The analysis explores sustainable development policy implementation by analysing and critiquing the Act and provides a wider understanding of the key factors influencing local implementation of national Sustainable Development policies, focussing on the local level to understand how different practices emerge in different places.

PENGARUH IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAH DAERAH TERHADAP EFEKTIVITAS PERUBAHAN JARINGAN TRAYEK ANGKUTAN UMUM DI KABUPATEN CIANJUR

The title of this research is : "The Effect of Local Government Policy Implementation on the Effectiveness of Changes in the Public Transportation Route Network in Cianjur Regency". The background of this research is the ineffective implementation of local government policy. This research used an explanation survey with a quantitative approach. This research was conducted at the Cianjur Regency Transportation Service Office, Rawabango Terminal, Pasirhayam Terminal, Main Market, Jalan Siliwangi, Jalan Dr. Muwardi. Collecting data in this research is through survey, observation, and documentation. The sampling technique used is probability sampling with simple random sampling. The theory of this research is policy implementation from Mazmanian and Sabartier and for the theory of effectiveness by Siagian. The results of the research showed that there is no affect of the implementation of local government policy on the effectiveness of changes in the network of public transport routes in Cianjur Regency. Marked by the characteristics of the problem can not be identified, then the carrying capacity of regulations and non-regulations that can affect the process of implementation can not be implemented properly.

Interaksi Aktor Dalam Pelaksanaan Kebijakan Pemerintah Daerah Terkait Penggunaan Dana Desa Di Kabupaten Garut

This article was compiled against the ineffectiveness of actors' interactions in the implementation of Regional Government policies related to the use of Village Funds in Garut Regency, West Java Province to achieve the expected goals, especially to realize a prosperous Village community. This article is intended to analyze why the interaction of actors in the implementation of Regional Government policies related to the use of Village Funds has not been effective. Research uses a qualitative approach and descriptive method, with individual analysis units. Data collection through library studies, participatory observation, and unstructured interviews. While data analysis techniques are carried out by reducing data, presenting data, and drawing conclusions or verification. The results of the discussion found that; The interaction between village heads and TPKs has not been oriented towards achieving common goals effectively because collaboration between implementing actors is dominated by the authority of the village head and is less based on the principles of transparency and accountability. Based on these findings, it is recommended that to streamline the interaction of actors in the implementation of Local Government Policies related to the use of Village Funds in Garut Regency, Village Heads and TPKs need to develop a pattern of teamwork oriented towards a common goal based on collective awareness and responsibility, as well as developing principles of transparency and accountability .

Climate change adaptation policy and practice: The role of agents, institutions and systems

Surrey, British Columbia, stands out in its efforts to go beyond the provincial mandate on climate change mitigation and incorporate adaptation into strategic planning. The community is not currently overwhelmed by climate change impacts, and has local agents and institutions in place to facilitate anticipatory climate adaptation planning. However, as seen with many other coastal communities, implementation of adaptation action is lagging in practice. Framed through the lens of resilience theory, this research investigates climate change threats and the dynamic relationship between local scale adaptation policy development, integration and implementation in practice. With Surrey as a case study, this research examines key actor narratives and strategic planning documents in order to understand how the community acts on climate change adaptation while being mandated to address mitigation. Findings suggests that while resilience building agents (e.g. senior management, elected officials) can spearhead and organize climate action, their ability to implement goals and policies in practice is largely determined by the robustness of institutions (e.g. strategic plans, policies) and systems (e.g. infrastructure, ecosystems). This case may provide decision-makers in other communities coping with similar climate threats with insight into the factors that can enable and challenge local adaptation planning processes.