German Loanwords Research Articles

Honetic and Lexical Characteristics of German Loanwords in English: A Study on Linguistic Adaptation and Cultural Influence

This study explores the phonetic and lexical adaptations of German loanwords in English, emphasizing their role in enriching English vocabulary and fostering cultural exchange. By examining phonetic adjustments, such as changes in consonant and vowel sounds, and lexical transformations that include semantic shifts, the study highlights how loanwords adapt to align with English phonological and conceptual norms. This research underscores the significance of loanwords as agents of linguistic and cultural interconnectedness, showcasing how language evolves to reflect social and intellectual ties between English- and German-speaking communities.

Loanwords in Modern German: Exploring Phonetic and Grammatical Adaptations

This study explores the phonetic and grammatical adaptation of loanwords in modern German, focusing primarily on borrowings from English and French. The research examines how foreign sounds are adjusted to fit German phonology, with particular attention to vowel and consonant shifts, as well as stress patterns. Additionally, the study investigates how loanwords are integrated grammatically, analyzing gender assignment, pluralization, and inflection. Findings reveal that while loanwords generally conform to native German grammatical rules, exceptions exist, particularly in gender assignment and pluralization. The study also highlights the influence of globalization, especially through English loanwords in business and technology, which often retain their original pronunciation and pluralization. These results contribute to the understanding of language contact, borrowing, and adaptation in a globalized linguistic environment.

ТУРЦИЗМИ И ГЕРМАНИЗМИ У ЛЕКСИКОГРАФСКОМ РАДУ ЈАКШЕ ДИНИЋА: СЕМАНТИЧКА АДАПТАЦИЈА

The subject of the paper is the semantic adaptation of Turkish and German loanwords in the lexicographic work of Jakša Dinić, which is related to the area of the Timoč-Lužnica dialect. The material is taken from the following dictionaries: Dictionary of the Timok Dialect (DINIĆ 2008), Additions of Dictionary of the Timok Dialect (DINIĆ 2019) and Words and expressions of the traditional diet of the population of the Knjaževac area (DINIĆ 2020). Due to limited space, only nouns denoting something inanimate (object, space, food, clothing, footwear, means of transport, measure, musical instrument, etc.) were taken into consideration. The analyzed corpus includes 127 loanwords. For the purposes of this paper, 49 were selected. The meanings they have in the giving language are determined using the following dictionaries: Türkҫe-Sirpҫa Sӧzlük (ĐINĐIĆ, TEODOSIJEVIĆ i dr. 1997), Illustrated German-Serbian dictionary (JOVANOVIĆ, CIKORA 2003) and German-Serbian and Serbian-German Dictionary: (with German Grammar) (POPOVIĆ 2005). The paper has the following aims: 1) to compare the dialectal meanings with the meanings in the giving language based on the analysis of vocabulary material and 2) to determine whether there has been a change in meaning in the dialect. Based on the analysis of vocabulary, we came to the following results: 1) replica and model are semantically matched in all contexts, 2) replica has a narrower meaning than model, 3) the replica narrows the meaning in relation to the model, and then expands the meaning, 4) replica has a broader meaning than model and 5) replica and model do not match in meaning.

Лингвоспецифичные слова, их заимствование и проблема их перевода (на примере германизмов Angst и Schadenfreude, а также малаизма amok)

The paper analyses language-specific and culture-bound vocabulary as a source of loanwords. A case study of the German loanwords Schadenfreude and Angst, as well as the Malay loanword amok being put forward, the paper scrutinizes their usage in English, German and Russian parallel corpora, with emphasis on their semantic changes and quasi-equivalents in translation.

The Status of Loanwords in German

The Status of Loanwords in German

Der Einfluss der deutschen Entlehnungen aus dem Bereich der Mode auf den oberschlesischen Dialekt

The entire Upper Silesian dialect is based on the Polish language system, and all elements from German are treated as borrowings. The main aim of the research was to focus on the issue of German loanwords in the field of clothing vocabulary that appear in the Upper Silesian dialect and which are listed in the “Dictionary of Silesian dialect” by Barbara and Adam Podgórski. The question of the assimilation of these borrowings was analysed on three levels: morphological, graphic and semantic.

Types of Adaptation of German Loanwords in the Social Discourse of the Norwegian Language (on the Material from Public Digital Sources)

Introduction. The article is a fragment of the research dedicated to the analysis of the German loanwords in the Norwegian language. The adaptation types of German borrowings are considered. The adaptation process is analyzed at the phonetic, morphological, and semantic levels of the language.Methodology and sources. The research material are the texts from the official websites of the Norwegian cities (Oslo, Trondheim, Bergen, Tromsø and Sandvika). We used descriptive and comparative methods of research and elements of quantitative methods.Results and discussion. Altogether we analyzed more than 50 articles published on the official webpages of the cities. Using the method of quantitative calculation, we extracted 60 most common German loanwords in these texts for analysis. The total number of words in these articles amounts to 60 524. We analyzed the texts written in the period from 2016 to 2021.Conclusion. German loans are frequently used in the social sphere of the modern Norwegian language. That’s why we can conclude that despite the increase in the number of English loan-words in the Norwegian language, social discourse is still influenced by German.

Deutsche Entlehnungen in der südmährischen Varietät : einige Bemerkungen zum deutsch-tschechischen Sprachkontakt

This article discusses lexical borrowings from German into Czech. It is a continuation of our previous paper which deals with German-Czech language contact in Central Europe (Zeman 2021). Due to the longstanding coexistence of both the Czech and German/Austrian ethnics, lots of German/Austrian loan-words became domesticated in the Czech. A significant language contact area in Central Europe is the contact area which is based on the former centre of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. From this contact area, a remarkable territory emerged in Vienna that was particularly affected by the influence of Czech on German. Although there has been a high degree of inter-national mixing at various stages in history, there was never any real harm done to the essence of either of the two languages. A fascinating aspect is the parallel changes in pronunciation in both languages, for example, in vowel sounds and diphthongs. Today it is generally accepted that, to make these sound changes, both languages had to develop similar internal expectations and that these developed in parallel. Aim is a short description of phonological and morphological adaptation of the German loan words in south Moravian variety. The paper enabled to confirm that the phonological and morphological structures of German loan words in south Moravian variety are more differentiated than those of German.

Romanian words of German Origin (based on ALRR. Sinteză, vol. 1–3)

Abstract The following presentation is based on the lexical material from vols 1–3 published so far in Atlasului lingvistic român pe regiuni. Sinteză – ALRR. Sinteză [ALRR. Synthesis] [The Romanian linguistic atlas by regions. Synthesis - ALRR. Synthesis]. I, 2007, II, 2012, III, 2018, which includes the answers to the first two chapters of the NALR Questionnaire: 1. Human body (body parts, diseases, physical and moral qualities) (vols I and II of the atlas) and 2. Family (relatives, birth, marriage, death) (vol. III of the atlas). The present study highlights the presence of German loanwords over a wider area than it was known until now. It is worth mentioning, in this respect, German loanwords that have entered the southern area or that have acquired here meanings that are not attested in other areas of the country: tro̯ácă ‘skull’ (Oltenia), ‘cradle’ (Muntenia, Oltenia), scrofuri ‘tonsils (goiter)’ (Muntenia, Oltenia), tron ‘coffin’ (compact area in Oltenia).

Gallo-Romance lenition in Germanic loanwords

Abstract One of the earliest changes affecting Western Romance before the end of the Roman Empire was the lenition of intervocalic *p, *t, *k to *b, *d, *g. We find its effects in a number of Romance loanwords in West Germanic. The word for ‘market’ has not played a role in this discussion because it is often attested with t in the West Germanic languages. Still, there are strong indications that the word was borrowed into Germanic as *markadu after the lenition of intervocalic t in Romance. Its phonological make-up is comparable to that of Latin vocatus, which was borrowed into Germanic as *fogadu.

The semantic interference characteristics of German loanwords in Ukrainian vernaculars of Zakarpattia

The semantic interference characteristics of German loanwords in Ukrainian vernaculars of Zakarpattia

The semantics and functions of Anglicisms and Germanisms in present-day advertising written peninsular Spanish: a comparison

Abstract Advertising language in peninsular Spanish has been the subject of extensive study due to its innovative nature and richness of expression. Most attention has been paid to the communication processes involved, its linguistic functions, and its shortening communicative mechanisms at morphological, lexico-semantic and syntactic levels; however, the functions of English and German loanwords and the reasons for their remarkable productivity in advertising written texts have been addressed less frequently. Using data from a 200,000 word personally gathered linguistic corpus extending throughout the period 1998–2007, I focus on the reasons and factors that are responsible for the high productivity of these lexical Anglicisms and the noteworthiness of Germanisms in contemporary press advertising peninsular Spanish. The analysis here examines their semantic nature following a semantic typology adapted for the special tecnolect of advertising. Under discussion will be, among others, the main reasons which may account for the high productivity of loanwords in advertising language with special reference to several examples and a presentation of the results obtained comparing both Anglicisms and Germanisms regarding their semantic categorization and the corresponding considerations that derive from it.

The indexical value of lexical borrowing in a ‘remembrance culture’-community of practice: German loanwords in Belgian WWII-testimonies

In this study, we scrutinize the locally constructed indexical value of German loanwords in Belgian WWII-testimonies. We argue that these testimonies are situated in a specific WWII-remembrance context which forms a community of practice with its own local style. In particular, we selected three Flemish (i.e. Dutch) and three Walloon (i.e. French) spoken testimonies from our testimony-corpus. Methodologically, we draw on multimodal discourse analysis and carry out qualitative micro-analyses which focus on the discursive features and the sequential characteristics of the data as well as the – verbal and non-verbal – performance features of the context surrounding the German loanwords. The analyses illustrate that narrators incorporate loanwords for their indexical value which invokes the social context, for their highly context-specific semantic value, as contextualization cues for reported speech which then invokes social groups, or a mixture of these options. Overall, the analyses demonstrate on the one hand that, in general, the level of integration into the narrative flow is a good indicator of the German loanwords' function in our testimony-data. At the far-ends of this continuum, loanwords were either highly integrated indexical markers of the social context, or gesturally and prosodically distinguishable markers of the social outgroup. On the other hand, our microscopic analyses also uncovered the opportunities of the fuzziness of this continuum, illustrating these German loanwords’ ephemeral indexical value and their endless potential to create unique social meanings within their community of practice.

O rozwoju semantycznym socjolektalnej amby

The article deals with the presence of the word amba in the Polish language. Apparently, in contemporary Polish the noun functions in numerous new meanings. Referring to contemporary tendencies and phenomena, the author proves that word amba, of jargon origin, was spread and became a tool of communication between social and ethnic groups. The lexeme amba was well-known in the 19th century, but only became a fashionable word in its final years. The author discusses two paths of the word’s development: „Russian”, associated with Russian partition of Poland, which comprised a few of its regions including Mazowsze (amba is a word borrowed from Russian criminal dialects and Polish argot or jargon is an intermediary); and „German”, connected with the linguistic situation in the Prussian partition (various meanings of word amba are the result of neo-semantization of German loanwords). Today’s semantics of the word depends on the source of the loan, since the word was present both in the Russian and German languages.

ИСТОРИЯ И ЛИНГВИСТИКА: ЛЕКСИЧЕСКОЕ НАСЛЕДИЕ ФРАНКОВ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ ФРАНЦУЗСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

The article examines and evaluates the Germanic (Frankish) loan words, functioning in modern French, from the point of view of their historical informativeness and the potential for explicating the phenomenon of Germanization of the Gallo-Roman language and the formation of the original lexical fund of the French language. The reference to this topic is conditioned by the fact that in modern domestic linguistics the information about the Franks and their language is fragmentary and mythologized, and the results of the studies published in French are not much taken into account.

Semantic fields of German loanwords in Slovenian

This article discusses the semantic fields of German loanwords in Slovenian. Slovenian- -German language contact is placed into the broader context of Slavic-Germanic language contacts. On the basis of phonological characteristics of German loanwords in Slovenian, the relevant geolect (i.e. the geographic variant), the sociolect (i.e. the social variant), and the chronolect (i.e. the temporal variant) of the German source is determined. Both phonological and semantic analyses of German loanwords in Slovenian help expose the spheres of human culture in which German culture exerted its influence on Slovenian culture throughout various historical periods.

Crossing languages – crossing discourses

AbstractRecent studies concerned with historical Germanisms have shown that public discourses in other languages often appropriate German loanwords as frames of reference to interpret political realities and influence collective attitudes. This paper intends to contribute to this new strand of research by investigating discursive transpositions of the historical GermanismKulturkampfin the donor language, German, and two host languages, Polish and English. Originally used mainly in reference to government attempts to reduce the influence of the Catholic Church in Prussia/Germany in the 1870s, this term has come to be used in German and other languages to signify conflicts in various political and cultural contexts. Adopting a triangulated and trilateral approach and the method of corpus-assisted discourse study (CADS), this paper examines the use ofKulturkampfin large collections of Internet and newspaper data in German, English and Polish. The results show how the meaning ofKulturkampfhas been discursively re-contextualised and appropriated to perform local ideological work in public discourses in the three different cultural contexts.

Німецькомовні запозичення в художньому дискурсі

Німецькомовні запозичення в художньому дискурсі

From Proto-Slavic into Germanic or from Germanic into Proto-Slavic? A review of controversial loanwords

Germanic loanwords in Proto-Slavic have been comprehensively analysed by both Western and Eastern scholars, however the problem of borrowings in the opposite direction received far less attention, especially among Western academics. It is worth noticing that Viktor Martynov (1963) proposed as many as 40 borrowings and penetrations from Proto-Slavic into Proto-Germanic. Among these, there are nine (*bljudo, 40 Marta Noińska, Mikołaj Rychło *kupiti, *lěkъ, *lugъ, *lukъ, *plugъ, *pъlkъ, *skotъ, *tynъ) which are considered certain loanwords in the opposite direction in the newest monograph on the topic by Pronk-Tiethoff (2013). The aim of the present paper is to review and juxtapose linguists’ views on the direction and etymology of these borrowings. The authors take into consideration the analyses carried out not only by Saskia Pronk-Tiethoff (2013) and Viktor Martynov (1963), but also by Valentin Kiparsky (1934) and Zbigniew Gołąb (1992). An attempt is made to assess which of the nine words could be borrowings from Proto-Slavic in Germanic.

Germanizmi u Narodnom listu od 1955. do 2005. godine

Language contacts have always been the result of historical and cultural contacts. German influence on the Croatian language has been going on for centuries. This paper shows the presence and use of loanwords taken from the German language with regard to the respective subject areas in specific volumes of the newspaper “Narodni list”, as well as adaptations of German loanwords on morphological and semantic levels. As a basis for the research of germanisms we used a weekly newspaper “Narodni list”, published in the period between 1955 and 2005. The results that we obtained show a great representation of germanisms in the selected years on the analyzed weekly newspaper.