Integration Of Loanwords Research Articles

Modelling the frequency of loanwords in different semantic fields in core vocabularies (based on WOLD data)

The present paper focuses on the statistical modelling of loanword frequencies in different semantic fields of ten selected languages of the world. The main question addressed in this paper is whether the occurrence of loanwords in different semantic fields (data are from the WOLD project) can be modelled by a (simple) power model or not. Within the framework of synergetic linguistics, the basic idea is that the transfer and integration of loanwords is a statistically well-regulated process. In the absence of deductively found models (theoretically, also a birth-and-death process could be a suitable starting point), the proposed modelling aims to shed some new light on the underlying statistical tendencies in linguistic borrowing.

A Corpus Analysis on Food-related Borrowing Words Between English and Chinese and its Influences on Cultural Implication and Language Development

Language borrowing, also known as lexical borrowing, occurs when words are assimilated from one language into another. The integration of loan words from foreign languages is a common occurrence in different tongues, contributing to linguistic diversity and reflecting cultural exchange and influence. This research aimed to investigate and analyze the borrowing of food-related words in English and Chinese languages through a comprehensive review of written texts, such as recipes, restaurant menus, articles, and blogs to compile a list of loan words in both languages. Additionally, the paper analyzed the factors contributing to the culinary vocabulary between English and Chinese and the methods of accessing loan words between the two languages, as well as the role of food-related loan vocabulary in reflecting and influencing cultural assimilation and language development. The objectives of this study included identifying and analyzing food-related borrowing words in English and Chinese, comparing and contrasting patterns and frequency of borrowing in food-related vocabulary between the two languages, and exploring the cultural implications and language development arising from the usage of borrowing words in food-related contexts. Through this analysis, this paper gained insights into the linguistic and cultural exchanges between English and Chinese, shedding light on the dynamic nature of language and its impact on food-related terminology.

Integration of loan nouns from the Anonymous Catechism (1605) and Daukša’s Catechism (1595) into the morphological system of the Lithuanian language

The Catechism of Daukša (1595) is the first source in the Lithuanian language in GDL and, therefore, it has been already investigated: its phonetics, vocabulary, sources and syntax have been exhaustively analysed. Slightly less attention of the researchers has been allocated to the Anonymous Catechism (1605), which is closely linked to the Catechism written by Daukša. Moreover, morphological integration of Slavic loanwords in the aforesaid catechisms has not been analysed so far. This article aims to identify how Slavic loan nouns distribute within the stems of the Lithuanian language and if these sources witness any differences of integrating Slavic loanwords into Lithuanian. Pursuing the set goal, all Slavic loan words were selected from both catechisms: out of 93 nouns found, 35 are witnessed in the Daukša’s Catechism and Anonymous Catechism and their stems and meanings are identified. The nouns are found in almost all the Lithuanian stems: ŏ, i̯ŏ, ā, i̯ā, u, i̯u, i, ē, the ŏ and ā stems being most numerous. Very few Slavic loanwords are assigned to the stems i, u, ē and i̯ŏ. In the dictionaries of the Slavic languages of the relevant period (Old Russian, Ruthenian, Old and Middle Polish), the equivalents of Slavicisms were searched, after comparing them with Lithuanian words, the regularities of the integration of Slavic loanwords into the morphological system of the Lithuanian language were determined in the Anonymous Catechism and the Catechism of Daukša. It was noticed that there is a direct relation between the endings and the gender of the Slavic words and Lithuanian stems that the Slavic loanwords were integrated into.

Predicative and markedness bias in loan adjectives

Previous research on loan word accommodation has shown that English‑origin verbs in Present‑day Dutch and French‑origin verbs in Late Middle English are subject to usage biases. In both language‑contact settings, loan verbs are disproportionally frequent in non‑finite and morphologically unmarked forms as compared to native verbs. The present study demonstrates that accommodation biases are also found in loan adjectives. Concretely, loan adjectives are more prevalent in predicative than in attributive syntactic position as compared to native adjectives (predicative bias), and they are more prevalent in uninflected than in inflected forms (markedness bias). The predicative bias is found to rank stronger than the markedness bias, which is consistent with the findings for verbs. Additionally, biases are more pronounced in the French‑Middle English than in the English‑Dutch contact setting. The findings indicate that direct insertion of loan-words, despite being the cross-linguistically most frequent strategy for loan word integration, is not free of obstacles, possibly due to processing costs specifically associated with loan words.

Classes nominales dans deux langues Niger-Congo : le baïnouck djifanghorois (atlantique) et le koalib (kordofanien)

Abstract Koalib (Kordofanian, Central Sudan) and Djifanghor Nyun (Atlantic, Senegal) are two Niger-Congo languages, both of which exhibit rich noun class systems controlling various morphological concord patterns. In this paper, I will study in turn the main characteristics of each of these class systems by taking into account the following criteria: form of the class markers, agreement targets, interaction with number, semantics, class derivation, exceptions and integration of loanwords. I will then discuss the interest and significance of this comparison, bearing in mind the fact that the inclusion of both Nyun and Koalib into the Niger-Congo language family is largely due to the existence of these class systems.

Μorphological Integration of Loan Words in Kaliardá

This article deals with lexical borrowing and the morphological integration of loan words in Kaliardá, a Greek-based antilanguage, spoken in the urban areas of Greece by socially marginalized communities of cross-dressers, transgender people, and gay men. It is shown that the accommodation of most loans follows the general rules of Modern Greek morphology, namely, the stem-based word formation and compulsory inflection. However, for a considerable part of the borrowed items, there are certain morphological deviances compared to loan formation in Greek. More particularly, there is an overuse of the feminine grammatical gender, assigned to -human nouns, contrary to a neuterization tendency displayed by the Greek language, while the masculine grammatical gender is scarcely employed, and a significant number of feminine loans end in -o and -u in the citation form. Verbal loans do not substantially differ from those in Greek, with the exception of the frequent use of verbal periphrastic formations, consisting of an auxiliary inflected verb type, avélo or vuélo (both loans themselves), and a nominal item. Sometimes, avélo is also employed as a mediator for the integration of English verbs. The data under examination are drawn from a Kaliardá dictionary. Their accuracy is checked with 10 Kaliardá speakers in 2 big Greek cities, Athens and Patras, and they are enriched by a small oral corpus of 32 words collected through interviews. The investigated data comprise items from Italian, French and English, three principal donor languages in Kaliardá, but there are also loans from other languages, mainly from Romani and Turkish, but also from Albanian, German and Spanish.

ЧИННИКИ ПРОЦЕСУ АДАПТАЦІЇ ЗАПОЗИЧЕНЬ ДО СИСТЕМИ МОВИ

The article elaborates on ways of English loanwords integration into Ukrainian, with comparison to the situation in German and Serbian. The subject matter of research includes processes of adaptation in phonetics and grammar of the above-mentioned languages. The main intralinguistic factor that influences adaptation process is disparity of phonetic and grammar level configuration of languages in contacts. English has an affluent system of vowels that causes necessity of simplification of a phonetic form of English borrowings in other languages. The major factor of phonetic adaptation is an existing tradition of conveying sounds in loanwords in a certain way. However, nowadays transcription also plays a significant role in phonetic adaptation, i.e. integration of loanwords is based on their pronunciation rather than spelling. Uncertainty of patterns for conveying sounds of foreign languages in loanwords leads to variability of phonetic form of English loanwords at the initial stage of their functioning in the recipient language. Grammar adaptation involves adjusting of loanwords to the recipient language. Its course depends on morphological type of language and affinity. The research has revealed main patterns how English loanwords obtain the category of gender, which is absent in English. These patterns are based on both formal and semantic factors. Moreover, the author considers the ways of pluralia tantum nouns integration into the system of the recipient language. The analysis has shown that there is a typological difference between borrowing process on the one hand in Slavic languages and on the other hand in German, i.e. Slavic languages, unlike German, have obligatory derivational stage for verbs and adjective adaptation, which makes process of borrowing more complicated in Slavic languages.

The integration of loanwords and the input problem: Evidence from the Arabic-Romance language contact

Al incorporarse un préstamo léxico al sistema de la lengua receptora, se ve afectado por ciertos procesos de adaptación. En cuanto a su integración fonológica, no obstante, se plantea la cuestión de cuál es el aducto al que los hablantes aplican estos procesos: ¿es la representación fonética o la fonológica del étimo la que sirve de base? En el debate que se ha entablado en torno a esta pregunta destacan tres posiciones principales. Sus argumentos se basan fundamentalmente, aparte de los fenómenos lingüísticos relevantes, en el papel que desempeñan en la adaptación los hablantes bilingües, los monolingües, o ambos a la vez, respectivamente. El presente artículo ofrece una contribución a este debate, presentando datos lingüísticos del contacto árabe-romance que se discutirán junto con las condiciones sociolingüísticas de su adopción.

Phonological Adaptation of Loanword into Egyptian Arabic

Loanwords are words that entered one language from another language (the source language). These types of words are also termed as borrowed words. They are not part of the recipient language vocabulary, they are adopted from some other languages and become part of the borrowing language’s vocabulary” Nordquist,R (2019)[i]. Borrowing is a universal linguistic phenomenon; the majority of world languages contain borrowed words, because no nation has ever been completely isolated from other nations. (Jepersen,1964)[ii]. Words are generally 'loaned' when two different cultures come into contact with each other (Hoffer,2002)[iii]. This might result from immigration, trade, fashions or foods, travelers’ tales, the arts (paintings, books, poetry, or film), technologies, wars, or colonization. Borrowing could occur across different linguistic levels; such as lexeme level, phonological level, morphological level, and/or syntactic level. When a loanword transfers into a recipient language it is either adopted or adapted as noted by Bueasa, N (2015)[iv]. Adoption occurs when the loanword is transferred into the recipient language without any change and is keeping its structure and pronunciation. For example, in English, the word “cafe” is adopted from French. On the opposite side, there is an adaptation in which the loanword undergoes linguistic changes to adapt to the phonological, or morphological, or syntactic structure of the recipient language. For example, the French word “coiffeur” /kwɒfˈɜːr/ is adapted in Egyptian Arabic (henceforth, EA) phonologically as /kuwafe:r/, this type of integration happens intuitively for ease of pronunciation. Like other languages, loanwords do exist in Arabic (Versteegh, 2014)[v]. Little studies such as Hafez (1996)[vi] examine the integration of loanwords into Egyptian Arabic (EA). Hence, the current study focuses on investigating the phonological integration of loanwords into EA by Egyptian native speakers.

Towards a systemic functional model for characterizing Chinese loanwords in English: The case of kowtow

Previous studies on loanwords have tended to be langue-based, focusing on lexicographical documentation and on establishing formal criteria for integration of loanwords into the recipient language in terms of experiential meaning. The recent pragmatic turn in loanword studies signals a parole-oriented approach which shifts attention to the use and functions of loanwords in the recipient language beyond denotative meanings alone. However, there has not been a consistent systematic linguistic framework that could characterize loanwords in the recipient language and that could explore the interaction of langue and parole concerning loanwords. This paper intends to fill this gap by proposing a corpus-informed systemic functional linguistic (SFL) model to account for the characterology of loanwords. Based on the proposed multi-stratal model, kowtow, a Chinese loanword into the English language, is examined for its behaviours at the strata of phonology, lexicogrammar, and discourse semantics as well as how it is embedded in context. Attention at these various levels shows that kowtow demonstrates rich lexicogrammatical productivity in the recipient language and displays strikingly different lexicogrammatical patterns from its Chinese counterpart, indicating that its meaning potentials are activated and extended in the cross-cultural contexts. In fact, by crossing cultures, it actually inverts its connotative meaning.

Lexicography for loanwords and words with special orthography

Loanwords in Modern Standard Chinese have attracted increasing attention in recent years. We try to unravel the complexity that stems from the properties of the Chinese writing system itself, its variant systems (Japanese Kanji), the rich history of the Chinese lexicon, and its interactions with neighboring languages. We argue that the status of a loanword is not binary, but rather dynamic on a developmental continuum, due to the various intentional choices and cumulative efforts involved in loanword integration. We provide a metalanguage for loanword notation to make explicit throughout the study all relevant kinds of relationships between source and target languages during the borrowing process from any language into Chinese. Finally, we show examples for all major loanword categories, including a modified and notated categorization of loanwords in Chinese, based on Shi ([Chinese loanwords] Hanyu wailaici. Commercial Press, Beijing, 2013).

Partitivity in Slavic-Romance language contact: The case of Molise Slavic in Italy

AbstractMolise Slavic is a south Slavic micro-language, spoken in three municipalities in the Italian region of Molise. It has been in a situation of total language contact with Romance varieties for about 500 years, with strong foreign influence on all linguistic levels. This paper is intended as a contribution to two combined fields of linguistics: contact linguistics and the expression of partitivity in Slavic in different settings. The paper opens with a short description of the position of the (morphological)partitivecase in Russian, followed by a comparison of the role of case in expressing partitive objects in Russian, Croatian and Molise Slavic. The subsequent section will deal with other means of rendering pure and ablativic partitivity in Italian as the dominant model language and in the Molise Slavic replica, in particular with respect to the similarities and differences in existential constructions. Special attention will be paid to the Italian partitive particleneand its formal and functional equivalents in Molise Slavic, including the particlena/ne, partitive personal pronouns, quantifiers, the genitive and the role of intonation and word order. Finally we will test various hypotheses about the origin of the particlena/ne, whose formal variation in one of the Molise Slavic dialects causes serious problems for both loanword integration and semantic calquing.

Morphological Integration of Urdu Loan Words in Pakistani English

Pakistani English is a variety of English language concerning Sentence structure, Morphology, Phonology, Spelling, and Vocabulary. The one semantic element, which makes the investigation of Pakistani English additionally fascinating is the Vocabulary. Pakistani English uses many loan words from Urdu language and other local dialects, which have become an integral part of Pakistani English, and the speakers don't feel odd while using these words. Numerous studies are conducted on Pakistani English Vocabulary, yet a couple manage to deal with morphology. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the morphological integration of Urdu loan words in Pakistani English. Another purpose of the study is to investigate the main reasons of this morphological integration process. The Qualitative research method is used in this study. Researcher prepares a sample list of 50 loan words for the analysis. These words are randomly chosen from the newspaper “The Dawn” since it is the most dispersed English language newspaper in Pakistan. Some words are selected from the Books and Novellas of Pakistani English fiction authors, and concise Oxford English Dictionary, 11th edition. The results show that, when the Urdu language loan words are morphologically integrated in Pakistan English, they do not change their grammatical category. Moreover, four distinguished morphological process are identified in integration of these loan words. The results also reveal that deficit hypothesis is the main reason of this lexical borrowin.

Разные стратегии адаптации заимствований в похожих морфологических системах: русские существительные в нанайском и ульчском языках

Разные стратегии адаптации заимствований в похожих морфологических системах: русские существительные в нанайском и ульчском языках

The Integration of Loanwords between South and North Korea

The Integration of Loanwords between South and North Korea

Semantic Analysis of English Loanwords in Communication on the Social Networking Website Facebook

This paper is concerned with the semantic analysis of Еnglish loanwords at a lexeme level in communication on facebook. This quantitative research was accomplished within the scope of contact linguistics and indirect borrowing with the aim of determining the degree of semantic adaptation of English loanwords in the receiving language. The results show that the majority of lexemes complete the process of integration at the level of primary adaptation (79.03%), owing to the time-consuming nature of secondary adaptation, which demands an integration of loanwords into the receiving language. Due to the fact that loanwords are borrowed in specific contexts and tend to transfer only one aspect of its original meaning into the receiving language, the semantic narrowing is the most frequently found mechanism of primary adaptation (82.44%). The majority of loanwords [170/202] are adapted by narrowing the number of original meanings. The prominence of meaning specification is illustrated by 74.69% of loanwords borrowing only one lexeme meaning or submeaning. On the other hand, 5 mechanisms of secondary adaptation are: widening of semantic field [20/65]; widening of the number of original meanings [17/65]; pejoration [2/65]; ellipsis [25/65] and metaphor [1/65].

Vowel Epenthesis in Loanword Integration: A Study of English Consonant Cluster at Onset

This study examines the process of vowel epenthesis used by the Punjabi speakers to integrate the English consonant cluster at onset position of the syllable. English and Punjabi are two different phonological system where English allows consonant cluster and complex consonants at onset while Punjabi only allows complex consonants. Hence for the integration of syllables with consonant cluster, Punjabi speakers have to insert a vowel to make the consonant configuration according to Punjabi phonotactics. The data for this study are collected from recordings of focus group discussions, interviews and video clips. The data are analyzed by using CV phonology and Distinct Feature theory. The results suggest that Punjabi speakers insert vowels to modify the English consonant clusters according to Punjabi phonological environment. Thus, they add another vowel node and resyllabify the consonant clusters. The mid central /ə/ vowel is the default epenthetic vowel while in some cases /e/ is also used before the consonant clusters.

PARTIAL TRANSPHONEMIZATION OF ENGLISH LOANWORDS IN SERBIAN: ACOUSTIC EVIDENCE FROM THREE VOWELS

Following the principles of lexical borrowing which regulate the phonological adaptation of English loanwords in the Serbian language, we investigate the acoustics of the partial transphonemization of three English vowels. We have employed the Praat software in the acoustic analysis of speech to measure the values of the first three formants and the duration of vowels in accented positions in a sample of English loanwords integrated into Serbian in contrast to the corresponding vowels in English words. First, we contrast the acoustic features of the English vowels /ʌ/, /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ and the Serbian vowels /ɑ/, /i/ and /u/ by measuring the first three formants of the vowels in speech produced by English-Serbian native bilingual speakers. Second, we measure the duration of vowels in pairs of English words and their replicas in Serbian which we labelled ‘false acoustic pairs’ due to the differences in vowel length. The results verify the principle of substitution which governs the integration of loanwords on the phonological level in Serbian as a borrowing language, which requires that borrowed words comply with the phonological system of the language, in which case the phonological adaptation of phonemes of different qualities is partial.

Multilingual Strategies in Rachid Bouchareb's Hors la loi

ABSTRACTThis essay focuses on the complex entanglement of the French and Arabic languages and notes the unfortunate absence of Berber languages in Bouchareb's 2010 Algerian war feature film Hors la loi. Starting from Hamid Naficy's insights about “accented cinema,” the essay analyzes the main characters’ accents in both French and Arabic, various levels of phonological and morphological integration of French loan words into Spoken Algerian Arabic (darija) in the film, as well as the presence of Arabic words in French, demonstrating that colonial contact and migration have created a situation in which both languages and cultures have influenced each other over time. The essay also analyzes the use of specific darija words and the role of code-switching in developing a double-voiced critique of both French and Algerian cultural politics. Finally, the essay explains how Bouchareb's multilingual strategies contribute to making the film relevant at the national, transnational, and regional levels.

Dutch in Eighteenth-Century Japan

In the first hundred years of the Dutch presence in Japan, the Dutch language was used by Dutch, other Europeans and Japanese in a range of social domains. This article considers how Dutch functioned in Japan in the following hundred years, i.e. c. 1700–1800. After discussing who knew Dutch in Japan, it examines the use of the language not by social domain, but rather by the linguistic processes that resulted from contact between Dutch and other languages in Japan. These include the learning of Dutch by non-native speakers, bilingualism, language competition, code switching and loanword integration. Particular attention is paid to the subject of translation, for it was during this period that Japanese interpreters and scholars began to translate Dutch texts to a significant degree and the discipline known as rangaku (lit. ‘Dutch studies’) emerged. This article therefore aims to increase our knowledge of Dutch as an emigrant language and of the linguistic diversity and resultant language processes in early modern Japan.