Livestock Technologies Research Articles

The Fishmeal Revolution: The Industrialization of the Humboldt Current Ecosystem

In 1953, fishing yields in Peru were 28th highest in the world. Less than ten years later Peru had vaulted to number one. The registered capacity of the country's fishing fleet increased 39-fold, and the processing capacity of its fishmeal factories grew by a factor of 19. The subsequent collapse of Peruvian fishery in the early 1970s was almost equally as vertiginous.Kristin Wintersteen's The Fishmeal Revolution sets the fantastic story of the rise, fall, and partial rise again of Peru's fishery in a larger, ecological context that considers the industrialization of fishing not in one individual state or of a single species of fish but across the Humboldt Current ecosystem as a whole (including both Chile and Peru). The book is, in the author's words, a “translocal” history. In the best traditions of environmental history, The Fishmeal Revolution describes the effects of climatological oscillations on how humans have lived in and interacted with their physical surroundings. The result is a work that is not reducible to a single overarching argument or analytical intervention but instead emphasizes and underlines the unique contingencies and conjunctures of individual historical processes.The short text has exceptional thematic, historical, and geographic breadth, informed by a diverse source base. The author notes in the acknowledgments that work on the book took place in thirty-two cities, across eight countries and three continents, and this becomes quickly evident to the reader (p. ix). This speaks volumes to the author's dedication as well as patience in working through copious and frequently dry documents on fisheries and fish.The book begins with a “deep” historical background of the Peruvian and Chilean coasts from prehistory to the early nineteenth century, in which the author stresses the long history of climate's influence on human society. From there the story pivots to an overview of changing farming and livestock technologies in North America and Europe up to 1930 and the scientific work that served as a catalyst for fishmeal's incorporation into global circuits of industrial agriculture. The heart of the book recounts the industrialization of fishing in Peru and Chile. In Peru, the fishing industry experienced exponential growth in the 1960s based on exploitation of a single species, the anchoveta (Engraulis ringens), and around a single boomtown, the city of Chimbote. The fishery collapsed, with drastic ecological and social consequences, in 1972–73. Chile's fishery, while hit with some of the same climatological oscillations and exhibiting many similarities to the Peruvian industry, adopted a multispecies fishery and was thus less vulnerable to population changes in single species. Throughout the author fluently discusses biological and physical natural science literature on the Humboldt Current.The decision to ground the analysis in biogeography and climate oscillations rather than political, social, or economic structures of Peruvian and Chilean history, however, has trade-offs typical of much scholarship in environmental history. Interestingly, in a book about industrialization and economic development in postwar Latin America, dependency theory and economic development strategies are not mentioned; these might have fruitfully informed the analysis of fishery development. The priorities of dependency theory, for instance, might have framed with more nuance the question of whether southeast Pacific fisheries would be used to satisfy social needs (addressing malnutrition) or private greed (exporting via high-paying international commodity markets). Could it have been that export by private actors aided hard currency reserves (on the eve of the anchoveta collapse, some one-third of Peruvian hard currency earnings were due to fishmeal and oil) that were in turn deemed essential to import capital stock for Peruvian development? Indeed, the book's focus on close reading of qualitative, local archival sources, coupled with limited engagement with secondary literatures, tends to reveal more about historical actors' feelings and thoughts about historical events, trends, or policies than allow for analysis of these. Thus the reader learns, for example, about industrialists' thoughts on economic policies and fishing regulations rather than what those policies and regulations actually were. Similarly, the chapter on Chimbote scratches the surface of a fascinating Peruvian melting pot and social experiment. The narrative, however, engages minimally with Peruvian social and political history and thereby does not pack as much analytical or historiographical punch as it might have. The book compares Chilean and Peruvian fishery development but without systematic consideration or analysis of national-level policy or regulation. The reader thus gains little insight into why Peru and Chile developed fisheries with different characteristics, beyond factors of geography and climate.In short, The Fishmeal Revolution provides an excellent overview of a dizzying array of primary source material in a concise history based on a well-informed discussion of the Humboldt Current region's natural properties. It is a welcome addition to literature on resource extraction and human-environment interactions in Latin America.

대체단백질식품의 시장점유 시나리오별 축산부문 온실가스 배출량 추정

The livestock sector, producing 14.5 percent of anthropocentric GHG emissions, plays an important role in climate change (Gerber et al., 2013). In this study, GHG emissions of the livestock sector due to dietary changes caused by alternative protein food (alternative meat) were compared with the GHG reduction target in Korea. Assuming a scenario in which substitute meat occupies 28% of the domestic livestock market in 2030, 0.56 million tons of livestock production was replaced. In this case, GHG in the livestock sector decreased by 3.6 million tonnes CO₂eq compared to BAU (Business As Usual) GHG emissions. This is equivalent to 38.7% of the total reduction target (9.3 million tons) of the livestock industry by 2050. Although this study is useful for predicting the impact of changes in Korean diets, it has limitations in that it does not consider the interactions between the development of livestock technology and variables of market change. If factors such as changes in the types of livestock products, changes in the livestock self-sufficiency rate, and development of emission factors according to productivity improvement are considered, more accurate emission calculations will be possible.

Factors Influencing Adoption of Agricultural Technologies amongst African Development Bank Community Based Agriculture and Rural Development Project Beneficiaries in Nigeria

The Nigerian agricultural sector is characterized by low level of technology adoption which in turn contributes to the low agricultural productivity in the country. This is indeed worrisome given the plethora of interventions by successive governments, multi-lateral and donor agencies working to implement several programmes aimed at promoting technology adoption among farmers. This study examines factors which influence adoption of modern agricultural production technologies among African Development Bank-Community Based Agriculture and Rural Development Programme (AfDB-CBARDP) beneficiaries in Nigeria. To achieve this objectives, Multi stage sampling technique was employed where a total of 1020 farmers/Project beneficiaries across the 5 Project Implementing Units were selected. The data was estimated using the logit regression. The use of the logit model for this analysis is consistent with the literature on adoption (see for instance Griliches, 1957). Result of the maximum likelihood estimates of the Logit regression model has indicated that the relationship between income and improved technology adoption was shown to be positive and statistically significant. Farming experience was also positively related to adoption of the improved technologies and statistically significant at 1% level. The study also reveals that adoption of improved farming technologies increases with credit availability. Farm size on the other hand was negatively related to adoption of fertilizer technology but positively related to seed, post-harvest and livestock improvement technologies at 1% significant level. Correspondingly, the coefficients for improved seed and livestock technologies were positively related to the farmer’s age at 5% significant level. The findings of the study further revealed that profitability of the enterprise is the major reason for technology adoption by the beneficiaries and is considered very important (3.7*). Output/yield and product marketability was the second and most important reasons for technology adoption having a weighted mean scores value of 3.1* and 3.3* respectively. Likewise, among the bundles of technology disseminated under crop sub sector, varietal attributes related to early maturity was adjudged to be important motive for the adoption (2.7*). Inaccessibility of the technology or high cost of production were cited prominently as the main reasons for non-adoption of a particular technology (*Reason ≥2.5). These findings have important implication. The availability of modern agricultural production technologies to end users, and the capacities of end users to adopt and utilize these technologies should always be consider when scaling up innovation practices.

ASAS–NANP Symposium: Mathematical Modeling in Animal Nutrition: Opportunities and challenges of confined and extensive precision livestock production

Modern animal scientists, industry, and managers have never faced a more complex world. Precision livestock technologies have altered management in confined operations to meet production, environmental, and consumer goals. Applications of precision technologies have been limited in extensive systems such as rangelands due to lack of infrastructure, electrical power, communication, and durability. However, advancements in technology have helped to overcome many of these challenges. Investment in precision technologies is growing within the livestock sector, requiring the need to assess opportunities and challenges associated with implementation to enhance livestock production systems. In this review, precision livestock farming and digital livestock farming are explained in the context of a logical and iterative five-step process to successfully integrate precision livestock measurement and management tools, emphasizing the need for precision system models (PSMs). This five-step process acts as a guide to realize anticipated benefits from precision technologies and avoid unintended consequences. Consequently, the synthesis of precision livestock and modeling examples and key case studies help highlight past challenges and current opportunities within confined and extensive systems. Successfully developing PSM requires appropriate model(s) selection that aligns with desired management goals and precision technology capabilities. Therefore, it is imperative to consider the entire system to ensure that precision technology integration achieves desired goals while remaining economically and managerially sustainable. Achieving long-term success using precision technology requires the next generation of animal scientists to obtain additional skills to keep up with the rapid pace of technology innovation. Building workforce capacity and synergistic relationships between research, industry, and managers will be critical. As the process of precision technology adoption continues in more challenging and harsh, extensive systems, it is likely that confined operations will benefit from required advances in precision technology and PSMs, ultimately strengthening the benefits from precision technology to achieve short- and long-term goals.

돼지의 행동 분류를 위한 딥러닝 기반 Instance Segmentation 모델

In pig-breeding livestock farms, increasing yearly sow productivity and reducing piglet mortality are very important for farmers because they are directly related to profitability. To meet these requirements of the livestock industry, smart livestock technology is being developed and propagated. Recently, many studies have been conducted to obtain information on the health and physiological status of livestock by applying image processing- and artificial intelligence-based technology. In particular, because changes in pig behavior patterns can provide considerable information about their health and physiological status, this study proposes a method to classify pig behavior patterns from images of a pig kennel by applying a deep learning-based instance segmentation model. For this purpose, we first constructed a Pig Motion dataset by building a robot operation system (ROS)-based data collection system that could synchronize and collect voice and climate information along with pig motion images in time. This dataset was organized by classifying four types of pig behavior, namely, lying, standing, sitting, and eating, into motion classes. By learning this dataset using the instance segmentation model, an object is extracted from the pig’s motion characteristic information to create a model that divides and classifies it. We propose a behavioral pattern classification model that can be used to estimate the health and physiological state of pigs by classifying their behavioral patterns from streaming videos and accumulated data and statisticalizing them.

Assessment of possibilities to establish model agricultural technology village in Southern Ethiopia

The available technology demonstration approaches like farmers' training centers in the region are very narrow with lots of technology deficiency, less capacity, placed in inconvenience niches, and poor setup. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the possibilities to establish a model technology village in the Agricultural Growth Program implementing districts of the South Omo zone. The multi-stage sampling procedure was employed to select six sample kebeles. Data for the study were collected from 279 randomly selected households. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a narrative approach. The major crop technologies identified were improved variety, inorganic fertilizer, seed rate, and spacing. Major livestock technologies identified were improved cattle, shoat, poultry, and forage types. Major natural resource management technologies identified were soil and water conservation, soil fertility management, and agroforestry practices. About 54%, 84.2%, and 57.7% of sample respondents from Semen Ari, Debub Ari, and Bena-Tsemay districts know the existing technology demonstration approaches such as farmers' training center, model farmer-based, and pre-extension demonstration approaches respectively.  However, all types of agricultural technologies demonstration approaches and farmers' demands were not being taught, introduced, and demonstrated. Therefore, it can be concluded that establishing a model agricultural technology village on selected kebele based on farmers/agro pastoralists' demand for the crop, livestock, and natural resource management technologies could improve the productivity of smallholder farmers/agro-pastoralists

Role of small-scale dairy production systems in central Mexico in reducing rural poverty

AbstractThe aim of the study was to analyze the role of small-scale dairy farms in central Mexico in combating rural poverty from a gender perspective. Specifically, it was determined whether these production systems generated sufficient income for alleviating poverty and purchasing the basic food basket. Two hundred and twelve farmers were selected through snowball sampling. To maintain a gender perspective, female-headed farms were considered as an independent group, and male-headed farms were grouped according to multivariate statistics. Two official indicators of poverty were considered in the economic analysis: income and the extreme poverty line. Factor analysis identified four factors that explained 66.10% of accumulated variance. The cluster analysis identified five groups of farms headed by males. Then, a comparative analysis was carried out for the six groups, including the female-headed group (FG). The economic analysis revealed that, if 52% of income are production costs, groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 generated sufficient gross income to purchase the basic food basket to the household of the area. However, the FG and group 5 did not generate sufficient gross income to purchase the food basket. In contrast, if 70% of income are productions costs, only groups 1 and 4 generated sufficient gross income. It can be concluded that small-scale dairy farms generate sufficient daily income under certain conditions for the purchase of the basic food basket and, therefore, help to fight poverty in rural families, especially in groups 1 and 4. In the case of the FG and groups 2, 3, and 5, dairy production along with the diversification of productive activities and backyard activities supports the livelihoods of rural families. It is recommended that existing gender norms be further explored because these could directly influence the motivation of farmers, particularly female producers, to adopt or reject agricultural and livestock technologies.

Sensor-based detection of parturition in beef cattle grazing in an extensive landscape: a case study using a commercial GNSS collar

Context Neonate management remains a key issue in extensive beef production systems where producers are faced with substantial environmental and management challenges that limit their ability to monitor and manage livestock in a timely manner. Parturition is a critical event and can affect the calf health and survival, particularly in the perinatal period (up to 48 h after birth). As such, monitoring parturition using precision livestock technologies may provide producers with additional tools to manage their cattle and mitigate the impacts of neonatal mortality in extensive beef systems. Aims The purpose of this study was to determine whether data from a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) collar could be used to detect parturition events in extensively grazed beef cattle. Methods Forty-eight Bos taurus cows (583.5 kg body weight ± 9.25 s.e.m.) were allocated to a 28 ha paddock between 8 January 2021 and 6 March 2021 during the calving season. Thirty of the animals were fitted with GNSS-equipped collars (Smart Paddock, Vic., Australia) that captured data at 10 min intervals. Parturition events were recorded daily by visual observation. Collected data were used to calculate key predictive features related to calving behaviour. Derived features were compared and assessed for changes in the period surrounding parturition. Key results Increases were observed in distance to nearest neighbour and to herd aggregate features, and decreases were observed in paddock utilisation and distance travelled features in the lead-up to calving (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the number of animals within a 20 m radius decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the lead up to parturition, supporting known isolation behaviours. Conclusions With further development of predictive algorithms, on-animal sensors may be valuable in the prediction of calving events in extensive beef production systems. Implications Remote management and monitoring with on-animal sensor technologies, such as GNSS collars and tags, will provide producers with an additional means of monitoring their animals, while overcoming many of the management challenges associated with extensive grazing operations.

Opportunities to Harness High-Throughput and Novel Sensing Phenotypes to Improve Feed Efficiency in Dairy Cattle.

Simple SummarySensors, routinely collected on-farm tests, and other repeatable, high-throughput measurements can provide novel phenotype information on a frequent basis. Information from these sensors and high-throughput measurements could be harnessed to monitor or predict individual dairy cow feed intake. Predictive algorithms would allow for genetic selection of animals that consume less feed while producing the same amount of milk. Improved monitoring of feed intake could reduce the cost of milk production, improve animal health, and reduce the environmental impact of the dairy industry. Moreover, data from these information sources could aid in animal management (e.g., precision feeding and health detection). In order to implement tools, the relationship of measurements with feed intake needs to be established and prediction equations developed. Lastly, consideration should be given to the frequency of data collection, the need for standardization of data and other potential limitations of tools in the prediction of feed intake. This review summarizes measurements of feed efficiency, factors that may impact the efficiency and feed consumption of an animal, tools that have been researched and new traits that could be utilized for the prediction of feed intake and efficiency, and prediction equations for feed intake and efficiency presented in the literature to date.Feed for dairy cattle has a major impact on profitability and the environmental impact of farms. Sustainable dairy production relies on continued improvement in feed efficiency as a way to reduce costs and nutrient loss from feed. Advances in breeding, feeding and management have led to the dilution of maintenance energy and thus more efficient dairy cattle. Still, many additional opportunities are available to improve individual animal feed efficiency. Sensing technologies such as wearable sensors, image-based and high-throughput phenotyping technologies (e.g., milk testing) are becoming more available on commercial farm. The application of these technologies as indicator traits for feed intake and efficiency related traits would be advantageous to provide additional information to predict and manage feed efficiency. This review focuses on precision livestock technologies and high-throughput phenotyping in use today as well as those that could be developed in the future as possible indicators of feed intake. Several technologies such as milk spectral data, activity, rumen measures, and image-based phenotypes have been associated with feed intake. Future applications will depend on the ability to repeatably measure and calibrate these data across locations, so that they can be integrated for use in predicting and managing feed intake and efficiency on farm.

Model Usahatani Terpadu Dampaknya Terhadap Produktivitas, Biaya Produksi dan Pendapatan Petani

: The goal of the research is to know the mix-farming paddy-cow model, the difference of productivity before and after usage  bioslurry,  the difference of cost of production , the difference of farmer’s income and income of livestock business. Method was used by survey census method to 21 respondent as unit of analysis. The hypothesis was verified by the t test paired. Result of the research showed the aplication of livestock (cow) technology on mix-farming cow-paddy model has performance 62,97 %, criteria good, the aplication of Paddy farming technology has performance 70, 88 % criteria good. Utilization of biogas and bioslurry has performance 76,50 % criteria good. Then the productivity has different before and after aplication of bioslurry, where’s the produktivity before 52 ku/ha and after 63 ku/ha. There was no difference on cost of production before and after aplication of bioslurry where’s before Rp 10.356.067,-/ha and after Rp 11.229.465,-/ha. Then the farm income has not different before and after aplication of bioslurry, where’s before Rp 10.714.355,-/ha with R/C =2,03 and after Rp 12.443.775,-/ha with R/C =2,11. Income of livestock business (cow) has not profitable shown by R/C = 080. Income of mix-farming paddy-cow model has not profitable shown by R/C = 0,55, with in 1 year.

Human resources problems of the transition to digital livestock technologies

Human resources problems of the transition to digital livestock technologies

Research and Technology Trend Analysis by Big Data-Based Smart Livestock Technology: a Review

Research and Technology Trend Analysis by Big Data-Based Smart Livestock Technology: a Review

Strategy analysis of extension of performance in transfer of livestock technology innovation for farmer empowerment

The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic is still widespread and needs to be watched out for. In government policies that implement the new normal in several places, agricultural extension workers play a very important strategic role in responding to the pandemic, especially in rural areas. This study aims to analyze the performance strategy of extension workers in assisting farmers during the pandemic in disseminating information on livestock technology innovations. The research was conducted in Barru Regency, with the sub-district location being the sample. Sources of data in this study were collected using surveys/interviews with extension workers, farmers, stakeholders, and in-depth interviews with informants. The results show that the performance strategy that can be taken in improving the performance of the extension worker in the transfer of livestock technology innovation is by increasing the competence of the instructor in the guidance carried out to overcome various problems during the implementation of the extension program and improve innovation, communication and extension methods according to the needs of farmers and support from government agencies. Therefore, it is expected to improve the performance of agricultural extension workers by increasing the extension budget and improving extension facilities and infrastructure so that farmers can adopt agricultural/livestock technology innovations provided by extension workers to increase livestock productivity, increase farmer income and welfare.

354 Awardee Talk: Midwest Cattle Feeding Over the Past 40 Years

Abstract The success of a cattle feeding region is dependent on many factors including resources and technology. Forty years ago, the once-dominant Midwest region had lost its competitive advantage in both areas. Today this industry has reinvented itself. This presentation reviews this journey and looks forward to new opportunities. There have been at least two disruptive technologies that affected cattle feeding, especially in this region over this time. The first is the convergence of microcomputer technology with the development of growth models based on the California Net Energy System. Decisions based on this new knowledge had a profound impact on feed conversion, growth and management. The second disruptive technology was the development of the ethanol industry and widespread availability of corn coproducts, especially high moisture corn coproducts. This development brought large quantities of a very high-quality feedstuff and inclusions in beef finishing diets became standard. Considerable research and education were needed to develop cost effective feeding programs with this new opportunity. Other changes have occurred across the cattle feeding industry over this time. Cattle size and carcass weights have continued a linear increase. Carcass quality and marbling has increased due to genetic selection, feeding endpoints and other factors. Improved growth technologies have continued to be developed and evaluated. Nutritional requirements of cattle for some nutrients have been fine-tuned but more work is needed. Disruptive technologies in the future may involve the convergence of precision livestock technology, smart sensors, artificial intelligence. Engineering developments and energy costs will affect the future of feed processing and delivery. Regardless of future technologies successful cattle feeding in the future will require access to feed resources, excellent nutrition and health management and strategies to manage risk.

COMPORTAMIENTO BIOLÓGICO DE SEIS CULTIVARES DE Tithonia diversifolia (Helms.) A. Gray

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Climate change, anthropic factor and non-compliance with livestock technologies are factors that modify ecosystems and biodiversity, which leads to the adoption of productive alternatives based on shrub species. <strong>Objective:</strong> To evaluate the biological behavior of six cultivars of <em>Tithonia diversifolia</em> (Helms.) A. Gray in three localities of the Manabí province, Ecuador. <strong>Methodology:</strong> The cultivars were obtained from the Vegetable Program of the National University of Colombia, establishing themselves in the localities: El Carmen, Canuto and San Antonio. The plant structure and physiological morpho evaluations were developed every 90 days for one year under a divided plot design with four repetitions. <strong>Results:</strong> The principal component analysis (PCA) with the formation of three components managed to determine 70.53% of the accumulated variance explained. The analysis of variance yielded, depending on the interaction, that the San Antonio locality in the rainy period was the one that allowed expressing the potential of the cultivars (1-3 and 13-5) as a function of height, number of shoots and leaves. dead, (all except 1-2), while forage yield was not affected by the third degree interaction, if not, by the combination of locality x cultivars, where the best expression (P≤0.001) was obtained in the locality El Carmen with cultivar 13-5. <strong>Implications:</strong> This is the first report about the cultivation and evaluation of cultivars of <em>T. diversifolia</em> in the coastal zone of Ecuador, considering as expectations, assess the expression of the nutritional value in the edaphoclimatic conditions in which they grew, and explore about the services ecosystems that this plant offers in production systems. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> There was a differentiated response for each cultivars in the variables studied, some (1-3 and 13-5) showed an attitude towards the growth, development and production of biomass, favored by the climatic conditions of the towns of El Carmen and Canuto. While others (1-2) showed a poor performance in all the factor relationships considered. In the San Antonio locality the lowest values of most of the variables under study were concentrated, affecting the accumulation of biomass.</p>

Study of enterobacteria biofilms critical point control technologies livestock and food production

The relevance of the study and the presence of gaps in the existing knowledge on the topic. Monitoring studies of the biological safety of food raw materials for microbiological indicators is an urgent problem due to the increase in the number registered diseases transmitted to humans through raw materials and products of animal origin. There is a tendency for a statistically significant increase in epidemiological indicators throughout the world, the proportion of these pathologies is increasing both in humane medicine and veterinary medicine. The aim of the work is a comparative assessment and selection of effective methods for studying the formation biofilms enterobacteriaceae circulating among susceptible animal species and isolated from food raw materials.Methods. Аnalysis of growth and dynamics development biofilms Enterobacteriaceae was carried out during cultivation on nutrient media containing growth factors for the repair of the cell wall and the reversal viable uncultured microorganisms. To study the morphological and functional patterns of the development a population microorganisms in vitro and in vivo, we used the conventional and developed methods for preparing preparations for scanning, transmission phase contrast, optical and luminescence microscopy.Results and its discussion. During microbiological control critical points in the technology of animal husbandry and food production, the morphological and functional characteristics biofilms, which are communities microorganisms secreting a polymer matrix and adhered to the tissues of susceptible animal species and abiotic surfaces livestock buildings and food industries, were studied. The developed methods of biofilm cultivation made it possible to study enterobacteriaceae biofilms in vitro and in vivo, without disturbing the natural architectonics of the population microorganisms, to determine the components extracellular matrix. For the study dynamics morphological and functional patterns of the development populations microorganisms, routine and technological advances present are recognized as promising, for example, scanning electron microscopy makes it possible to assess the degree of formation and morphological composition biofilms. Phase contrast microscopy to reveal processes depending on the composition medium and the oxygen content in the culture medium.Conclusions. Methods for cultivating biofilms in vitro and in vivo without disturbing the natural architectonics of biofilms made it possible to optimize the preparation samples for research and eliminate the routine stages of colony counting, and significantly increase the number of analyzes. Due to the simplicity of operations and minimization manual labor, productivity increases, safety of work is increased, cost of personnel working time is reduced, and subjective factors are excluded. For the development of a complex antiepizootic and diagnostic measures, a priority direction is the disclosure of scientific knowledge in the field fundamental studies of ecological plasticity and adaptation potentially pathogenic enterobacteria to parasitism in the warm-blooded organism of birds and mammals. This will allow solving applied problems controlling the critical points of livestock and food production technology, developing effective chemotherapeutic and disinfecting drugs to reduce cell coaggregation and detect viable uncultured microorganisms.

Impact of Training on Livestock Technology Transfer for Rural Poor Farmers Livelihood Improvement in Bangladesh

The study was conducted to evaluate the impact of training facilitated by Nuton Jibon Livelihood Improvement Project (NJLIP) under Social Development Foundation (SDF) for transfer livestock technologies and livelihood improvement for rural poor farmers in Bangladesh. A total of 650 farming households were selected by baseline survey during January 2018 to June 2018.The training and non-training beneficiaries were primary level educated and their family size (4.52) was little lower than the national average (4.9). Average age was 36.73 and 35.12 years for training and non-training farmers, respectively. The rate and amount of loan was found higher with respondent received training than without training. Adoption rate of technologies was higher than the level of idea on the concept of housing, feeding, breeding and marketing. The training beneficiaries improved knowledge and skill on feeding, management and health care of livestock and poultry. Training and demonstration are considered two strong tools for adoption and dissemination of livestock technology. Herd and flock size was increased by training beneficiaries than non-training beneficiaries. Beneficiaries having training on various IGAs have expanded their land and asset possession to a greater extent compared to non-training beneficiaries. Housing and sanitation condition of training beneficiaries were higher than non-training beneficiaries. Increased annual income of training and non-training households was 19.43% and 13.30% where income from different IGAs of livestock was 32.19% and 14.53%, respectively. Livestock were not extremely price sensitive but more sensitive on non-price factors logistic support like institutional support, quality of input and availability of input. Thus, training was treated as vital tools for transfer livestock technologies to influence the poor farmer’s livelihood improvement of training household than non-training household. SAARC J. Agric., 19(1): 223-235 (2021)

Використання антибіотиків в органічному тваринництві: окремі аспекти правового регулювання

This article is devoted to the analysis of domestic and international legal bases of use of antibiotics in organic animal husbandry, and also formulation on its basis of the conclusions and offers directed on improvement of the current agrarian legislation in the specified sphere. It is determined that the reform of Ukrainian legislation on veterinary medicine and feed takes in to account the main international requirements for regulating the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry, in particular Regulation (EU) 2019/6 of the European Parliament and Council of 11.12.2018 «On veterinary medicinal products and repealing of the Directive 2001/82/EU». For the effective implementation of legislative requirements in practice, the need to continue working in the following areas is justified: development of by laws in the field of antimicrobial drugs in animal husbandry; collection, accumulation and analysis of information on the amounts and types of antibiotics used by agricultural producers; development of advanced livestock technologies without the use of antimicrobials, taking in to account the positive experience of other countries; dissemination of knowledge about such technologies among agricultural entities. As a result of the study of the current legislation in the field of organic agricultural production, it was concluded that the legal regulation of the use of antibiotics in organic animal husbandry meets international requirements, namely such basic documents as Commission Regulation (EU) of 05.09.2008 № 889/2008 «Detailed rules on organic production, labeling and control for the implementation of Council Regulation (EU) № 834/2007 on organic production and labeling of organic products» and Council Regulation (EU) № 834/2007 «On organic production and labeling of organic products, and repealing the Regulation (EEC) № 2092/91». To improve the mechanism of control and trace ability of antibiotics in the treatment of farm animals in organic animal husbandry, it is proposed: to accelerate the work on the adoption of the Procedure for the use of antimicrobial drugs in veterinary medicine; to supplement the Procedure (detailed rules) of organic production and circulation of organic products with provisions on the requirements for documentary confirmation of the use of antimicrobial drugs by operators, storage periods of relevant documents. Keywords: antibiotics, antibiotic resistance, safety of organic products, organic livestock products, organic agricultural production, organic animal husbandry, legal regulation, quality of organic products

Impact of Improved Agricultural Technology Use on Household Income in Eastern Ethiopia: Empirical Evidence from a Propensity Score Matching Estimation

This article investigates the impact of improved agricultural technology use on farm household income in eastern Ethiopia. Primary data for the study were obtained from a random sample of 248 rural households, 119 of which are improved technology users and the rest are non-users. The research employed the propensity score matching procedure to establish the causal relationship between adoption of improved crop and livestock technologies and changes in farm income. Results from the econometric analysis show that households using improved agricultural technologies had, on average, 23,031.28 Birr 1 higher annual farm income compared to those households not using such technologies. Our findings highlight the importance of promoting multiple and complementary agricultural technologies among rural smallholders. Therefore, we suggest that rural technology generation, dissemination and adoption interventions be strengthened. Moreover, the linkage among research, extension, universities and farmers needs to be enhanced through facilitating multistakeholder innovation platforms.

181 Utilization of the Nutrack Livestock Monitoring System to Identify Changes in General and Spatial Behaviors of Newly Weaned Nursery Exposed to an Endotoxin Challenge

Abstract Incorporation of precision livestock technology has the potential to provide swine producers with the means to rapidly and accurately identify immune-compromised pigs, allowing for accurate and timely interventions. The objective of this study was to utilize the NUtrack System (NUtrack) to identify changes in general (lying, standing and sitting) and spatial behaviors (at the feeder and meters/day) of newly weaned pigs exposed to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. To achieve this objective, 12 nursery pens with 192 weaned pigs (16 pigs/pen) were randomly assigned to three treatments (4 pens/treatment): Control (saline injection), Mixed (8 pigs/pen received an LPS challenge and 8 pigs received saline injection) and 100% (all pigs received LPS). The LPS challenge consisted of a bolus subcutaneous injection at 300 µg/kg BW (E. coli O111:B4). Prior to placement, NUtrack was installed above the 12 nursery pens and initiated continuous data capture for the duration of the nursery phase (43 days). Ten days after placement in the nursery pens pigs received the assigned challenge (LPS or sham). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS specific for repeated measures (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Regardless of treatment group, general special behaviors were similar (P = >0.28) prior to the LPS challenge (days 1–9). Following LPS challenge (day 10), spatial behaviors decreased (P = <0.01) and time associated with general behaviors increased (P = <0.01) for LPS challenged pigs when compared to pigs not challenged (Control and 50% non-challenged). This change in both general and spatial behaviors remained until day 12. In addition, general and spatial behaviors of the 50% treatment (challenged and non-challenged) were different (P = < 0.03), when compared to Controls. Results suggest precision livestock technology, like the NUtrack System, has the potential to monitor changes in behaviors following an endotoxin challenge.