Livestock Sub-sector Research Articles

Determinants of the Sustainability of Laying Hen Farming Business

The agricultural sector as a pillar of development together with the tourism sector and small industries. As part of the agricultural sector and the livestock subsector, the laying hen farming business is growing in line with the increase in egg production in Indonesia. However, during 2020 – 2022 egg production decreased in several districts in Bali Province and had an impact on the sustainability of the business. The leading factor that affects business sustainability is entrepreneurial orientation. The application of entrepreneurial orientation to companies is more about holding product market innovations, daring to run risky businesses and starting proactive innovations that will affect the performance and sustainability of their business. This article intends to describe the sustainability of the laying hen farming business and the things that affect it so that it can provide a direction for future strudi in maintaining the sustainability of the laying hen farming business. The agricultural sector as a pillar of development together with the tourism sector and small industries. As part of the agricultural sector and the livestock subsector, the laying hen farming business is growing in line with the increase in egg production in Indonesia. However, during 2020 – 2022 egg production decreased in several districts in Bali Province and had an impact on the sustainability of the business. The leading factor that affects business sustainability is entrepreneurial orientation. The application of entrepreneurial orientation to companies is more about holding product market innovations, daring to run risky businesses and starting proactive innovations that will affect the performance and sustainability of their business. This article intends to describe the sustainability of the laying hen farming business and the things that affect it so that it can provide a direction for future strudi in maintaining the sustainability of the laying hen farming business.

Analisis Pengaruh Faktor Inflasi dan Indeks Harga Konsumen Terhadap Nilai Tukar Petani Subsektor Peternakan di Provinsi Jambi Periode Tahun 2014-2022

The purpose of this research is to see the development of the Farmer Exchange Rate (NTP) of the Livestock Subsector and to determine the effect of the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and inflation on the NTP of the Jambi Province livestock subsector during the 2014-2022 time span. The data used in this study are secondary data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). Data analysis uses a computer with the help of Eviews software to test the factors that affect the NTP of the livestock subsector using the multiple linear regression method. The results of the analysis show that the CPI has a significant effect on the NTP of the livestock subsector while inflation does not affect it. It can be concluded that the NTP of livestock subsector in Jambi Province tends to decrease and is significantly influenced by CPI but not by inflation.

Kajian pengembangan agrotechnopreneurship berbasis potensi sektor pertanian di Kabupaten Jember

Jember Regency is an agricultural area in East Java Province that produces various agricultural commodities that can be used as a base in developing agrotechnopreneurship activities. In general, this research aims to analyze the potential for agrotechnopreneurship development based on the potential of the agricultural sector in Jember Regency, including subsectors of food crops, horticulture, plantations, fisheries, and livestock. The aspects studied in detail include identifying agrotechnopreneurship products that have the potential to be developed in Jember Regency, determining potential agrotechnopreneurship products in each agricultural subsector, calculating the added value obtained, and estimating market opportunities for potential agrotechnopreneurship products. There are several methods used in this research, including descriptive methods for the identification of agrotechnopreneurship products, the MPE method to determine potential agrotechnopreneurship products, the Hayami method to calculate the added value of potential agrotechnopreneurship products, and Least Square method to calculate the estimated amount of market demand for potential agrotechnopreneurship products. The results showed that the number of agrotechnopreneurship products identified was recorded at 93 products, including products from the food crop subsector (23 products), horticulture subsector (28 products), plantation subsector (17 products), livestock subsector (5 products), and fishery subsector (20 products). Agrotechnopreneurship products selected as potential products include mocaf flour (food crops), chili sauce (horticulture), coconut briquettes (plantation), cow's milk kefir (livestock), and shredded catfish (fishery). Agrotechnopreneurship products that have the highest added value are coconut briquettes (49%) and shredded catfish (45%), followed by cow's milk kefir (39%), mocaf (18%), and chili sauce (10%). The results of the market potential analysis show that the potential agrotechnopreneurship products analyzed have good market prospects and tend to increase market demand.

The Tendency of Livestock Growth in Ethiopia: A Review

Ethiopia ranks first in Africa and 5th in the globe in its livestock population. The livestock subsector is immensely contributing about 60-70 % to the population’s livelihood and about 80% of the farmers use animal traction to plough their croplands. This study involved gathering livestock-based data from the Central Statistical Agency (CSA) for the years 2004/05 to 2018/19. Additionally, information on livestock holders was systematically organized and analyzed to track progress over the years. Quantifiable values indicating increases were presented in tables and figures. The relationship between cattle numbers and livestock owners’ growth trends was tested using the Pearson correlation. The findings were further supported or challenged through a comprehensive literature review. The data show that the cattle population grew by 57% in 2018/19 than the number it was at the end of 2004/05 and the number of cattle owners increased by about 53 %. Likewise, the total number of sheep population grew by 82.69 % and their holders by 53%, the total goat heads grew by 162.2% and the camel population by 284%. From the total stock of cattle, 97.92% and 99.72% of sheep and all the goats and camels were identified as indigenous, respectively. The study found a significant and strong correlation (p less than 0.01) between the number of animals used for production and the number of holders. This suggests that the growth in livestock population is primarily due to an increased number of livestock owners, rather than an increase in the number of animals per holder. The work identifies bottlenecks in livestock development and provides insights into growth trends and underlying causes. It highlights opportunities for policy interventions to enhance sustainable livestock production. Further research is recommended on addressing feed and water shortages and evaluating policy and institutional setup effectiveness.

Agricultural Scenario of Nepal: Growth Performance and Swot Analysis

This study aimed to determine the performance of agriculture sector in Nepal which would help in formulating better policies for its improvement. The study estimated the growth and instability for the period 2001-02 to 2020-21, dividing it into two periods, period-I (2001-02 to 2010-11) and period-II (2011-12 to 2020-21). The growth and instability analysis indicated that the growth of production of almost all crops were increased during period-II. Oilseeds showed the highest increase in production with growth rate of 6.26%, whereas millet and coffee showed decreasing rate of production in period-II. The area under wheat and millet decreased drastically in period-II. Although instability in area increased in period-II for almost all the crops, tea experienced highest increase. Instability in coffee production decreased from 41.85% in period-I to 15.92% in period-II, highest among selected crops. The instabilities in production were due to natural calamities, lesser and untimely availability of inputs, less priority in the research sector for minor crops and so on. Livestock subsector has been performing well as compared to the crop sector. Prioritization by the government and wide climatic conditions are the major strengths of the sector whereas unavailability of inputs in time and lack of investment frameworks are the weaknesses. Farm mechanization, topography and agri-tourism are some opportunities and climate change, fragmentation of arable land, brain-drain are the threats to this sector in Nepal. The major focus of the government should be on utilizing the rural labor force on agriculture sector through different schemes such as effective crop and livestock insurance, timely supply of demanded inputs and proper extension services.

Livestock Value Chain Mapping in Kajiado and Narok Counties, Kenya

The livestock value chain encompasses a comprehensive range of activities involving various actors that facilitate the conveyance of the final product to the consumer through different stages of collection, processing, production, and final delivery. This case report presents the findings from the mapping of livestock value chains in Narok and Kajiado Counties, Kenya. The study aimed to determine the status and gaps within the value chain, as well as the technological needs of enterprises engaged in the value chain. The ultimate goal was to foster innovation, enhance the productivity of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), improve managerial and technical skills, strengthen local supply chains, and reduce gender disparities within the value chain. The study employed well-structured questionnaires and interviews in both counties to capture the technological status and needs, map all stages of the value chains, outline the main activities and actors, and identify existing gaps. Three primary value chains in the livestock subsector were identified: dairy, beef, and leather. Each of these value chains was studied and analyzed separately. The activities and actors involved at each stage, from inputs and production to transformation and marketing, were examined. The findings highlight intervention areas and provide recommendations to improve the three value chains.

Analysis of Strategic Programs in Planning and Developing Cattle-Oil Palm Integration System

Abstract The cattle-oil palm integration system refers to a farming approach that involves the integration of the plantation sub-sector and the livestock sub-sector. It can be achieved by utilizing the vacant area beneath oil palm plants to graze beef cattle. The combination of oil palm and cattle production systems has significant social, economic, and ecological standpoints. The program strategy for establishing a cattle-oil palm integration system highlights the importance of institutional involvement in supporting a priority program that has achieved success in multiple areas. The study was conducted in the Tanah Bumbu District in the South Kalimantan Province. The place selection was conducted via purposive sampling, considering its potential as a prototype for combining cattle and oil palm development. This research aims to determine the optimal approach for implementing integrated systems in oil palm plantations of various scales. The research findings on the role of institutions in the integration system of oil palm and cattle are crucial for supporting prioritized programs that have been accomplished in multiple domains. The study employed Interpretative Structural Modelling (ISM) analysis to formulate a complex policy structure based on its constituent elements, establish a hierarchy of relationships among these elements, and classify them into four quadrants (autonomous, independent, dependent, and linkage). These include the social functions and the role of institutions in facilitating coordination among different entities. By understanding the significance of institutions, it becomes possible to effectively implement programs to enhance the development of integrated systems of cattle oil palm. The ultimate goal is to bring about positive changes in welfare, participation, trust, communication, and conflict resolution among oil palm smallholders and cattle breeders involved in the cattle-oil palm integration system. In economic function, institutions influence the fluctuations observed in income, production costs, and net profit for individuals engaged in the oil palm-cattle integration system, specifically oil palm smallholders and cattle breeders. Regarding the involvement of the environment, several repercussions arise, including alterations in soil quality, oil palm plantation productivity, biodiversity within ecosystems, greenhouse gas emissions, and deforestation within oil palm plantations engaged in the oil palm-cattle integration system. As a suggestion for achieving sustainability objectives in inclusive and sustainable palm oil plantations, it is advisable to prioritize establishing effective collaboration and partnerships among all relevant stakeholders, sharing expertise and information and the concerted effort to develop robust and mutually beneficial interconnections.

Analisis Tren Nilai Tukar Petani Antar Subsektor Pertanian Di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara

This study aims to analyze the trend of Farmer Exchange Rate between five agricultural subsectors in North Sulawesi Province in 2013-2022. The data collection method in this research is the secondary data survey method. This research uses time series data in 2013-2022 obtained from the North Sulawesi Central Bureau of Statistics. Data analysis in this study used trend analysis with the least square method. The results showed an increasing trend in the five subsectors in the future. The trend analysis formula formed in the food crop subsector is 98.10 + 0.38x, in the horticulture subsector is 101.55 + 0.41x, in the plantation subsector 96.85 + 0.46x, in the livestock subsector is 102.21 + 0.28x, and in the fisheries subsector is 104.049 + 0.34x. The subsector that showed the highest increase was the plantation subsector. The subsector that experienced the lowest increase was the livestock subsector.

Strategi Pengelolaan Peternakan Ayam Ras Pedaging di Kecamatan Pujud

Livestock development is an important aspect of agricultural development, especially during the economic and monetary crisis. The role of the livestock sub-sector in agricultural development is quite significant, one of which is the poultry industry. Apart from that, an increase in the broiler chicken population will certainly have several environmental and social impacts felt by breeders and other people who are near the farm. The aim of this research is to find out appropriate strategies to be applied in Pujud District, Rokan Hilir Regency in efforts to manage broiler chicken businesses. The survey was conducted using interview techniques, questionnaires and literature study. Interview and distribute questionnaires to breeders and communities around broiler cages in Pujud District. The analysis used is SWOT analysis. The results of research on the best strategy for managing the broiler chicken business in Pujud District, Rokan Hilir Regency is to utilize the availability of raw materials, the availability of sufficient capital to meet the high demand for chicken meat, increasing good cooperation with sapronak suppliers and collectors/agents in order to balance needs. restaurants that grow rapidly and reduce production costs by utilizing experienced employees to produce low-cost products and maintain social relations with the community and can become a source of additional income for the community.

Production Elasticity of Layer Farming During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Blitar District

The livestock sub-sector, an integral part of the agricultural sector, is the animal protein producing sub-sector which plays an important role in meeting people's nutritional needs. The development of the laying hen farming business has enormous potential, this is because purebred chicken eggs contribute quite a lot to animal protein self-sufficiency. The research aims to analyze the input factors of the production that affect the production of layer farming businesses and to assess the production elasticity of these businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic in Blitar District. Data collection took place between July and August 2020 in the Blitar Distrcit. Utilizing a sample random sampling method. The study involved 64 farmers as representative. The research variables used in this study were the population of laying hens, the price of chicken eggs, feed costs, vaccines and medicines expenses, seed prices, mortality, electricity costs, the price of culled chickens, Hen Day Production (HDP) and the number of workers. Quantitative analysis was employed to analyze production costs, revenues, and income, while qualitative analysis was used to analyze production elasticity through Cobb-Douglas regression analysis. The research data were processed using SPSS version 24. The results of the study indicate that 1) the population of laying hens and HDP significantly affected the production of layer farming businesses, along with the cost of vaccines and medications in the Blitar District. 2) The population of layers, mortality rates, electricity costs, HDP, and total labor demonstrated elasticity with respect to the production of layer farms. Conversely, egg prices, feed costs, vaccination and medication expenses, day-old chick (DOC) costs, and final chicken prices exhibited inelasticity concerning the production of layer farms in Blitar district.

Mobile Application for Data Acquisition in Livestock Farming Systems: Case Study of Goat Farming in East Java Indonesia

The lack of real data availability in the agricultural sector, especially in the livestock sub-sector, has the potential and opportunities for optimal data processing. Stakeholders in agriculture require accurate field data to minimize costs and save time for profit maximization. This study aims to enrich and record livestock goat data with the help of an application that will assist in the managerial process so that the data collected can be analyzed and used by stakeholders for fast and precise decision-making. The application was created using the prototyping method for both mobile and web platforms. The application prototype was evaluated on functionality testing using a black box method, which resulted in a success in application tests. The application successfully performed real-data recording on the Android platform, offered a user-friendly display of goat information, and enabled documentation of goat livestock data on the website. This study contributes to current research by making data recordings of goats using an Android application for farmers and stakeholders. This tool provides significant benefits by delivering real-time data, enhancing decision-making processes, and offering insights that could lead to increased profitability and strategic planning for future business endeavors.

Report of the Task Force on Food Security

The Report on Food Security was prepared by the Task Force set up in the Planning Commission by the Prime Minister of Pakistan in May 2008 to: (i) review the production, availability, storage, and consumption of essential food commodities in Pakistan; (ii) examine the food procurement system and status of storage facilities; (iii) analyse price trends of essential food commodities; (iv) assess the impact of (food) price hike (observed in 2007-08) on vulnerable groups; and (v) devise an action plan for promoting food security for the vulnerable groups. It produced two Interim Reports in July 2008 and September 2008 before the submission of the Final Report in February 2009. The setting up of the Task Force by the newly elected government soon after it had taken over was timely in that it preceded the start of the ‘Rabi sowing season for the next (winter 2008-09) wheat crop, the staple food in Pakistan. It must also be seen in the context of the unprecedented increase in global food prices in 2007-08 and rising threat of hunger and food insecurity, especially in developing countries. The need for evolving a comprehensive national strategy for food security was therefore pressing and urgent. The main elements of the national strategy for food security identified by the Task Force are: (i) achieving a growth rate of at least 4 percent during the next decade (2010 2020) for agricultural sector with special focus on livestock sub-sector; (ii) setting up an efficient food procurement and distribution system for ensuring around the year food security in all regions of the country; (iii) adopting a pro-poor growth strategy to enhance access of poor households to food; (iv) establishing transparent and efficient safety nets for the vulnerable groups. An important contribution of the Report was the construction of a food security index (FSI) incorporating (with suitable weights) major aspects of food security. It also recommended the adoption and frequent updating of the proposed FSI to monitor food security situation in the country.

Market Opportunities and Marketing Strategies in Layer Chicken Farming Business (Case Study: Egg Business in Bengkol Subdistrict, Manado City, North Sulawesi)

Livestock farming is one of the crucial aspects of agricultural development. The role of the livestock subsector in agricultural development is significant, with one of the important products being the production of eggs and broiler chickens. Egg consumption in Indonesia has been increasing over the years, leading to an increase in egg production. This research aims to formulate development strategies using a descriptive analysis method. Data collection is done through questionnaires, interviews, and a review of literature related to the research. Data analysis utilizes the SWOT analysis method (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) to identify internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external environmental factors (opportunities and threats). The results of this analysis are then depicted in the SWOT quadrant and interpreted in the SWOT matrix. The research findings indicate an identification value of 3.3 for internal factors and 3.23 for external factors, suggesting that the development strategy for Ellen Farm's laying hen in Bengkol Village, Mapanget District, falls into quadrant I. This implies an intensive market strategy, including market penetration, market development, and product development.

- Invited Review - Pig production in Africa: current status, challenges, prospects and opportunities.

Pig production is one of the viable enterprises of the livestock sub-sector of agriculture. It contributes significantly to the economy and animal protein supply to enhance food security in Africa and globally. This article explored the present status of pig production in Africa, the challenges, prospects and potentials. The pig population of Africa represents 4.6% of the global pig population. They are widely distributed across Africa except in Northern Africa where pig production is not popular due to religio-cultural reasons. They are mostly reared in rural parts of Africa by smallholder farmers, informing why majority of the pig population in most parts of Africa are indigenous breeds and their crosses. Pig plays important roles in the sustenance of livelihood in the rural communities and have cultural and social significance. The pig production system in Africa is predominantly traditional, but rapidly growing and transforming into the modern system. The annual pork production in Africa has grown from less than a million tonnes in year 2000 to over 2 million tonnes in 2021. Incidence of disease outbreak, especially African swine fever is one of the main constraints affecting pig production in Africa. Others are lack of skills and technical know-how, high ambient temperature, limited access to high-quality breeds, high cost of feed ingredients and veterinary inputs, unfriendly government policies, religious and cultural bias, inadequate processing facilities as well as under-developed value-chain. The projected human population of 2.5 billion in Africa by 2050, increasing urbanization and decreasing farming population are pointers to the need for increased food production. The production systems of pigs in Africa requires developmental research, improvements in housing, feed production and manufacturing, animal health, processing, capacity building and pig friendly policies for improved productivity and facilitation of export.

ANALISIS PERSEPSI DAN TINGKAT KEPUASAN KONSUMEN TERHADAP PEMBELIAN AYAM BROILER ORGANIK DI KOTA PEKANBARU

The livestock sub-sector is an integral part of the broad development of the agricultural sector as a source of animal protein that has the potential to be developed is broilers. Given the trend of healthy living among the community by consuming organic food such as organic broiler chicken. This study aims to: 1. determine the characteristics of consumers who buy organic broiler chicken in the city of Pekanbaru 2. analyze consumer perceptions in purchasing organic broiler chicken in the city of Pekanbaru. 3. Analyze the level of consumer satisfaction in purchasing organic broiler chickens in Pekanbaru City. This study uses a survey method through questionnaires with sampling using the proportional random sampling. The results of the research on the characteristics of consumers of organic chicken meat, namely female sex as many as 69 people (86.25%) with ages 30-49 years as many as 57 people (71.25%) with a bachelor's degree (S1) education as many as 52 people (65%), income > 5,000. 000,- as many as 33 people (51.25%), the type of work of housewives as many as 41 people (51.25%), the frequency of purchasing 2-3 times a month as many as 38 people (47.5%) with the weight of meat in each purchase of 1-1.5 kg as much as 66 people (82.5%), with an expenditure of IDR 200,000 - < IDR 300,000, - for each purchase of 43 people (53.75%), the nutritional content of organic chicken meat is the reason for purchasing 38 people (47.5%) with consideration of the place purchase due to the quality of the product at that place as many as 33 people (41.25%). The consumer's perception with the highest score on the variable benefits of meat is 4.68. The CSI value is 84.44% with the purchase category being very satisfied, while the IPA analysis obtained is the intended location and stock of chicken meat.

Study of Leading Products to Map the Potential of Agribusiness For Tourism Development in the City of Banjarmasin

The study aims to map the potential of superior agribusiness products for tourism development in Banjarmasin City. The research method is quantitative descriptive using secondary data obtained from BPS South Kalimantan Province and Banjarmasin City. The analysis technique identifies the internal potential of a region, namely basic sectors and non-basic sectors. The potential for agribusiness in the Food Crop Agriculture Sub Sector in Banjarmasin City which can become a base for food crop commodities is the South Banjarmasin District and the North Banjarmasin District. The potential for agribusiness in the Livestock Sub Sector in Banjarmasin City which can be the basis for the livestock sub-sector is the District of South Banjarmasin and Central Banjarmasin. The Fisheries Sub Sector in Banjarmasin City which can be the basis for the livestock sub sector is the North Banjarmasin District and the East Banjarmasin District. The results of research on agribusiness potential in Banjarmasin City seen from the Food Crop Agriculture Sub-Sector include rice, Siamese oranges, and bananas. The agribusiness potential of the Livestock Sub-Sector includes beef cattle, broiler chickens, laying hens, ducks, quail, goats, and free-range chickens. The Fisheries Sub-Sector includes: capture fisheries and freshwater floating net cultivation fisheries, capture fisheries, and still water pond cultivation fisheries.

Self-Adaptive Edge Computing Architecture for Livestock Management: Leveraging IoT, AI, and a Dynamic Software Ecosystem

The agricultural industry is encountering exceptional difficulties due to shifts in the macroeconomic landscape, and the prospects of the livestock sub-sector could be more precise. The elimination of subsidy payments due to agricultural policy changes resulting from Brexit poses a significant threat to farmers’ financial stability and overall well-being, jeopardizing their enterprises and lives. Farmers must pursue adaptive tactics to endure the consequences of evolving socio-political situations. This research investigates the capabilities of Dynamic Software Ecosystem (DSE) as an analytical tool in the context of managing livestock within the farming sub-sector. In Smart Farming, using the Internet of Things (IoT) and Blockchain (BC) facilitates the monitoring of resources and ensures traceability across the value chain. This enables farmers to enhance their operational efficiency, disclose the source of their agricultural products, and assure customers about the output’s caliber. This study introduces a platform that utilizes the IoT, Edge Computing, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and BC in Smart Farming settings. The Optimised Live Stock Management System (OLSMS) employs the Edge Computing Design to enable real-time monitoring of dairy animals and feed grain conditions. It guarantees the reliability and long-term viability of various production procedures. The efficiency of the Expert System is shown by its dependability rate of 92.3%, as determined by comparing its outcomes with those of a group of experts in raising livestock. The experimentation conducted on various scenarios has shown intriguing findings on implementing effective livestock management methods within certain environmental variables, such as weather and precipitation.

Empirical Analysis on Import Diversification of Major Livestock Commodities in Malaysia

The long-standing underperforming self-sufficiency status of major ruminant commodities in Malaysia signifies that the livestock sub-sector is confronting crucial import dependency status, particularly beef and mutton. The self-sufficiency indicated stagnating and even deteriorating trends over the years, stemming from a massive gap between domestic production and the demand requirement for meat products. Various efforts and strategies are implemented to expand local beef and mutton production, yet the performance remains insignificant. This crucial situation further urges the government to implement the liberalization of import quota for the two main meat commodities, aiming to provide meat supply based on current needs either at the industry or consumer level and further facilitate market equilibrium for meat products. Nevertheless, the import tendency has concentrated on a few dominant markets, globally. Previous studies suggested trade diversification is crucial for multiple reasons towards creating a more sustainable economy and food security. Therefore, this study identifies the status of trade diversification of primary livestock commodities and measures the association between trade diversification and economic performance in Malaysia. Time series databases (2000 – 2020) were utilized and analyzed using quantitative methods to estimate the import diversification index (ID) using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), which is further used as an endogenous variable to develop the import diversification empirical model, while the exogenous variables include gross domestic product per capita, food security, and total factor productivity. The Import Diversification Index confirms beef import market demonstrates a low diversified import or highly concentrated market, whereas mutton showed more diversified import markets. The results showed that national gross per capita income and food security status are the two variables that significantly influence the country's concentrated import markets for beef and mutton import diversification status. This study also found that per capita national income, self-sufficiency, and total factor productivity significantly affect the trade diversification degree for beef and mutton imports in Malaysia. Despite being massively dependent on meat (beef and mutton) imports, none of the specific studies has attempted to measure the trade diversification circumstance in Malaysia. The findings of this study are useful in strategizing the diversification of import markets, particularly for primary ruminant livestock commodities, in line with the national food security direction and policy agenda in Malaysia.

Uji Daya Koksidiostat Ekstrak Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) Asal Pulau Timor pada Ayam Buras

The development of livestock business in Indonesia has very profitable business prospects because the demand for animal products continues to grow. One of the livestock sub-sectors that are most in demand is poultry farming, especially free-range chicken. However, the development of poultry farming does not escape the obstacles faced by farmers, namely diseases, coccidiosis is one of them, which is a gastrointestinal protozoan infection caused by Eimeria spp. Coccidiosis management currently uses a coccidiostat, one of which is sulfaquinoxalin. However, sulfaquinoxalin has the disadvantage that it can cause a decrease in eggshell thickness and a decrease in feed consumption. The aim of this research is to find alternatives for the prevention and treatment of Eimeria tenella infection. This study used extracts of temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) from Timor Island. This study aims to know whether temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) extract from Timor Island is effective in treating coccidiosis and at what concentration is the most effective. The research methods included the manufacture of temulawak extract, experimental infection, collection of faecal samples, effectiveness testing and macroscopic observation of the cecum from chickens and calculating the score of the cecum lesions. This study used 3 treatment groups with 1 control. The treatment group used graded doses of temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) extract namely 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6%, while the positive control used Coxy (©Medion) at a dose of 5 grams per liter of drinking water. The results showed that the temulawak extract (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) from the island of Timor was effective in inhibiting the growth of Eimeria tenella in vivo, with the most effective concentration of 0.2%.

A Comprehensive Study on the Livestock Sub-Sector Analysis and its Role in Fostering Sustainable Development in Zambia: Insights from the 2022 Livestock Survey Report

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of Zambia's dynamic livestock sub-sector as of April 30, 2022, drawing insights from the 2022 Livestock Survey Report. With 1,801,075 households actively engaged in livestock activities, the sub-sector emerges as a vital component of the country's rural livelihoods. Understanding the interplay of household characteristics and livestock populations is pivotal for crafting sustainable development policies that enhance the well-being of the sub-sector's participants.
 Gender dynamics within the livestock sub-sector underscore the central role of men as household heads and primary decision-makers. This necessitates targeted initiatives to empower women, fostering their active involvement and amplifying contributions that lead to improved household prosperity, expanded economic opportunities, and the preservation of indigenous knowledge.
 Zambia's diverse livestock population, with a significant presence of 4,698,972 cattle, plays a crucial role in ensuring protein availability, bolstering nutritional security, and contributing to household incomes. Goats, sheep, and pigs also feature prominently, meeting various demands for meat, milk and other essentials. Recognizing the unique contributions of each livestock species allows for tailored strategies to improve their productivity and welfare.
 Addressing provincial disparities in livestock production and resource utilization is imperative for achieving sustainable development goals. Provincial variations in agro-ecological conditions, market access, and infrastructure necessitate context-specific interventions. Such approaches can harness provincial strengths, optimize resource utilization, and stimulate value chain development.
 Moreover, this study highlights opportunities in honey production and milk output. Apiculture and beekeeping investment can aid biodiversity conservation through pollination services while fostering high-quality honey production. Tailored capacity-building and infrastructure development can address provincial disparities in milk production, benefiting smallholder dairy farmers and the broader dairy industry.
 This study underscores the livestock sub-sector's pivotal role in sustainable development, food security, and rural livelihood enhancement in Zambia. By embracing responsible, inclusive strategies and evidence-based insights, policymakers, stakeholders, and development practitioners can optimize the sub-sector's potential. Focusing on household well-being, gender inclusivity, and provincial equity will foster a resilient and thriving livestock sub-sector, benefiting all segments of society and paving the way for a brighter and more sustainable future for Zambia.