Livestock Sub-sector Research Articles

Automation of dairy cattle breeding

Digital transformation of agriculture is a part of the federal strategy, the purpose of which is to modernize and increase the efficiency of the industry, to introduce digital technologies and platform solutions to ensure a technological breakthrough in the agricultural sector. Dairy cattle breeding is the largest livestock sub-sector of the Russian Federation. Demand for automated milking, feed preparation and herd management systems is growing in this country. The purpose of the study is to determine the prospects for the upgrading of dairy cattle breeding within the framework of existing strategic documents and the availability of domestic developments. It has been established that currently there are some domestic developments, including those in the field of dairy cattle robotics that are more affordable, which could replace expensive foreign counterparts. Therefore, the dissemination of information about domestic developments in this area is a very urgent task to improve production efficiency in the industry.

Фасциолез в субъектах Северного Кавказа как вероятная биологическая, эпидемиологическая и эпизоотическая угроза населению и животноводству

When analyzing statistical materials from 32 polyclinics in 15 cities of the North Caucasus (Grozny, Gudermes, Argun, Magas, Nazran, Vladikavkaz, Beslan, Ardon, Karachaevsk, Cherkessk , Nalchik, Nartkala, Baksan, Prokhladny and Mayskiy) in 18,0 thousand samples of feces, the indices of occurrence per 100 thousand of population and abundance of F. gigantica eggs were 0, which indicates an epidemic the well-being of the region in relation to zoonosis, thanks to the program organization of health education of the population. At the same time, for fascioliasis (Fasciola gigantica) of sheep, cattle and buffaloes, all 5 Republics of the North Caucasus belong to the disadvantaged regions of southern Russia with a critical risk index for the biosafety of livestock industries in all climatic zones of the subject due to the weak and half implementation of antiepizootic measures. In 5 Republics of the North Caucasus in 2011–2019. The indices of the incidence and abundance of fascioliasis in sheep, cattle and buffaloes increased by 2–3 times, which indicates the threat of invasion to the efficiency of livestock subsectors in the region. Our data indicate a high level of sanitary contamination of the soils of near-village pastures in the plain and foothill zones of all subjects of the North Caucasus with invasive elements of the causative agent of giant fascioliasis and their absence in the soils of distant pastures. In 100% of soil samples from rural pastures in the plain and foothill zone, invasive eggs of Fasciola gigantica were identified, which, according to forecasts, may lead to the spread of parthenitis among intermediate hosts, followed by the spread of invasion among the population of 5 regions, such as the Chechen and Ingush Republics, RNOAlania, Kabardino-Balkarian and Karachay-Cherkess Republics.

Peran Sektor Pertanian Dalam Perekonomian Provinsi Banten

Development of agriculture until nowdays played important role in Banten province eonomy. this research aims to analyze the role of economic sector in Banten province and analyze the linkages of economic sectors to other economy sector in banten province. the analytical method used in this reseach quantitative analysis using input-output analysis. the analysis showed that livestock subsector has a higher value backward lingkages is 1.5319. Meanwhile plantfood sector has a higher value forward lingkage in agriculture sector is 1,6734. livestock subsector are the only one subsector in agriculture who has distribution index value and sensitivity of dispersion (>1) and in first quadran.

Anthelmintic Activities (In Vitro And In Vivo) of Some Plant Extracts – A Review

Several plants are found to possess potent medicinal and phytochemical compounds used globally for the treatment of diseases and the discovery of new drugs. Plants with anthelmintic properties have attained a great interest due to their usage in treatment of parasitic (helminthic) diseases that cause major economic loss, resulting to reduced livestock production capacity of farmers. The major impediment in the livestock subsector is the increasing problems of development of resistance to synthetic drugs by the helminths and or high cost of commercially produced anthelmintics and their resultant side effects than the treatment efficacy in the host. Helminthosis is a clinical condition that represents one of the commonly encountered and most important diseases in ruminant farming. This clinical condition is aggravated by indiscriminate use of anthelmintics in an attempt to control the infection, thereby causing resistance of the parasitic helminths to synthetic drugs. This has led to the screening of plant extracts for their anthelmintic properties thereby serving as alternative strategies against gastrointestinal parasitic resistance. However, eighty percent of the world populations use natural plant compounds as anthelmintics for treatment of parasitic infections. Hence, the folkloric claims of the anthelmintic properties of plants extracts for the treatment of helminthes is necessarily important and of great interest. Therefore, this review unveils previous pharmacological and preliminary studies on plants as anthelmintics able to reduce helmintic infections and overcoming helminth parasite resistance.

AGRICULTURAL CREDIT GUARANTEE SCHEME FUND AND ITS EFFECT ON AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT IN NIGERIA

Research Background: Agricultural production in Nigeria experiences the challenge of inadequate funding particularly by farmers in rural areas. In an attempt to enhance farmers’ access to credit, the federal Government of Nigeria set up Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund (ACGSF) to boost funding in the sector. But to what extent the Scheme has affected the output of agricultural sectors in the Country for the period under review is of great concern especially to policy makers in the Country. Purpose of the article: The study analysed trends and effect of Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund (ACGSF) on farmers’ agricultural output (GDP) in Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study were to examine the trend in volume of loans guaranteed by ACGSF to farmers and determine the effect of ACGSF on agricultural output for the period under review. Methods: Secondary data were sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria bulletins, National Bureau for Statistics data base and other financial bulletins. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings and value added: The trend revealed that the supply of funds to agricultural sector from the scheme has always increased in a wobbly pattern. It was found that funds guarantee to crop-sub sector increased steadily from 1998 to 2009. The result shows that credit supplied to livestock sub-sector by ACGSF rose consistently in the period under review but initially declined from 1998-2007. The multiple determination coefficients (R2) of 0.8523was obtained and the coefficients of ACGSF on crop sector, livestock sector and fishery sector were 0.1607, 0.2320 and 0.2110 respectively. The signs were all positive and significant at 1% and 5% levels. The study concludes that ACGSF has a positive effect on agricultural output in Nigeria. Hence, it is recommended that government, agricultural agencies and allied bodies should give more preference to the scheme to boost agricultural production. Government should increase funding to the scheme in order to diversify the earnings to eliminate her dependency on oil export.

Discrete event simulation in livestock management

Abstract The agricultural sector in the UK is facing unprecedented challenges as a result of changes in the macroeconomic environment and the future of the livestock sub-sector is particularly uncertain. Farmer's businesses and livelihoods are at risk with the planned removal of subsidy payments as a consequence of emerging agricultural policy change as a result of Brexit. Farmers are forced to seek adaptive strategies to survive because of changing socio-political circumstances. This study explores the potential of an analytical tool, Discrete Event Simulation (DES) applied within the agricultural sub-sector of livestock management. It utilises a multi methodological approach using both interviews with farmers and a simulation of a real case; Colclough livestock farm, located in Yorkshire, England. The findings show that DES can be used by livestock farmers, helping to simulate potential growth strategies and observe the impact in relation to existing farm processes. Barriers to the sector wide adoption of new farm technologies are presented. This research captures the current views of farmers regarding technology adoption, showing empirically that technologies and software exist which can improve economic performance of farming enterprises, however, contingent factors, such as age, attitudes, skillsets and broadband connectivity, limits successful adoption.

A Value Chain Approach to Characterize the Chicken Sub-sector in Pakistan.

The chicken industry of Pakistan is a major livestock sub-sector, playing a pivotal role in economic growth and rural development. This study aimed to characterize and map the structure of broiler and layer production systems, associated value chains, and chicken disease management in Pakistan. Qualitative data were collected in 23 key informant interviews and one focus group discussion on the types of production systems, inputs, outputs, value addition, market dynamics, and disease management. Quantitative data on proportions of commodity flows were also obtained. Value chain maps were generated to illustrate stakeholder groups and their linkages, as well as flows of birds and products. Thematic analysis was conducted to explain the functionality of the processes, governance, and disease management. Major chicken production systems were: (1) Environmentally controlled production (97–98%) and (2) Open-sided house production (2–3%). Broiler management systems were classified as (I) Independent broiler production; (II) Partially integrated broiler production; and (III) Fully integrated broiler production, accounting for 65–75, 15–20, and 10–15% of commercial broiler meat supply, respectively. The management systems for layers were classified as (I) Partially integrated layer production and (II) Independent layer production, accounting for 10 and 80–85% in the egg production, respectively. The share of backyard birds for meat and eggs was 10–15%. Independent, and integrated systems for chicken production could be categorized in terms of value chain management, dominance of actors, type of finished product and target customers involved. Integrated systems predominantly targeted high-income customers and used formal infrastructure. Numerous informal chains were identified in independent and some partially integrated systems, with middlemen playing a key role in the distribution of finished birds and eggs. Structural deficiencies in terms of poor farm management, lack of regulations for ensuring good farming practices and price fixing of products were key themes identified. Both private and public stakeholders were found to have essential roles in passive disease surveillance, strategy development and provision of health consultancies. This study provides a foundation for policy-makers and stakeholders to investigate disease transmission, its impact and control and the structural deficiencies identified could inform interventions to improve performance of the poultry sector in Pakistan.

Pigeon Rearing - An Investment Analysis for Secondary Income Generation to Farm Women, Landless, Marginal and Small Farmers

Pigeon rearing not yet been considered in relation to the contribution of livestock sub-sector, though the pigeons rearing provide alternative source of animal protein. In India, majority of Hindu people believe that it brings happiness to their house. Female pigeons reach sexual maturity at about 5-7 months, laid eggs within 8–12 days after mating, the eggs hatch after 18 days of incubation. The breeding cycle in pigeons is about 2 months, when the cycle finished another breeding cycle begins consecutively. The body weight of mature brooding pigeon (male/female) ranges from 287 g to 290 g depends on the type of breed. Mortality rate of pigeon ranges from 5-15%. The Study was conducted in 4 villages of Cooch Behar district of West Bengal. 40 no. of respondents who were engaged in pigeon rearing are selected purposively. Data were collected through well design structure interviewed schedule and collected data was analyzed. The results revealed that pigeon rearing needs low investment, less care, low feed and low housing cost. The finding shows that benefit cost ratio is 8.72 at 10% of discounting rate for 12 years. Finding implied that it is an easy and economic husbandry practices which have short reproduction cycle and less disease occurrence. On an average, entrepreneur sale their squab at the rate of ₹ 240 per pair. Increasing the rate of pigeon farming may enhance the rate of reducing the gap of requirement of animal protein deficiency, increase income generation and may improve the socio-economic status of the rural poor community. From the findings it shows that pigeon rearing is require less initial investment and provides high income. Hence pigeon farming may be an easy, profitable, sustainable and reliable source of additional employment generation, opportunity for family labour utilization during their leisure time and way of earning quick cash income.

The optimation of cow-calf beef cattle and paddy farming integration on farmer household

Farmer households generally operate food crops and livestock subsectors that have not fully implemented well, so an optimal farming has not been achieved. This study aimed to analyze optimation of cow-calf beef cattle and paddy farming integration and simulation changing in input prices and the usage of resources to the optimal model. Survey method was used in the research in Grobogan Regency by determining Wirosari District and Purwodadi District. Quota sampling method is used to determine the number of respondents without counting the population as a sampling frame. The number of respondents in each district was 40 farmers so the total respondent was 80 farmers. Data were analyzed using linear programing. Results showed that optimum conditions of integration were achieved in 0.45 ha land, 2.75 AU of cow-calf beef cattle with maximum income of IDR 52,112,440/year. The simulation results regarding in changing in input usege indicated that the addition of 0.25% land area gives a change in scale of cow-calf beef cattle by 0.018% and income of 14.78%. In conclusion, integration optimation was achieved on 0.4 5ha land, 2.75 UT cow-calf beef cattle and optimal solution simulations indicated that farmers have the ability to develop their farming.

Safeguarding Natura 2000 habitats from nitrogen deposition by tackling ammonia emissions from livestock facilities

Nitrogen deposition is one of the main environmental threats to the conservation goals in areas protected by the European Habitats Directive, a problem that is quite pronounced in the livestock-rich region of Flanders, Belgium. Livestock farms are often located close to Natura 2000 areas. Therefore, ammonia emissions from livestock housing and manure storage have a high contribution to the deposition in these nearby protected habitats. In order to control this problem, the Flemish government imposes restrictions on livestock farms that pose a substantial threat to protected habitats nearby. In this paper, we evaluate the effectiveness of this spatially differentiated policy. Using an integrated spatially explicit modeling approach, we were able to show that the effectiveness of this policy is rather limited in terms of reducing the proportion of habitats in exceedance of the critical load for nitrogen. In order to obtain a good status for all sensitive habitats, emission abatement efforts should extend beyond the livestock sector. The effectiveness of the policy is dependent on habitat type and the livestock subsectors contributing to emissions nearby. Furthermore, by means of four different habitat classes, the effectiveness of alternative policy options can be easily assessed on the level of individual habitats.

Economics of piggery enterprise in Nigeria: A case study of Udi Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria

The study examined the economics of pig enterprise in Udi Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria. Despite the economic leverage and nutritional advantages of pig, its production still remains the least when compared to other livestock sub-sector. The study specifically described the socioeconomics characteristics of pig farmers, examined the factors influencing revenue from pig production, estimated the costs and returns in pig production and examined the problems faced by pig farmers in the area. Purposive and random sampling techniques were used in the selection of 60 farmers for the study. Primary data were collected from the selected farmers with the aid of structured questionnaire. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, net income and multiple regression models. Results showed that majority of the respondents (85%) were male, married (81.7%), literate (100%) with mean age and household size of 48 years and five persons, respectively. Majority (88.3%) of the respondents sourced their capital from personal savings and 95% of them had crossed breeds of pigs. The determinants of net income from pig production were education (−0.271), cost of feed (0.687) and cost of labour (0.329). The profitability and the viability of piggery enterprise in the study area were shown by the gross margin, net farm income and the return on investment of ₦824,395.30 ($2,269.56), N747,797.42 ($2,058.69) and 0.84 (84%), respectively. Huge capital required for the investment, inadequate extension education, high cost of feed, diseases and parasite infestation, poor farm management, high cost of veterinary services, insufficient credit facilities and subsidies, and infant mortality and cannibalism were the major constraints faced by the farmers in the piggery enterprise. The study recommends that the government and other relevant agencies should provide subsidies and make credit facilities available and accessible to pig farmers in the study area.
 Key words: pig production, enterprise, gross margin, profitability, Nigeria

Analisis Kelembagaan Kelompoktani Sistem Integrasi Sapi Dan Kelapa Sawit (Siska) Di Kabupaten Pelalawan

Optimizing the area of oil palm plantations can be approached through the Cow and Palm Oil Integration System (SISKA), to increase efficiency and productivity through the integration of the plantation sub-sector with the livestock sub-sector. This study aimed to analyze the role of farmer groups and the institutional aspects of these groups in supporting the SISKA program in Pelalawan District. The approach used in this study was the institutional theory of Syahyuti. The role of farmer groups (as learning classes, production units and vehicles for collaboration) and institutional aspects of farmer groups (aspects of values, norms and behavior) were analyzed using Likert scale. The relationship between the roles and institutional aspects of the farmer groups was analyzed by Spearman Correlation test. The overall role of the farmer group is in the good category with a score of 3.49, most of the members (69.60%) answered in the fairly good and good category. The overall institutional aspects based on values, norms and behavior in the SISKA farmer group are in the good category with a score of 4.05. Correlation on sub-variable values, norms and behavior towards the role of farmers as units of production is a strong direct correlation. This shows that values, norms and behavior in groups affect, encourage and enhance the role of groups as learning classes that support the level of knowledge of farmers and the role of farmer groups as production unit.

ANALISIS KELEMBAGAAN KELOMPOKTANI SISTEM INTEGRASI SAPI DAN KELAPA SAWIT (SISKA) DI KABUPATEN PELALAWAN

Optimizing the area of oil palm plantations can be approached through the Cow and Palm Oil Integration System (SISKA), to increase efficiency and productivity through the integration of the plantation sub-sector with the livestock sub-sector. This study aimed to analyze the role of farmer groups and the institutional aspects of these groups in supporting the SISKA program in Pelalawan District. The approach used in this study was the institutional theory of Syahyuti. The role of farmer groups (as learning classes, production units and vehicles for collaboration) and institutional aspects of farmer groups (aspects of values, norms and behavior) were analyzed using Likert scale. The relationship between the roles and institutional aspects of the farmer groups was analyzed by Spearman Correlation test. The overall role of the farmer group is in the good category with a score of 3.49, most of the members (69.60%) answered in the fairly good and good category. The overall institutional aspects based on values, norms and behavior in the SISKA farmer group are in the good category with a score of 4.05. Correlation on sub-variable values, norms and behavior towards the role of farmers as units of production is a strong direct correlation. This shows that values, norms and behavior in groups affect, encourage and enhance the role of groups as learning classes that support the level of knowledge of farmers and the role of farmer groups as production unit.

Competitiveness of Livestock Sub-Sector in West Sumatera, Indonesia

The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that influence and determine the competitiveness of animal husbandry business in West Sumatra and identify the relative comparison of the level of competitiveness of animal husbandry business in several regencies/cities in West Sumatra. To analyze the competitiveness status of livestock business in West Sumatra the study used Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method while the competitiveness variable was determined by using the Diamond Porter variable. The results of the study showed that natural and human resources, infrastructure and technology play a significant role in increasing the competitiveness of farming in West Sumatra with a weight of 0.304 followed by a demand factor for livestock commodities with a weight of 0.26, which in turn is followed by the presence factor of the role of government and opportunity with a weight of 0.25, followed by industry competition factor with a weight of 0.239 and most recently, an industry cluster with a weight of 0.203. Regions that have better competitiveness in West Sumatra are Padang Pariaman Regency and Pariaman City with a weight of 0.27.

The Impact of Climate Change on Pastoralist Livelihoods in Ethiopia: A Review

Pastoralism contributed a lot to the economy of the Africa. In Ethiopia, about 10 million pastoralists rely on animal husbandry as a key source of wealth and subsistence. The livestock sub-sector accounts for 20% of Ethiopia’s GDP, with the national herd inhabiting Ethiopia’s vast lowland periphery. So as to support pastoralists in Ethiopia, governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and amongst other actors, have intervened in various ways. Notwithstanding those remarkable efforts, pastoralist in different parts of Ethiopia operates over increasingly degraded rangeland due to increasing bush encroachment, population growth, agricultural encroachment, land degradation, blocked migration routes and conflict triggered over scarce natural resources. Having this fact, this review was initiated with the aim of exploring pastoral livelihood system in Ethiopia and impacts of climate change on pastoral livelihoods. Reviewed empirical evidence shows that, pastoralist in Ethiopia have engaged on various economic activities which include livestock rearing, crop farming, petty trade, hand craft activities, wood and charcoal sale and casual labor. Moreover, changes in climatic factors directly affected natural resources, livestock yields , caused animal and human disease epidemics, and loss of animals in pastoral areas. Therefore, attention should be given on strengthening pastoralist livelihood diversification through providing training on entrepreneurship, how to pool capital together to finance their economic activities, and ensuring finance and market access for pastoralist. As they are living in water scarce environment, special attention should also be given on encouraging participatory soil and water conservation practices, communal watershed and rangeland management. Keywords: Pastoralism, Livelihood, Climate change DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/63-02 Publication date: March 31 st 2020

Community Preferences of Meat Consumption by Types in Mataram City

The development of the livestock sub-sector which is increasing in line with the increase in people's income causes an increase in the consumption of food sources of protein, especially animal protein such as animal products. This study aims to determine community preferences in Mataram City for the type of meat consumed. This research uses the survey method. The data used are primary and secondary data obtained through recording, interview, and observation techniques. The selection of research locations was done based on the purposive sampling method, namely in six villages in Mataram City, with the number of samples in this study were 100 respondents. The analytical method used is descriptive analysis. Based on the results of the study found that the most consumed meat by respondents was broiler as much as 61 respondents, then those who chose to consume beef as much as 21 respondents (21%), who consumed Domestic hen meat by 16 respondents (16%) and who chose other meat (pork) as much as 2 respondents or 2%. The reasons for buying meat by respondents were quite diverse, including 1) because of lower prices 2) easier to obtain 3) because the taste was considered better, 4) preferred by family members, and 5) safer for consumption.

The Contribution of Traditional Meat Goat Farming Systems to Human Wellbeing and Its Importance for the Sustainability of This Livestock Subsector

Traditional meat goat farming systems are characterized by rearing autochthonous breeds and using natural resources through grazing, often within protected natural areas. In a context of reduction of the number of farms, due to the low income derived from the sale of kids, the role of those systems as suppliers of presently non-remunerated ecosystem services becomes more relevant. The objective of this article is to analyze the current situation of those systems, focusing on their connection with human wellbeing, and to formulate proposals that can contribute to guaranteeing their profitability and continuity. A technical-economic and environmental study of a sample of farms and an analysis of the limiting factors affecting the subsector were carried out. As a result, a set of multifactorial problems was identified, with the lack of acknowledgement and remuneration of some services—mainly environmental and cultural—provided by those systems and the low selling price of kids standing as the main threats. The consideration of meat goat farms as “producers of meat of high functional quality and providers of ecosystem services”, which should be properly quantified and remunerated, would contribute to their preservation and guarantee the provision of benefits associated with the activity.

Location Quotient Analysis of Agricultural Sector and Subsector in East Java 2010-2017 (A Reference for Law and Policy on Economics, Nutrition and Public Health)

Indonesia is known as an agrarian country, should rely on the agricultural sector as an economic source as well as supporting development. In addition to the economic aspects, the progress of agriculture is also very important for the provision of nutrients for the maintenance and improvement of public health. This study uses the Location Quotient method to obtain a base subsector in the agricultural sector, so that the results can be used as material for consideration of export specialties. This study uses East Java GRDP data and as a comparison using Indonesia’s GRDP in 2010-2016. The results in this study indicate that the food crop and livestock sub-sector has an advantage compared to other sub-sectors and becomes a subsector of the base, so that these two sub-sectors can be used as export products for East Java.

Assessing the Effect of Agriculture Sub-sectors on the Gambia’s Economic Growth Using Time Series Econometric Models

The study aimed to assess the contribution of agriculture sub-sectors on the economic growth of The Gambia. The study used time series data obtained from The Gambia Bureau of Statistics for the period from 2004 to 2016. Variables included: Economic growth, Crops, Livestock, Fisheries and Forestry. Denton’s method of disaggregation was used to convert annual data into quarterly series. Auto Regressive Distributed Lag model of the co-integrating vector was re-parameterized into Error Correction Model and used to assess the effect of the study variables to the economic growth. The results reveal that crops and fisheries sub-sectors have strong positive effect on economic growth in the long-run while crops and livestock sub-sector have positive effect in the short run to economic growth in first lag. The study concludes that agriculture sub-sectors influence economic growth in The Gambia. Therefore, the study recommends that massive attention and investments be directed to the agriculture sector for more economic expansion.

An Overview of Livestock and Dairy sector: Strategies for Its Growth in Eastern Indian State of Bihar

Livestock is a vital component of Indian economy in general and of agricultural sector in particular. In rural India over 15–20% families are landless and about 80% of the land holders belong to small and marginal farm size groups, livestock provides livelihood to two-third of the rural population. Livestock sector provides employment to about 8.8% Indian population. Contribution of livestock sector in GDP was 4.11% and it contributed 25.6% to the Agricultural GDP during 2018-2019. Livestock production constitutes an important component of Agricultural economy in Bihar as it assists in supply of food and nutrition, enhancement of income, livelihood and diversification of agricultural activities. Meanwhile, the livestock sub-sector contributed about 27% to the agricultural GSDP and 5% to state income or GSDP in 2012. Bihar has made great progress in dairy and is recognized for its high milk production from cows, buffalo and goats. Bihar’s milk production increased to 92.41 lakh tonnes in 2017-18 from 71.97 lakh tonnes in 2013-14, indicating an annual growth rate of 6.33%, during the five-year period. Productivity of milk per lactating cattle was found comparatively low as compared to others states Like Punjab, Gujarat, UP and MP. Contribution of livestock share in GVOA was found 25.4% in TE-2002-03 and increased to 31% in TE-2013-14 in Bihar whereas, the all-India share of livestock in GVOA stood at 26% in TE 2013-14. The share of meat in the total value of output from livestock sector has declined while that of milk has increased. The share of milk in GVOA has increased from 14% to 23% between TE-2003-04 and TE-2013-14, while at the all-India level; the share of milk in GVOA remained at 17% during the same period. Bihar has immense potential in livestock and dairy sector. If harnessed properly by suitable policy initiatives could be helpful in augmenting income, generating employment and providing nutritional security to state in particular and nation in general.