Liver Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances Research Articles

Effect of garlic on rats with chronic intermittent hypoxia combined with diabetes mellitus.

The present study investigated the effect of garlic (G) on serum, liver, renal and cerebral parameters of rats with chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) combined with diabetes mellitus (DM). A total of 32 rats were divided into eight groups, with 4 rats/group. A total of three models were established, including CIH, DM and CIH‑DM, and an additional healthy control (C) group. Rats in C‑G, CIH‑G, DM‑G and CIH‑DM‑G groups were injected with a G extract daily. Serum, liver, renal and cerebral parameters were detected. The results demonstrated that the rats' weight increased gradually, but at a slower rate in the CIH, DM and CIH‑DM groups compared with the healthy rats. Blood glucose increased in the DM and CIH‑DM groups compared with the healthy control group, while insulin level increased in the CIH group, but decreased in the DM and CIH‑DM groups, resulting in increased homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‑IR) value in the CIH group, compared with healthy controls. Serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), glutathione S‑transferase (GST), uric acid (UA), urine protein (UP), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), total lipids (TL), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) increased in the CIH, DM and CIH‑DM groups, while albumin and superoxide dismutase (SOD) decreased in all model groups compared with healthy controls. Nitric oxide (NO) increased in the DM and CIH‑DM groups but decreased in the CIH group, compared with the control group. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH‑Px) increased in the CIH group but decreased in the DM and CIH‑DM groups, compared with the control group. Glutathione reductase (GR) increased in the DM group but decreased in the CIH and CIH‑DM groups, compared with the control group. Liver TBARS and GST increased, while AST, ALT, LDH, ALP, ACP, catalase activity (CAT) and SOD decreased in the CIH, DM and CIH‑DM groups, compared with the control group. Liver GSH‑Px decreased in the DM and CIH‑DM groups, compared with the control group. Renal TBARS in the DM and CIH‑DM groups increased compared with the control group. Renal GST increased while CAT and SOD decreased in the CIH, DM and CIH‑DM groups, compared with the control group. Cerebral TBARS increased in the CIH, DM and CIH‑DM groups and LDH increased in the DM and CIH‑DM groups, compared with the control group. Cerebral LDH in CIH decreased compared with the control group. G treatment improved weight gain, blood insulin and HOMA‑IR in the DM and CIH‑DM groups, reduced blood glucose in the DM and CIH‑DM groups, and insulin and HOMA‑IR in the CIH group, compared with the respective G‑untreated groups. G treatment increased serum SOD in CIH‑G, DM‑G and CIH‑DM‑G groups, GSH‑Px and albumin in the DM‑G and CIH‑DM‑G groups, and GR in the DM‑G group, compared with the respective G‑untreated groups. G treatment decreased serum TBARS, UA, UP, TC, TG, TL, AST, ALT, LDH and ACP in the CIH‑G, DM‑G and CIH‑DM‑G groups; NO in the DM‑G group; GST and GR in the CIH‑G and CIH‑DM‑G groups; and ALP in the DM‑G and CIH‑DM‑G groups, compared with the respective G‑untreated groups. Liver AST, ALT, LDH, ALP, CAT, SOD in the CIH‑G, DM‑G and CIH‑DM‑G groups increased as a result of G treatment. GSH‑Px increased in the DM‑G and CIH‑DM‑G groups, ACP in the CIH‑G and DM‑G groups, renal CAT in the CIH‑DM‑G group, and renal SOD in the CIH‑G and CIH‑DM‑G groups, compared with the respective G‑untreated groups. Liver and cerebral TBARS decreased in all G‑treated experimental groups, and liver and renal GST, and cerebral LDH decreased in the DM‑G and CIH‑DM‑G groups, compared with the respective G‑untreated groups. The present study concluded that G aided in the recovery of homeostasis and metabolism in rats with CIH combined with DM, and protected rats' organs from damage induced by CIH combined with DM.

Influence of feeding thermally peroxidized soybean oil on oxidative status in growing pigs.

The objectives of this study were to determine whether feeding thermally processed peroxidized soybean oil (SO) induces markers of oxidative stress and alters antioxidant status in pig tissue, blood, and urine. Fifty-six barrows (25.3 ± 3.3 kg initial BW) were randomly assigned to dietary treatments containing 10% fresh SO (22.5 °C) or thermally processed SO (45 °C for 288 h, 90 °C for 72 h, or 180 °C for 6 h), each with constant air infusion rate of 15 liters/minute. Multiple indices of lipid peroxidation were measured in the SO including peroxide value (2.0, 96, 145, and 4.0 mEq/kg for 22.5, 45, 90, and 180 °C processed SO, respectively) and p-anisidine value (1.2, 8.4, 261, and 174 for 22.5, 45, 90, and 180 °C processed SO, respectively); along with a multitude of aldehydes. Pigs were individually housed and fed ad libitum for 49 d which included a 5 d period in metabolism crates for the collection of urine and serum for measures of oxidative stress. On day 49, pigs were euthanized to determine liver weight and analyze liver-based oxidative stress markers. Oxidative stress markers included serum, urinary, and liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and urinary F2-isoprostanes (ISP) as markers of lipid damage; serum and liver protein carbonyls (PC) as a marker of protein damage; and urinary and liver 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-2dG) as a marker of DNA damage. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase activity (CAT) were measured in liver, glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx) was measured in serum and liver, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was measured in serum and urine as determinants of antioxidant status. Pigs fed 90 °C SO had greater urinary ISP (P = 0.02), while pigs fed the 45 °C SO had elevated urinary TBARS (P = 0.02) in comparison to other treatment groups. Pigs fed 45 °C and 90 °C SO had increased serum PC concentrations (P = 0.01) and pigs fed 90 °C SO had greater (P = 0.01) liver concentration of 8-OH-2dG compared to pigs fed the other SO treatments. Furthermore, pigs fed 90 °C SO had reduced serum GPx activity in comparison to pigs fed fresh SO (P = 0.01). In addition, pigs fed 180 °C SO had increased liver CAT activity (P = 0.01). Liver GPx and SOD or serum and urinary FRAP were not affected by dietary treatment. These results indicate that dietary peroxidized soybean oil induced oxidative stress by increasing serum PC while diminishing serum GPx, increasing urinary ISP and TBARS, and increasing 8-OH-2dG and CAT in liver.

Solanum trilobatum L. Ameliorate Thioacetamide-Induced Oxidative Stress and Hepatic Damage in Albino Rats.

Solanum trilobatum L. (Solanaceae) has been well known as nightshade, commonly used by diverse populations to heal several disorders. Earlier studies in Solanum trilobatum were focused on different pharmacological activities and a few were concerned with antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects. Thus, the current study was focused to evaluate the antioxidant potential and hepatoprotective effects of S. trilobatum L. on thioacetamide (TAA) intoxication in Wistar albino rats. The rats were kept into four groups and six animals each. Group A was normal control. Group B was the TAA treated control. Groups C and D were pretreated with the aqueous extract from the leaves of S. trilobatum (100 mg, 200 mg/kg bw p.o.) once daily for 10 consecutive days administration followed by a single dose infusion of TAA (100 mg/kg s.c.). After 10 days, blood and livers were collected. The biochemical assay was carried out in the GSH (reduced glutathione), TBARS(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), Na+-K+-ATPase, and antioxidant enzymes viz., SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), GPx (glutathione peroxidase), GST (glutathione-S-transferase), and GR (glutathione reductase) were analyzed in samples of blood and liver. Treatment with S. trilobatum reduced blood and liver TBARS, and Na+ K+ ATPase activity in TAA (thioacetamide)-induced hepatotoxicity rats. Furthermore, the above antioxidant enzymes were increased in the pretreatment of S. trilobatum in TAA intoxicated rats. Finally, we concluded that S. Trilobatum displayed potent antioxidant properties and alleviate oxidative stress induced hepatotoxic effects and possible engross mechanisms related to free radical scavenging properties.

Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of kaempferol 3-O-β-d- (2,6-di-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl)galactopyronoside against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in mice.

This study aims to investigate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of kaempferol 3-O-β-d- (2,6-di-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl)galactopyronoside (KG) isolated from unripe soybean leaves. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxic ddY mice were used in the study. The mice were divided into three groups, namely the control group, the CCl4 group (CCl4, CCl4 injected), and the KG group (KG, CCl4 injected with KG administration). Hepatic injury markers of serum and liver were analyzed. The results show that serum ALT, AST activities, hepatic glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were normalized in mice pretreated with KG. Furthermore, the liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels were found to be improved by pretreatment with KG, indicating that KG is available to alleviate liver injury, this may be due to its antioxidant properties. This study suggests that unripe soy leaves could be used as functional food materials.

Effect of Solubilizers on the Androgenic Activity of Basella Alba L. (Basellaceae) in Adult Male Rats.

Purpose: Solubilizers play an important role in dissolution of pharmacological ingredients and should properly dissolve the active principle(s) while preserving its activities. This study investigated the effect of starch, gelatin, methylcellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone 10000 in the preservation of the androgenic activity of the methanol extract Basella alba (MEBa). Methods: Different groups of male albino rats were orally given the MEBa (1 mg/kg) dissolved into either 1% gelatin (1% gel), %1 methylcellulose (1% MC) and 1% polyvinylpyrrolidone 10000 (1% PVP 10000) or 2% starch solution (2% SS) for 30 days. Thereafter, animals were sacrificed and serum testosterone and creatinine levels as well as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity determined. Vital and reproductive organs were dissected out and weighed, while liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and glutathione levels were determined. Results: Different treatments did not affect the animal body and organ weights. The MEBa stimulatory effect on testosterone production was preserved with 2% SS and 1% PVP 10000 as vehicles. Increased liver glutathione and TBARS levels were also observed in the animals fed with the MEBa dissolved in 2% SS and 1% Gel, respectively, while other biochemical parameters remained unchanged. Conclusion: Starch and polyvinylpyrrolidone 10000 stand as good preservation agents for MEBa androgenic activity, with starch exhibiting additional antioxidant activity through increase of glutathione levels.

Comparative Study Of The Protective Effect Of Aronia Melanocarpa Fruit Juice And Quercetin In A Model Of Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity In Rats

Summary Aronia melanocarpa fruit juice (AMFJ) is very rich in polyphenolic compounds. Quercetin is a naturally occurring flavonoid, one of AMFJ polyphenols. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of AMFJ in comparison with quercetin in a model of paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. AMFJ at doses of 2.5 and 5.0 ml/kg and quercetin at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg were administered daily orally from day 1 to day 7 to different animal groups. Paracetamol was applied intraperitoneally (1.0 g/kg) on day 5. Blood and liver ware taken for biochemical investigations on day 7. Liver toxicity was estimated by the serum activities of the enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Oxidative stress was estimated by the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in liver homogenate and serum. Paracetamol caused a significant elevation of serum AST and ALT, and induced lipid peroxidation as measured by the significant increase of TBARS in serum and liver. In animals pretreated either with AMFJ or quercetin, liver enzyme activities did not differ significantly from the control levels. Both AMFJ and quercetin prevented the elevation of TBARS in the liver at the two applied doses and in the serum only at the higher of the tested doses. In the present model of paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity, the protective effect of AMFJ was comparable to that of quercetin.

Effect of Dose and Administration Period of Seed Cake of Genetically Modified and Non-Modified Flax on Selected Antioxidative Activities in Rats.

Flaxseed cake containing antioxidants is a valuable dietary component. Its nutritional effect may be diminished by the presence of anti-nutrients. The work was aimed at determining the effect of different contents of flaxseed cake in diets and their administration period on the development of rats and selected parameters of their health status. Diets with 15% and 30% addition of genetically modified (GM) flax seed cake with enhanced synthesis of polyphenols, as well as Linola non-GM flax were administered in short-term (33 days) and long-term (90 days) experiments. The 30% addition of flaxseed cake reduced digestibility of dietary nutrients, GM flaxseed cake lowered body weight gains. The relative weight of selected organs, hematological blood markers and serum activities of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases (AST, ALT) were not affected. Flaxseed cake consumption reduced serum concentration of albumins and increased globulins. Administration of 30% flaxseed cake improved plasma total antioxidant status and 30% GM flaxseed cake lowered liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. The activities of superoxide dismutase in erythrocytes, glutathione peroxidase in plasma and the liver concentration of 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine were not changed. Most morphometric parameters of the small intestine did not differ between feeding groups. The administration of diets with 30% addition of flaxseed cake for 90 days improved the antioxidant status in rats.

Effect of Two Ginger Varieties on Arginase Activity in Hypercholesterolemic Rats

Recently, ginger has been used in traditional Chinese medicine as an herbal therapy for treating several cardiovascular diseases, however, information on its mechanism of action is limited. The present study assessed the effect of two ginger varieties (Zingiber officinale and Curcuma longa) on the arginase activity, atherogenic index, levels of liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs), and plasma lipids in rats fed with a high-cholesterol (2%) diet for 14 days. Following the treatment period, it was found that feeding a high-cholesterol diet to rats caused significant (p < 0.05) increases in arginase activity, atherogenic index, levels of TBARS, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) with a concomitant decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). However, both ginger and turmeric (2% and 4%) caused significant (p < 0.05) decreases in arginase activity and the atherogenic index, and prevented hypercholesterolemia by decreasing the TC, TGs, and LDL-C while increasing the HDL-C when compared with the controls. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with both types of rhizomes (ginger and turmeric) inhibited arginase activity and prevented hypercholesterolemia in rats that received a high-cholesterol diet. Therefore, these activities of ginger and turmeric represent possible mechanisms underlying its use in herbal medicine to treat several cardiovascular diseases.

Integrated assessment of biomarker response in carp (Cyprinus carpio) and silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed to clomazone.

Clomazone is considered a potential contaminant of groundwater and is persistent in the environment. To verify the effects of clomazone in Cyprinus carpio and Rhamdia quelen, a method that combines biomarker responses into an index of "integrated biomarker response" (IBR) was used for observed biological alterations in these species. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in liver of carp and silver catfish decreased at both concentrations tested. However, in muscle it increased in carp at 3 mg/L and silver catfish at 6 mg/L. Protein carbonyl increased in liver (3 and 6 mg/L) and muscle (6 mg/L) of carp. In carp, superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased at 3 mg/L and catalase at 6 mg/L. In silver catfish, SOD in liver decreased at 3 mg/L. Glutathione-S-transferase increased at 3 mg/L in muscle of carp. Nonprotein thiol levels decreased at both concentrations in liver of silver catfish and muscle of carp. In silver catfish, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) decreased in brain at 6 mg/L. Nevertheless, AChE in muscle of both species increased at 3 and 6 mg/L. IBR was standardized scores of biomarker responses and was visualized using star plots. The IBR values shown that in carp there was predominantly an induction of parameters, whereas in silver catfish there was inhibition of these responses. In this way, IBR may be a practical tool for the identification of biological alterations in fish exposed to pesticides. In the present study, IBR was efficient for comparisons of fish species using clomazone. This study may serve as a base for evaluation of other pesticides in the rice field, environment, or laboratory experiment.

Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of lipoic acid in rat liver.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a key inflammatory component of Gram-negative bacteria, which after entering the systemic circulation contributes to the development of septic hepatic failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of alpha lipoic acid (LA) on oxidative stress parameters and inflammation in endotoxemic rat liver. Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups, each group consisting of 8 animals. Group I received saline and served as a control, Group II received a single dose of LA (60 mg/kg i.v.), Group III received lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (15 mg/kg i.v.), and Group IV received LPS (15 mg/kg i.v.) and 30 min later received LA (60 mg/kg i.v.). Five hours after LPS or LA administration, the animals were sacrificed and the liver was isolated for measurements of levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), total sulfhydryl groups (-SH), total glutathione (tGSH) and reduced glutathione (GSH). Injection of LPS caused a significant increase in liver TBARS and H2O2 levels and a significant decrease in levels of -SH groups, tGSH and GSH. LPS-treated rats also showed an increase in TNF-α and IL-6 levels and edema in the liver. The administration of LA to endotoxemic rats significantly reduced TBARS, H2O2, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels and reduced edema in the liver when compared to the LPS group. This antioxidant also resulted in an increase in -SH groups and tGSH and GSH levels and ameliorated the glutathione redox status when compared to the LPS group. The results indicated that LA administered 30 min following LPS infusion may effectively prevent oxidative stress and inflammation in the liver. Thus LA is a potent antioxidant that can be useful in rebuilding LPS-induced damaged liver tissue.

Anti-atherosclerosis effect of pine nut oil in high-cholesterol and high-fat diet fed rats and its mechanism studies in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

The objective of this study was to determine the anti-atherosclerotic effects of pine nut oil in rats fed a high-cholesterol and high-fat diet (HCHF). Using a randomized block design, Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups and fed experimental diets for 6 weeks (normal diet, HCHF, HCHF+7 or 15% pine nut oil, HCHF+simvastatin). This study shows that markers of atherosclerosis, such as increased liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels, aortic fatty streak area, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, were lower in the HCHF plus pine nut oil groups than in the HCHF group. Conversely, positive cardiovascular indicators, such as increased paraoxonase activity and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, were higher in HCHF plus pine nut oil groups than in the HCHF group. This study suggests that pine nut oil improves atherosclerotic markers and could be used as a functional ingredient in the food industry to promote cardiovascular health.

Supplementing antioxidants to pigs fed diets high in oxidants: I. Effects on growth performance, liver function, and oxidative status.

The objective of the study was to determine the effects of a dietary antioxidant blend (ethoxyquin and propyl gallate) and vitamin E on growth performance, liver function, and oxidative status in pigs fed diets high in oxidants. Crossbred barrows (n=100, 10.91±0.65 kg BW, 36±2 d of age, Landrace×Duroc) were allotted to 5 treatments on the basis of BW (5 replicate pens per treatment, 4 pigs per pen). Treatments included 1) HO, high-oxidant diet containing 5% oxidized soybean oil and 10% PUFA source (providing 2.05% docosahexaenoic acid in the diet), 2) VE, the HO diet with 11 IU/kg of added vitamin E, 3) AOX, the HO diet with antioxidant blend (135 mg/kg), 4) VE+AOX, the HO diet with both vitamin E and antioxidant blend, and 5) SC, a standard corn-soy control diet. The trial lasted for 118 d; on d 83, the HO diet pigs were switched to the SC diet because the animals were displaying very poor health. Compared with SC pigs, HO pigs had decreased ADG (0.92 vs. 0.51 kg for d 26 to 55, 1.29 vs. 0.34 kg for d 56 to 82; P<0.05) and ADFI (1.84 vs. 0.96 kg for d 26 to 55, 3.41 vs. 1.14 kg for d 56 to 82; P<0.05). However, switching the HO pigs to the SC diet resulted in HO pigs having a greater ADG than VE-fed pigs from d 83 to 118 (0.90 vs. 0.60 kg; P<0.05). The antioxidant blend restored pig performance to a level similar that of pigs fed the SC diet (P>0.05) with greater G:F for the entire period (0.44 vs. 0.38; P<0.05). A greater liver to BW ratio was found in HO compared with other treatments on d 55 and in VE on d 118. Total bilirubin concentration in plasma of HO pigs on d 55 was greater than that in VE+AOX pigs (P<0.05), whereas on d 118, bilirubin concentration in VE was higher than those in VE+AOX and SC (P<0.05). A similar trend was observed in aspartate transaminase. Plasma concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and carbonyl were elevated (P<0.05) in the HO pigs compared with the SC pigs on d 55 but not on d 118. Liver TBARS and carbonyl concentrations showed a similar trend, except that HO pigs had the greatest carbonyl concentration on d 118. Pigs fed AOX diets had plasma and liver TBARS and carbonyl concentrations similar to those fed SC diets. In the oxidative stress model used in this study, dietary addition of antioxidant blend or antioxidant blend+vitaimin E was effective in improving growth, liver function, and plasma markers of oxidative stress, but VE alone was not.

Effects of different dietary phospholipid levels on growth performance, fatty acid composition, PPAR gene expressions and antioxidant responses of blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala fingerlings

A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of dietary phospholipid (PL) from soybean lecithin on growth performance, liver fatty acid composition, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gene expression levels and antioxidant responses of blunt snout bream fingerlings. Fish (average initial weight 0.35 ± 0.01 g) were fed five experimental diets containing the following inclusion levels of PL: 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8%. Results showed that final body weight, weight gain and specific growth rate increased significantly (P < 0.05) as dietary PL level increased from 0 to 6%, meanwhile the survival was not affected by dietary PL supplementation. Increasing dietary PL level significantly (P < 0.05) increased in 20:4n-6 content in neutral lipid of liver, indicating fish had the capacity to convert C18 to C20 and C22 by elongation and desaturation. The expression levels of PPAR-α and PPAR-γ and the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in liver were significantly (P < 0.05) increased, and liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value was decreased with dietary PL supplementation up to 6% compared with the control. Therefore, it was concluded that supplementation of 6% (18.8 g kg(-1), polar lipid of diet) PL could improve growth performance of blunt snout bream fingerlings.

갯기름나물이 고지방-고콜레스테롤 식이를 급여한 흰쥐의 지질대사 및 항산화 활성에 미치는 영향

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Peucedanum japonicum Thunb. (PJT) powder on lipid metabolism and antioxidative activity in rats fed a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet for 4 weeks. Male Sprague- Dawley rats were assigned to four groups: normal diet group (N), high-fat/high-cholesterol group (HFC), high-fat/high- cholesterol with 5% PJT powder (HFC-PBL), and high-fat/high-cholesterol with 10% PJT powder (HFC-PBH). Body weight gain and food efficiency ratio (FER) increased in the HFC group, whereas they gradually decreased in the PJT powder-fed groups. Food intake was not significantly different between the experimental groups. Liver and adipose tissue weights of the HFC group were heavier than that of the N group, whereas the groups fed PJT powder showed gradual reduction of tissue weights. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity significantly decreased after PJT powder administration. Serum triglyceride level significantly decreased in groups fed PJT powder compared to the HFC group. The serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol) level of the HFC group increased by 73.70% than that of the N group, whereas serum high density lipoprotein (HDL-cholesterol) tended to decrease in groups fed PJT powder compared to the HFC group. Levels of triglycerides in epididymal and mesenteric adipose tissues, as well as cholesterol levels in liver and adipose tissues were lower in the groups fed 10% PJT powder compared to the HFC group. The liver glutathione (GSH) level increased in the groups fed PJT powder compare to the HFC group. The liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content significantly decreased in the groups fed PJT powder compared to the HFC group. These results suggest that PJT powder may improve lipid metabolism in the serum, liver, and adipose tissue and prevent oxidative stress by stimulating antioxidative systems in rats fed a high fat-high cholesterol diet.

Antiatherosclerosis effect of pine nut oil in HCHF diet‐fed rats (959.12)

The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidative and antiatherosclerosis effects of a pine nut oil on serum and abdominal aorta in high fat high cholesterol diet fed rats. 6 weeks old male Spraque‐Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups. First group was fed with normal diet (normal control group, ND), second group was fed with high cholesterol‐high fat diet (negative control group, HCHF), third group was fed with HCHF diet with simvastatin diet (positive control group, HCHFS), fourth group was fed with HCHF diet with pine‐nut oil 7% (HCHFP 7%), and fifth group was fed HCHF with pine‐nut oil 15% diet (HCHFP 15%) for 6 weeks. This study shows that harmful parameter such as liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) level, fatty steak area of aorta and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐c) concentration of HCHFP group lower than that of HCHF group and beneficial parameters such as paraoxonase activity and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐c) concentration were higher in HCHFP group than that of HCHF group. Through these results, our studies suggest that pine‐nut oil ingestion prevents the oxidative stress and atherosclerosis via the improvement of serum lipoprotein and the inhibition of lipid oxidation.

Antioxidant Effects of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) Supplementation in Hyperlipidemic Rats.

Increased consumption of fresh vegetables that are high in polyphenols has been associated with a reduced risk of oxidative stress-induced disease. The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant effects of spinach in vitro and in vivo in hyperlipidemic rats. For measurement of in vitro antioxidant activity, spinach was subjected to hot water extraction (WE) or ethanol extraction (EE) and examined for total polyphenol content (TPC), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), cellular antioxidant activity (CAA), and antigenotoxic activity. The in vivo antioxidant activity of spinach was assessed using blood and liver lipid profiles and antioxidant status in rats fed a high fat-cholesterol diet (HFCD) for 6 weeks. The TPC of WE and EE were shown as 1.5±0.0 and 0.5±0.0 mg GAE/g, respectively. Increasing the concentration of the extracts resulted in increased ORAC value, CAA, and antigenotoxic activity for all extracts tested. HFCD-fed rats displayed hyperlipidemia and increased oxidative stress, as indicated by a significant rise in blood and liver lipid profiles, an increase in plasma conjugated diene concentration, an increase in liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level, and a significant decrease in manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) activity compared with rats fed normal diet. However, administration of 5% spinach showed a beneficial effect in HFCD rats, as indicated by decreased liver TBARS level and DNA damage in leukocyte and increased plasma conjugated dienes and Mn-SOD activity. Thus, the antioxidant activity of spinach may be an effective way to ameliorate high fat and cholesterol diet-induced oxidative stress.

In vitro and in vivo antioxidant and antimutagenic activities of polyphenols extracted from hops (Humulus lupulus L.)

Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) contain 40-140 mg g(-1) polyphenols. The objective of this study was to determine the phenolic composition of a high-purity (total phenolic content = 887 mg g(-1) ) hop polyphenol extract (HPE) and evaluate its antioxidant activities in vivo and in vitro and its antimutagenic activity. The antioxidant activity of HPE was compared with the activity of green tea polyphenols. The phenolic compositions of HPE were more than 55% proanthocyanidins and more than 28% flavonoid glycosides. In vitro, HPE effectively scavenged α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals, and inhibited DNA oxidative damage. In vivo, oral HPE at a polyphenol dose of 200-800 mg kg(-1) body weight significantly prevented a bromobenzene-induced decrease in liver superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity, and decreased levels of liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in bromobenzene-treated mice. An oral dose of 20-80 mg kg(-1) body weight HPE significantly reduced the frequency of bone marrow micronuclei induced by cyclophosphamide. The antioxidant activities of hop polyphenols in vitro and in vivo were higher than green tea polyphenols at the same concentration. Hop polyphenols had the same or higher antioxidant activity than tea polyphenols. Hop polyphenols might be useful as natural antioxidants and antimutagens.

The effects of dietary whey protein concentrate level on performance, selected intestinal tract and blood parameters, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the liver and breast meat of broiler chickens

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two levels of whey protein concentrate (WPC, 80.35% protein, 5.86% lactose) added to diets and duration of these treatments on growth and slaughter value, haematological parameters involved in immune processes, oxidative status of liver and breast muscle, and selected indices of gut function of broilers. A total of 560 Ross 308 broilers were randomly allocated into 7 groups with 10 replicates of 8 chickens per replicate. The experiment lasted 42 days and was divided into 3 successive feeding phases. The control group was fed basal diets consisted of maize, wheat and soyabean meal (C group). The other 6 groups received, for 7, 21 and 42 days basal diets with 8 or 32 g · kg -1 WPC added at the expense of soyabean meal (WL and WH groups, respectively). On day 42 group WH had a higher lymphocyte percentage (P < 0.05) compared to the control. The long-term (42 days) feeding with higher level of WPC significantly decreased the heterophile/lymphocyte ratio ( P < 0.05 vs C). The number of erythrocytes on day 42 and the whole blood glucose on day 21 were significantly increased in WH birds than in controls. The concentration of serum total protein on both WPC levels was greater (P < 0.05) on day 21 compared with the C group. The reduction (P < 0.05) in liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and a tendency towards lower TBARS level in breast meat were observed in birds WH when fed for 42 days. Only higher dietary WPC amount provided for 42 days reduced the caecal and small intestinal pH values (P < 0.05 vs C). The ileal digestibility of crude protein was higher (P < 0.01) in birds fed with 32 g WPC during the first 21 days of life, compared to the C and WL treatments. The factorial ANOVA showed that on days 7, 21 and 42 the final body weight gain (BGW) and feed conversion ratio in broilers WL and WH were significantly better than in the C ones. Assessment of orthogonal contrasts revealed significantly higher ( P < 0.05) final BWG in the WH broilers, compared to the WL dietary treatment; such effect was not observed in earlier feeding stages. Generally, carcass yield on both WPC dietary levels, and breast muscle percentage on WH treatment, were higher (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) compare to the C group. In conclusion, WPC added to a conventional diets for growing chickens exerts a growth-promoting action and at a dose of 32 g · kg -1 may induce desirable changes in bird's health and the

The addition of whole soy flour to cafeteria diet reduces metabolic risk markers in wistar rats.

BackgroundSoybean is termed a functional food because it contains bioactive compounds. However, its effects are not well known under unbalanced diet conditions. This work is aimed at evaluating the effect of adding whole soy flour to a cafeteria diet on intestinal histomorphometry, metabolic risk and toxicity markers in rats.MethodsIn this study, 30 male adult Wistar rats were used, distributed among three groups (n = 10): AIN-93 M diet, cafeteria diet (CAF) and cafeteria diet with soy flour (CAFS), for 56 days. The following parameters were measured: food intake; weight gain; serum concentrations of triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-c, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), aspartate (AST) and alanine (ALT) aminotransferases and Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS); humidity and lipid fecal content; weight and fat of the liver. The villous height, the crypt depth and the thickness of the duodenal and ileal circular and longitudinal muscle layers of the animals were also measured.ResultsThere was a significant reduction in the food intake in the CAF group. The CAFS showed lower serum concentrations of triglycerides and serum TBARS and a lower percentage of hepatic fat, with a corresponding increase in thickness of the intestinal muscle layers. In the CAF group, an increase in the HbA1c, ALT, lipid excretion, liver TBARS and crypt depth, was observed associated with lower HDL-c and villous height. The addition of soy did not promote any change in these parameters.ConclusionsThe inclusion of whole soy flour in a high-fat diet may be helpful in reducing some markers of metabolic risk; however, more studies are required to clarify its effects on unbalanced diets.

Effects of supplemental levels of bazhen on growth performances, serum traits, immunity, meat quality and antioxidant activity of taiwan country chickens.

One hundred and sixty Taiwan country chickens (d-old chicks) were randomly assigned into four groups with four replicates and equal sex. Basal diets were supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1 and 2% of Bazhen powder, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine complex. The study was conducted for 14 wks. Experimental results indicated that Bazhen supplement did not influence feed intake, body weight gain and feed:gain ratio. Compared with control group, the percentage of serum HDL (high-density lipoprotein) linearly increased (p<0.03) and that of VLDL+LDL (very low-density+low-density lipoprotein) linearly decreased (p<0.03) in Bazhen supplemented groups, that 2% Bazhen was significantly different with control group (p<0.05). Chickens fed diets containing 2% Bazhen displayed reduced (p<0.05) serum GOT (glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase) levels. The IgG, γ-globulin levels and PHA (phytohemagglutinin) skin challenge results in 1% Bazhan supplemented group were higher (p<0.05) than in the control group, the SRBC (sheep red blood cell) and ND (newcastle disease) titers in Bazhen supplemented groups were linear higher (p<0.05) than in the control group. The liver catalase activity and the capacity of scavenging DPPH (α-α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl) radical were linearly increased (p<0.03) in Bazhen supplemented groups, and the 1 and 2% groups were different from the control group (p<0.05). Liver TBARS (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances) levels in all Bazhen supplemented groups and total glutathione level in the 2% group were reduced (p<0.05) compared to the control group and displayed a linear response (p<0.05). The TBA (thiobarbituric acid) and pH value of the breast muscle after 24 h post-mortem in the Bazhen supplemented groups was linear lower (p<0.05) than in the control group. Results from this study demonstrated that Bazhen supplement in chicken had several beneficial effects, including increased SRBC and ND titers, HDL and IgG, γ-globulin levels, PHA skin challenge result, decreased VLDL+LDL and GOT levels, and displayed antioxidation effects in serum and carcass meat parameters.