Histological Structure Of Liver Research Articles

Effect of Aspirin drug in Liver tissue of swiss white mice Mus musculus

This study was designed to identify the extent of the effect of drug Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) on histological structure of liver in Swiss albino mice Mus musculus.(16) mice were used and divided into two groups. The first groupwas orally treated with )0.5ml(of aspirinat concentration of (50 mcg / kg) and the second group was considered as control group Treated with distiled water lasted for 30 days. Treatment with Aspirin led to the occurrence of histopathological cases included liver necrosis ,cellular infilitration, congestion in central vein and a case of Hemorrhage. The results also showed the absence of radial arrangement of the constituents of hepatic cells from tissue due to these changes with the control group. From the above results, it coulde be concluded that the drug aspirin had a negative effect on liver of Swiss albino

The possible effect of diets containing fish oil (omega-3) on hematological, biochemical and histopathogical alterations of rabbit liver and kidney

The dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has emerged over the past 20years as an important way to modify cardiovascular risk. The present study aimed to evaluate the possible effects of a partial replacement of soybean meal in control economic diet by different concentrations of fish oil on the possible harmful changes in histological structure of liver and kidney and blood parameters in rabbits. A total of 36 adult New Zealand rabbits were equally divided into four groups, (control diet and control diet supplemented with different concentrations of fish oil at levels of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mL fish oil per day/kg live body weight) and dissected after 6weeks. Our results showed that, feeding diet supplemented with fish oil were significantly increased the percentages of hemoglobin, platelets, the mean corpuscular hemoglobin, WBCs count, total proteins, albumin, albumin/globulin ratio, SGOT and testosterone and significantly decreased the total lipids, cholesterol and triglycerides. The used of fish oil are good supplements for growing rabbits without any adverse effect on histological structure of liver and kidney in rabbits.

Histological Effects of Different Levels of Sorghum Grain on the Liver and Kidney of Ghezel×Arkhar-Merino Crossbred Lambs

Sorghum grains with variable concentrations of tannin (antinutritional factor) are becoming an increasingly important source of energy in animal nutrition. A large intake of tannins may cause gastrointestinal irritation, kidney and liver damage. Our experiment was conducted to study the effects of replacement different levels of barley grain with sorghum grain on the kidney and liver tissue. In this study sixteen male Ghezel×Arkhar-merino crossbred lambs were used. Dietary treatment were contain alfalfa hay (20% total DM), as roughage part of the diets and grain part (80% total DM) had different levels of the barley grain substituted with sorghum grain during 90 days. Lambs were randomly assigned to to receive one of the four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design assignment, in which sorghum grain was used in the levels of 60, 70 and 80 percent of total ration. The gross examination of kidney and liver did not reveal any significant histological changes. The microscopic results showed that, increases of the sorghum grain levels resulting histological changes in kidney and liver parenchyma. Histological examination of kidney of group A showed a little change as degeneration of brush borders in some of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) cells. In B group, results appeared which brush borders of PCT were destroyed therefore the high cuboidal cells of PCT were observed as low cuboidal epithelium and diameter of PCT increased. Hemorrhage and congestion is not observed in cortex but it was observed in medulla. In C group, degeneration of cells of PCT and DCT, hemorrhage in cortex, congestion in medulla which they are more in area near apex of renal pyramids were observed. Decrease length of cuboidal cells in medullary collecting ducts. Amyloidal sedimentation in PCT and DCT. In the liver of A and B group animals, histological structure of liver was normal, but sinusoidal abnormality was observed in A group and only a little congestion observed in some central venules in B group animals. Liver of C group animals had many histological changes as shrinkage of hepatocyte, degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes around central venules, degeneration of some hepatic sinusoids, enlargement hepatic sinusoid in order to congestion and reduce length of hepatocytes, hemorrhage around central venuls, a little distribution of cirrhosis. In generally high level of sorghum grains in diet can induced hisological changs in kidney and liver of sheep.

The influence of chronic intake of saccharin on rat hepatic and pancreatic function and morphology: gender differences

There are opposite hypotheses on the effect of saccharin. Our aim was reviewing the influence of chronically ingested saccharin on the function and histological structure of liver and pancreas and all this in light of gender differences. The rats were divided into control group - (Group C) and saccharin-treated group - (Group S) which was given a normal diet and 0.0005% saccharin in drinking water for 6 weeks. Liver and pancreas were histologically processed and quantitative histological analysis was performed. Glucose blood levels and plasma activities of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), body weight, and food intake were analyzed. Quantitative histological analysis determined that the values of diameter and volume density of both Langerhans islets and exocrine acini were significantly higher in S group, especially in males. AST levels were significantly higher in treated group. Glucose levels were higher in treated group, mainly due to the values of the female subgroup. Food intake was significantly higher in control group, while weight gain was higher in treated group. Treated males had significantly higher food intake and weight gain in comparison with treated females. The data presented here suggests that chronic saccharin intake affects the examined parameters. Reported facts reflect various metabolic, hormonal and neural responses in males and females.

Structure of internals tissue of first generation of rats fed by natural and transgenic soybean

Studied of macro- and microstructure of kidney, liver and spleen of female and male rats did not show significant deviations from such structures of the control group. It has been found that structure of spleen follicles of female and male control groups of rat is better expressed comparing to those whose diet included soybean. The animals whose diet included both conventional and transgenic soybean were found to have a slight increase of Bowman’s capsule in kidney tissues enabled by glomerulus reduction that is apparently due to the effect of both soybean varieties of biologically active components on water-salt metabolism in animals. Considering that the internal structure was preserved and conformed with the norms for animals of given species and age in both control and experimental female and male rat groups, a conclusion on the absence of significant negative or positive effect of GM soybean components on the histological structure of liver, spleen and kidneys can be proposed. Keywords: genetically modified soybean, histology of internals, liver, spleen, kidney.

Effects of fish meal quality and fish meal substitution by animal protein blend on growth performance, flesh quality and liver histology of Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus)

An 8-week growth trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of the quality of fish meal and of replacing prime steam dried fish meal (PFM) with an animal protein blend (APB with 40% poultry by-product meal, 35% meat and bone meal, 20% spray-dried blood meal and 5% hydrolyzed feather meal) on the growth performance, flesh quality and liver histology of Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicus (initial body weight, 76.3±0.2g). Six isoproteic (44% crude protein) and isoenergetic (19MJkg−1 gross energy) diets were formulated. A control diet containing 40% PFM was designed, and 20%, 40%, 60% or 80% of the PFM was replaced by APB, in which lysine, methionine and threonine were balanced as in the control diet with crystallized amino acids; the diets were named PFM, APB20, APB40, APB60 and APB80, respectively. An additional diet with 50% standard steam dried fish meal (SFM) that completely replaced the PFM was formulated with the same profile as the control diet to compare the effect of fishmeal quality. Compared to that of fish fed the PFM diet, feed intake was significantly reduced in the SFM group and accordingly induced a lower specific growth rate (SGR, P<0.05), but this did not significantly affect the feed efficiency rate. Fish fed the diets APB20 and APB40 had comparable growth with those fed the diet PFM (control diet). Fish fed the diet with 24% or higher APB had significantly lower SGR than those fed the diet PFM (P<0.05). The reduced growth was linearly correlated to the graded lower dietary n−3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) levels when PFM was replaced by APB. Broken-line analysis on the basis of SGR showed that the optimal level of fish meal replacement with APB was only 18.9%. Fish fed the diet with 24% or higher APB had significantly lower whole-body lipids but higher liver lipids than the PFM group (P<0.05). Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n−3 fatty acids, n−3 HUFA and the n−3/n−6 ratio in muscle were significantly reduced at higher substitution levels of PFM by APB (P<0.05). The 18:1n-9, EPA, DHA, PUFA, n−3, n−3 HUFA and n−3/n−6 in fish muscle were significantly correlated with the corresponding dietary contents. There were no significant differences in texture parameters for the raw fillets groups, while some differences were found in the cooked fillets groups. Except for the values of “favorite”, the sensory evaluation of the muscle did not reveal significant differences among the PFM, SFM, APB60 and APB80 groups. Fish fed the PFM and SFM diets exhibited normal liver histological structure. However, high levels of substitution of PFM by APB might induce hepatic steatosis for this species. However, the adverse effects cannot be ignored when the total PFM is replaced by SFM.

In Vivo Toxicity of Intravenously Administered Silica and Silicon Nanoparticles

Both silicon and silica nanoparticles (SiNPs and SiO2NPs, respectively) are currently considered to be promising carriers for targeted drug delivery. However, the available data on their in vivo toxicity are limited. The present study was aimed at investigation of SiNP and SiO2NP (mean diameter 10 and 13 nm, respectively) toxicity using both morphological and functional criteria. Hematological and biochemical parameters were assessed in Sprague-Dawley rats 5, 21 and 60 days after administration of NPs. Inner ear function was determined using otoacoustic emission testing at 21 and 60 days after infusion of NPs. Furthermore, the histological structure of liver, spleen and kidney samples was analyzed. Intravenous infusion of SiNPs or SiO2NPs (7 mg/kg) was not associated with significant changes in hemodynamic parameters. Hearing function remained unchanged over the entire observation period. Both inter- and intragroup changes in blood counts and biochemical markers were non-significant. Histological findings included the appearance of foreign body-type granulomas in the liver and spleen as well as microgranulation in the liver after administration of NPs. The number of granulomas was significantly lower after administration of SiNPs compared with SiO2NPs. In conclusion, both tested types of NPs are relatively biocompatible nanomaterials, at least when considering acute toxicity.

Effect of chocolate brown HT with olive oil on some neurotransmitters in different brain regions, physiological and histological structure of liver and kidney of male albino rats

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of chronic administration of chocolate brown HT or chocolate brown HT with oil on norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and gamm-aminobutyric acid (GABA) contents in different brain areas (cerebellum, striatum, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, brain steam and hippocampus) and liver and kidney functions of male albino rats. In addition, histopathological examinations of the liver and kidney of the male albino rats were carried out. The results show that chronic oral administration of chocolate brown HT (200 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.)) caused a significant decrease in the content of norepinephrine, dopamine and gamm-aminobutyric acid in all the tested regions. This may be attributed to the inhibition of ATP formation leading to decreased synthesis or re-uptake of NE, DA and GABA in the presynaptic cell. Chronic oral administration of chocolate brown HT (200 mg/kg b.wt.) with olive oil caused no significant change in the total content of norepinephrine, dopamine and gamm-aminobutyric acid in all the tested brain areas at different time intervals. The results also revealed that the urea content and level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase significantly increased while alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatinine significantly decreased in chocolate brown HT treated rat. On the other hand, administration of chocolate brown HT in combination with olive oil resulted in the amelioration of the functional analysis of the brain, liver and renal tissues which were confirmed by histological observation of the hepatic and renal tissues. Finally, it was concluded that olive oil ameliorated the unusual findings of chronic administration of chocolate brown HT due to its antioxidant capacity of capturing free radicals. Key words: Chocolate brown HT, olive oil, NE, DA, 5-HT, GABA, brain regions, male albino rats.

The Effects of Using Color Foods of Children on Immunity Properties and Liver, Kidney on Rats

Synthetic color is added to foods to replace natural color lost during processing. It is causes health problems mainly in children that considered Avery venerable group. This study was carried out investigate the effect of using color foods (Color fruit juice for 6 - 12 hr. Tomato ketchup potato chips (TKPC) color sweet and color chocolate at low (15%) and high (30%)) concentration on serum biochemical, WBC (white blood cell)and histopathology of liver and kidney of rats for 13 week. The results indicated that no significant change in body weight gain, serum glucose, HDL and LDL cholesterol. TKPC (30%) showed that significant increase in total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG). Low and high concentration of color chocolate and color sweet was exhibited significant increase of TG. The level of ALT and AST was significant increase of rat’s administration color fruit juice (for 12 hr.) and TKPC at 30%. High concentration of color foods and long time administration of color fruit juice showed significant increase in serum creatinine and albumin compared to control group. Both low and high consumed of color foods exhibited significant decrease in liver GSH. High concentration of color foods lead to increase number of WBC as the result to the response of the immune system to the inflammation. Color foods were reveled change in histological structure of liver and kidney. In conclusion, the use synthetic color in various foods has adverse effect on some of biochemical analysis; and the liver and kidney histopathological structure.

Acute and chronic effects of endosulfan on the haemato-immunological and histopathological responses of a threatened freshwater fish, spotted murrel, Channa punctatus

Two experiments, one short-term and one long-term, were conducted to elucidate the acute and chronic effects, respectively, of endosulfan exposure on the haemato-immunological and histopathological responses of Channa puncatatus. In the short-term study, fish were exposed to sublethal endosulfan (8.1 μg l(-1)) for 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h. In the long-term study, fish were fed with normal diet and simultaneously either exposed to endosulfan (1.2 μg l(-1)) for 90 days or not. Results showed that the ascorbic acid levels in both the liver and the muscle decreased significantly (P < 0.05) by acute and chronic endosulfan exposure. The haemoglobin (Hb) level reduced significantly (P < 0.05) by 15.5% within 12 h of acute endosulfan exposure, further decreased by 25.8% after 24 h of exposure, however, thereafter the values increased and at the end of 72 h returned to normal levels. Almost similar trend was observed for the erythrocyte (RBC) count. The WBC count and the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) value showed a general increasing trend with increase in the duration of acute endosulfan exposure. The chronic exposure of C. punctatus to endosulfan significantly (P < 0.05) lowered the Hb level, RBC and WBC counts, NBT reduction value and the plasma parameters such as plasma protein, albumin (A) and globulin (G) compared with that of the control (except for A/G ratio). Endosulfan exposure also severely altered the liver histological structure. Overall results indicated that both short-term acute and long-term chronic endosulfan exposure had a significant impact on the haemato-immunological parameters and tissue histopathology of C. punctatus.

Chronic effect of olive oil on some neurotransmitter contents in different brain regions and physiological, histological structure of liver and kidney of male albino rats

Olive oil is an important source of mono-unsaturated fat and a prime component of the Mediterranean diet. The beneficial health effects of olive oil are due to both its high content of mono-unsaturated fatty acids and its high content of anti-oxidative substances. The objective of this study was to investigate the basis for the epidemiological information relating to the health benefits associated with the consumption of ex-tra-virgin olive oil (EVOO). The effect of olive oil on norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and gamm-aminobutyric acid (GABA) con-tents in different brain regions and histological structure of liver and kindey of male albino rats was studied. The chronic administration of olive oil (7.5 mg/kg body wt.) caused a significant increase in norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) , serotonin (5-HT) and gamm-aminobutyric acid (GABA) con-tent in different brain regions (Cerebellum, striatum, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, brain steam and hip-pocampus) of male albino rats. The increase in NE, DA, 5-HT, and GABA content in the different CNS areas of male albino rat may be due to the inhibition of Ca2+/calmodulin binding which plays an important role in the release of these neurotransmitters. The results, also, revealed that urea and creatinne con-centrations in rats with oral administration with olive oil were decreased. Meanwhile, the activities of the enzymes AsT, AlT and ALP were elevated. The pre-sent results indicated that there is no change in tis-sues of kidney after treated with virgin olive oil. Olive oil may potentially be safe for use as a sedative drug. improvement also led to the reductions in risk of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.

The possible effect of diets containing Nigella sativa and Thymus vulgaris on blood parameters and some organs structure in rabbit

Because of the increasing cost of animal feed ingredients as well as the high demand, especially for the protein supplements, several efforts were carried out to use untraditional feed protein ingredients to participate in facing feed shortage problem and at the same time to decrease feeding costs. Nigella sativa (black cumin) and Thymus vulgaris are the most famous medical plants that have attracted the attention of many investigators for long time. The present study aimed to evaluate the possible effects of a partial replacement of soybean meal in control diet by Nigella sativa and/or Thymus vulgaris on the possible harmful changes in histological structure of some organs and blood parameters in growing New Zealand White rabbits. Blood constituents showed that the percentages of hemoglobin, hematocrate, the mean corpuscular hemoglobin and white blood cells (WBCs) count were significantly increased with the presence of black cumin seeds in the diets while WBCs count and the mean corpuscular volume in rabbit blood tends to decrease in Thymus vulgaris diets. Feeding diet supplemented with Nigella sativa increased the plasma total proteins, albumin, globulin, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and decreased total lipids, cholesterol and triglycerides. The use of Nigella sativa alone or either mixture with Thymus vulgaris are good supplements for growing rabbits without any adverse effect on histological structure of liver, kidney and testis in rabbits.

Stereological study of the effects of nandrolone decanoate on the mouse liver

Background The beneficial potential of anabolic steroids comes with undesirable side effects. Short and long term side effects have been demonstrated in many organs, and the liver changes are associated with androgenic anabolic steroids use. Despite the widespread physiological, biochemical and pathological investigation of the effects of androgenic anabolic steroids on the liver, the stereological study of the effects of anabolic androgenic steroids on the liver histological structure has received less attention. Aims The present study investigates the nandrolone decanoate (ND) effects, on the liver. Methods The liver of the control and ND-treated mouse was fixed, processed, stained and studied using modern stereological methods. Results The analysis of the data revealed that liver weight and volume increased ∼19% and ∼35%, in ND-treated group in comparison with the control group respectively. The total volume of the hepatocytes and sinusoids increased ∼59% and ∼116% respectively in treated animals. The total volume of the central veins and portal triad veins decreased ∼42% and ∼70%, respectively. The total number of hepatocytes nuclei in experimental group increased ∼20%. The mean total volume of the connective tissue, arteries and bile ductules in the portal tracts and the mean volume of the hepatocytes and their nuclei did not show any significant changes. Conclusion ND can increase the volume of the liver, mainly due to hyperplasia of the hepatocytes.

Genetic Recombinant Expression and Characterization of Human Augmenter of Liver Regeneration

To establish a highly effective prokaryotic recombinant expression system for human augmenter of liver regeneration (hALR) and to characterize the recombinant hALR both in vitro and in vivo. ALR cDNA was synthesized and inserted into expression vector pET28a+, the recombinant plasmid was transformed into BL21, and expression of hALR was induced by IPTG. Recombinant hALR (rhALR) was purified by sequential detergent wash, enterokinase (EK) digestion, gel-filtration, and chelating chromatography. The rhALR was identified by SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting, MALDI-TOF-MS, and N-terminal sequencer. Cell proliferative effect of rhALR on human hepatocytes was analyzed by MTT. The protective effect of rhALR on liver function was observed on CCl(4)-induced intoxicated mice. Recombinant expression plasmid of ALR [pET28(a+)-hALR] was confirmed by restriction enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing. The expressed rhALR constituted 30% of total bacterial protein. Molecular weight was 15,029 for monomer and 30,136 for dimer by mass determination. N-terminal was M-R-T-Q-Q, exactly the same as anticipated for hALR. The purified protein migrating at about 15 KD showed excellent antigenicity in immunoblotting. The rhALR also showed a strong stimulative effect on hepatocyte proliferation. ALT and AST levels, liver histological structure, as well as the survival rate of CCl(4)-intoxicated mice were significantly improved when rALR was administrated at 40 microg/kg or 200 microg/kg. The rhALR is successfully expressed highly effectively with anticipated MW, N-terminal, and antigenicity. It could play an important role in relieving acute hepatic injury and hepatic failure by promoting hepatic cell proliferation and improving liver function in CCl(4)-intoxicated mice.

Immune stimulation and improved infection resistance in European sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of two levels of inclusion of mannan oligosaccharides derived from the outer cell wall of a select strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Bio-Mos, Alltech Inc, USA) on growth, feed utilization, immune status and disease resistance of European sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax). Specimens of 35 g at initial density of 3 kg/m 3 were fed during 67 days at 0‰, 2‰ and 4‰ dietary MOS level of inclusion in a commercial sea bass diet. Food conversion rate, specific growth rate, whole body biochemical composition, phagocyctic index of head kidney macrophages, NBT index, lysozyme and alternative complement pathway (ACP) activities as well as gut and liver histological structure were evaluated. Growth significantly increased at both MOS dietary inclusion levels. Histological features of the liver showed lower lipid vacuolization and regular-shaped morphology of hepatocytes around the sinusoidal spaces denoting a better utilization of dietary nutrients. No differences were found on gut histological evaluation. Statistical differences ( P < 0.05) on the phagocytic index were denoted with the inclusion of 4‰ Bio-Mos group. A positive correlation was found between the levels of lysozyme and alternative complement pathway activities in blood and the level of inclusion of MOS in diets. After the feeding trial, a cohabitation challenge test and direct gut inoculation were also performed with the pathogen Vibrio alginolyticus in a ratio 3:1. Twenty-one days post-challenge the number of cohabitant fish infected in the control group reached 33% comparing with none on the 0.4‰ MOS group. Finally, new fish were infected with V. alginolyticus by gut canalisation. After 24 h post-infection no significant difference was denoted between groups and 48 h post-infection total infected fish in the control group was twice that of the 2‰ and 4‰ MOS groups.

Effect of different dietary polar lipid levels and different n−3 HUFA content in polar lipids on gut and liver histological structure of gilthead seabream ( Sparus aurata) larvae

In a previous study feeding larval gilthead seabream on microdiets, an improved growth rate was observed when dietary n−3 HUFA ( n−3 highly unsaturated fatty acids) were contained in the polar lipid fraction. A beneficial effect of dietary lecithin on n−3 HUFA incorporation to the larval polar lipids was also observed. To confirm those results and in order to obtain additional information on larval gut and liver histological structure, 11-day-old larvae were fed 4 microdiets differing in lipid composition. In diets N′ and NL′, the main sources of n−3 HUFA were neutral lipids, and polar lipids in diets P′ and PL′. Three lecithin levels were tested, being the highest in diet NL′ and the lowest in diet P′. The total n−3 HUFA level in diets N′ and NL′ was enough to meet the essential fatty acid requirement of larval gilthead seabream obtained in a previous study with a triacylglyceride based diet, while diets P′ and PL′ had a total n−3 HUFA level lower than the minimum determined. A reduction in the larval essential fatty acid requirement to 1.5% d.w. was obtained by feeding dietary n−3 HUFA present in the polar lipid fraction. Feeding larvae with microdiets with low polar lipid levels produced an accumulation of lipid droplets in the enterocytes and a high number of lipid vacuoles in the hepatocytes producing nuclear migration and suggesting a need of dietary polar lipid for lipid transport.

Anaerobic wintering of crucian carp (Carassius carassius L.)-I. Annual dynamics of glycogen reserves in nature

Abstract 1. 1. Seasonal variation in liver size (2–15% of total weight) as well as in liver and muscle glycogen content (2%–35% and 0.5–4%, respectively) of crucian carp were shown to be prominent in natural ponds with winter anoxia. 2. 2. The histological structure of liver followed the glycogen dynamics. In spring part of the liver resembled haemopoetic tissue with structures like thyroid follicles enclosed. 3. 3. The activity peak of liver lipase-esterases suggests active lipid metabolism in mid-summer only. 4. 4. The activities of glycogen phosphorylase and glucose-6-phosphatase varied not only seasonally but between years, too. 5. 5. The activity of glycogen phosphorylase in red and heart muscle was 2–3 times that in white muscle.

Histopathological and enzymological studies on the effects of chronic lead nitrate intoxication in the digestive system of a freshwater teleost, Channa punctatus

The effect of lead nitrate on the digestive system of a teleost fish, Channa punctatus has been studied after 125 days of exposure to a sublethal concentration (6.8 mg/liter). The results show that considerable degenerative changes are produced in the histological structure of liver, intestine, and pyloric caeca. In the liver, the damage is in the form of liver cord disarray, necrosis, inflammation of portal areas, hardening of connective tissue, shrinkage of nuclei, and septa formation around blood vessels. No fatty infiltration or glycogen depletion has been observed. Lipofuscin granules accumulated in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. In the intestine and pyloric caeca flattening of villi at a number of places, inflammation, and necrosis are the most conspicuous changes. The activities of alkaline phosphatase and aminotripeptidase are inhibited in the liver. In stomach, alkaline phosphatase is inhibited but an elevation in amylase activity was noted. Acid phosphatase showed an increase in the intestine and pyloric caeca while aminotripeptidase and glycylglycine dipeptidase were inhibited.