Lithium Zinc Research Articles

Sol–gel synthesis of magnesium-doped lithium cobalt, nickel, and zinc olivine phosphates, and their electrochemical application

Sol–gel synthesis of magnesium-doped lithium cobalt, nickel, and zinc olivine phosphates, and their electrochemical application

Innovative Organic Electrolytes for Enhanced Energy Density and Performance in Supercapacitors

ABSTRACTSupercapacitors, known for their high‐power energy storage capabilities, have garnered significant attention due to their rapid charge–discharge cycles and extended life span. To expand their application in fields such as electric vehicles, renewable energy systems, and portable electronic devices, the development of advanced electrolytes that can boost energy density, power density, and overall performance is crucial. This study introduces a novel electrolyte formulation comprising lithium chloride in ethylene glycol and Magnesium Acetate in methanol. These formulations are designed to address existing challenges and enhance supercapacitor efficiency. The study reports impressive specific capacitance values (Csp = 582, 360, and 224 F/g), specific energy (SE = 323, 200, and 124 Wh/kg), and specific power (SP = 11 628, 7200, and 1322 W/kg) for lithium chloride, magnesium acetate, and zinc chloride electrolytes, respectively. These findings open new avenues for developing optimal and sustainable energy storage solutions in an increasingly electrified world. Continued research in this domain is expected to unlock the full potential of supercapacitors, contributing to a cleaner and more energy‐efficient future.

The impact of Li2O concentration on mechanical and radiation attenuation properties of lithium zinc borotellurite glasses: an in silico study

The impact of Li2O concentration on mechanical and radiation attenuation properties of lithium zinc borotellurite glasses: an in silico study

Effect of Bismuth Oxide on the Structure, Electrical Resistance and Magnetization of Lithium Zinc Ferrite

The structural, electrical, and magnetic properties of lithium zinc ferrite prepared by ceramic technology have been studied. The composition of lithium zinc ferrite is Li0.4Fe2.4Zn0.2O4 with 1 and 2 wt % bismuth oxide. The addition of Bi2O3 prior to sintering of the samples has been shown to affect the structural, electrical, and magnetic properties of the ferrite. A significant increase in density from 4.47 to 4.65 g/cm3 and a decrease in porosity from 4.8 to 2.3% have been observed when the concentration of bismuth oxide has been increased to 2 wt %. The Bi2O3-containing samples have higher specific electrical resistivity compared to that of the additive-free lithium zinc ferrite. The introduction of bismuth oxide has reduced the specific saturation magnetization from 70.55 to 54.76 G cm3/g. The Curie temperature has not changed significantly. An optimal combination of macroscopic properties of ferrite has been found at 1 wt % Bi2O3 concentration.

Preparation, physical, optical, ESR and γ-ray attenuation efficacy investigation of copper oxide/silver borosilicate glass

The sonication method was used to prepare a new set of CuO and CuO/Ag nanocomposites. The particle size was estimated using XRD and HR-TEM while the morphology of the nanoparticles was investigated with SEM. The average particle sizes of CuO and Ag falls in the 29.32–35.80 nm and 35.13–45.95 nm ranges, respectively. XRD declared that CuO has the space groups C 1 c 1 (9) and C 1 2/c 1 (15), while silver has space group F m -3 m (225). XPS analysis indicated the presence of Ag as Ag0 and Cu as Cu2+. Nano-oxide and nanocomposites were used to synthesis CuO and CuO/Ag doped lithium–zinc borosilicate glass. Physical parameters of the glass samples were calculated including density, Vm\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\hbox {V}_{m}$$\\end{document}, Vo\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\hbox {V}_{o}$$\\end{document}, VmB\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\hbox {V}_{m}^{B}$$\\end{document}, OPD, dB-B\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\hbox {d}_{B-B}$$\\end{document}, nb\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\hbox {n}_{b}$$\\end{document}, and N, Rp\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\hbox {R}_{p}$$\\end{document}, and Ri\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\hbox {R}_{i}$$\\end{document} depending on Ag and CuO mole fractions. The physical properties of glass indicated an increase in density and an initial expansion in glass structural network with the addition of silver metal due to its larger size followed by a compression as its molar ratio increase due to its higher Cno\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\hbox {C}_{no}$$\\end{document} . XRD measurements were reported for the glass samples doped with nanoparticles, proving the amorphous phase. ESR measurements were determined for all glass samples to detect the nature of the doped nanoparticles when incorporated inside a glassy matrix where CuO was found as tetragonal in octahedral sites and silver can be transformed after melting inside the glass matrix into Ag+ to form more stable Agyx+\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\hbox {Ag}^{x+}_{y}$$\\end{document} clusters.The fabricated sample of CuAgB-4 with significant nano silver doping (7.32% mol) has the maximum LAc and effective atomic number. Nano silver content increases the γ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\gamma$$\\end{document}-RdSg in the lithium–zinc borosilicate glasses.

Examination of radiation shielding features of Bi2O3 modified Lithium Zinc Silicate glass system

In this study, several radiation shielding characteristics of Bi2O3 modified Lithium Zinc Silicate glass systems were reported using the Phy-X program. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) demonstrates a substantial energy dependency only at low energy range (0.284 MeV < E < 0.662 MeV), however it exhibits a slight energy dependency at high energies. It was shown that the transmission factor (TF) increases with energy, suggesting that at higher energies, more gamma rays can pass through the lithium zinc Silicate glasses. We reported the transmission factor (TF) at different thicknesses and we found that the TF at 0.347 MeV for Li25Bi0 varies between 0.92 and 0.77 for thicknesses of 0.3 and 0.9 cm respectively. Also, Li5Bi20's TF is lower than Li25Bi0's, which means that the effectiveness of the samples as shields will increase with the quantity of Bi2O3 present. The TVL is decreased by the introduction of Bi2O3, with Li5Bi20 possessing the smallest TVL and being regarded as the superior absorber. The lowest TVL recorded for selected glasses are 7.608, 3.189, 2.188, 1.677 and 1.427 cm for Li25Bi0 to Li5Bi20 respectively. The TVL results showed that at 0.284 MeV, the TVL for the Li25Bi0 is 5.33 times the TVL of Li5Bi20. At 0.347 MeV, the TVL of Li25Bi0 is 4.08 times the TVL of Li5Bi20, while at 0.662 MeV the TVL of Li25Bi0 is 2.36 times the TVL of Li5Bi20. We compared the effective atomic number (Zeff) for the selected glasses with other materials and we found that all these glasses have higher Zeff than ordinary concrete, and RS-253-G18, except Li25Bi0 sample which shows lower Zeff than RS-253-G18.

Spectral and Luminescence Study of Er3+ Doped Phosphate Glasses for the Development of 1.5 µm Broadband Amplifier

Ytterbium zinc lithium lead alumino antimony borophosphate glasses containing Er3+ in (25-x)P2O5: 10ZnO: 10Li2O: 10PbO: 10Al2O3: 10Sb2O3: 10Y2O3: 15B2O3: Er2O3 (where x=1, 1.5,2 mol %) have been prepared by melt-quenching method. The amorphous nature of the glasses was confirmed by x-ray diffraction studies. Optical absorption, excitation Spectrum and fluorescence spectra were recorded at room temperature for all glass samples. Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters Ωλ (λ=2, 4, 6) are evaluated from the intensities of various absorption bands of optical absorption spectra. Using these intensity parameters various radiative properties like spontaneous emission probability, branching ratio, radiative life time and stimulated emission cross– section of various emission lines have been evaluated.

Photoluminescence and Raman analysis of Nd3+ doped in Ytterbium Zinc Lithium Sodium Barium Calcium Aluminophosphate glasses

Glass of the system:(30-x)P2O5:10ZnO:10Li2O:10Na2O:10BaO:10CaO:10Al2O3: 10Y2O3: x Nd2O3. (where x=1, 1.5,2 mol %) have been prepared by melt-quenching method. (where x=1,1.5 and 2 mol%) have been prepared by melt-quenching technique. The amorphous nature of the prepared glass samples was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Optical absorption, Excitation, fluorescence and Raman spectra have been recorded at room temperature for all glass samples. Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters Ωλ (λ=2, 4 and 6) are evaluated from the intensities of various absorption bands of optical absorption spectra. Using these intensity parameters various radiative properties like spontaneous emission probability, branching ratio, radiative life time and stimulated emission cross–section of various emission lines have been evaluated

Spectral, Thermal and Upconversion Properties of Dy3+ Doped Borotellurite Glasses with Large Stability Parameter

Glass sample of yttrium zinc lithium lead sodium alumino borotellurite (25-x) TeO2:10ZnO:10Li2O:10PbO:10Na2O:10Al2O3:10Y2O3:15B2O3:xDy2O3. (wherex=1,1.5 and 2 mol%) have been prepared by melt-quenching technique. The amorphous nature of the prepared glass samples was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Optical absorption, excitation spectrum and fluorescence spectra were recorded at room temperature for all glass samples. Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters Ωλ (λ=2, 4 and 6) are evaluated from the intensities of various absorption bands of optical absorption spectra. Using these intensity parameters various radiative properties like spontaneous emission probability, branching ratio, radiative life time and stimulated emission cross–section of various emission lines have been evaluated

Advancements in lithium zinc phosphate (LZP) nanoparticles: Enhanced electrochemical performance for high-efficiency supercapacitors

The synthesized LiZnPO4 nanoparticles were characterized at different temperatures like (400oC, 500 °C, 600 °C, and 700 °C) using various techniques including XRD, FTIR, FESEM, XPS, and electrochemical analyses. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of LiZnPO4 nanoparticles sintered at temperatures from 400 to 700 °C revealed well-crystallized structures at 700 °C, with preferred orientations along (202) and (020) planes. The Scherrer formula was employed to determine crystallite sizes, showing an increase from 55 nm at 400 °C to 85 nm at 700 °C. The annealing temperature influences the formation of microspherical aggregates, determining their surface area and thereby affecting energy storage performance. Samples annealed at 700 °C exhibited a specific capacitance of approximately 268 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g and scan rate of 5 mV/s. Our studies indicate that LiZnPO4-based nanostructures have substantial potential for the development of hybrid supercapacitors.

Coated Biodegradable Zinc Lithium Alloys: Development and Characterization of Co-Doped Strontium Copper Tricalcium Phosphate Coating for Antimicrobial Applications

Zinc biodegradable implants represent a revolutionary advancement in medical technology, offering a promising alternative to titanium and stainless-steel implants and avoiding the need for secondary surgeries for removal. In this study, we aimed to fulfil the clinical demand for biodegradable implant materials by applying a coating of double-doped strontium and copper resorbable tricalcium phosphate (SrCu-TCP) onto a zinc-lithium (Zn-Li) biodegradable alloy using the Pulsed Laser Deposition method. The coated surfaces were thoroughly characterized using X-ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray. Microbiology experiments were conducted to assess the inhibitory effects on the growth of various bacteria strains, including gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis, gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, as well as the fungus Candida albicans. The obtained results showed that the roughness of the Zn-Li alloy increased from 91.8 ± 29.4 to 651.0 ± 179.5 nm when coated with SrCu-TCP. The thickness of the coating ranged between 3–3.5 µm. The inhibition of growth for all four bacteria strains and the fungus was in the range of 24–35% when cultured on SrCu-TCP coated Zn-Li samples. These findings suggest that the developed coatings are promising candidates for applications requiring inhibition of microorganisms.

Revealing the Effects of Polymer Additives on Zn Dendrite Suppression in Aqueous Zn Batteries via in-Situ EC-AFM

Polyethylene glycol (PEO) is a commonly used polymer in the field of batteries for achieving flat and uniform electrodes to enhance the performance of batteries, such as lithium batteries and zinc (Zn) batteries. However, the impact of PEO on the electrochemical deposition of Zn metal on electrodes remains uncertain. In this study, we selected ZnSO4 solution as electrolyte and copper (Cu) substrates as electrodes, which are widely applied in Zn batteries. We used in situ electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM) to observe the nucleation and growth of Zn metal plates on the Cu substrate in the presence of different concentrations of ZnSO4 and PEO additives. Our results indicate that PEO biases the crystallographic orientation of the initially deposited Zn metal nuclei, but does not have an obvious influence on subsequent growth. Based on our findings, we hypothesize that PEO primarily interacts with the Cu substrate to adjust the interfacial energy of the Cu-electrolyte interfaces. In contrast, due to the lack of apparent change in the Zn growth rate, we postulate that PEO does not affect the delivery rate of Zn2+ to the electrode surface. The consistent aspect ratio of the Zn plates combined with the lack of an effect on growth rates further suggests that PEO does not interact significantly with the surface of the newly formed Zn plates. The Zn metal will undergo surface reorganization in a mildly acidic aqueous solution as a result of oxidation of Zn, which is not affected by PEO adsorption. Our findings provide both insight into the underlying mechanism by which PEO promotes electrode flattening in Zn batteries and a standardized protocol for elucidating the impact of additives on the morphological evolution of interfaces during electrochemical deposition.Work by C.O. was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344.

Impact of europium oxide on structural, dielectric, and radiation-shielding properties of zinc lithium borate glasses

Impact of europium oxide on structural, dielectric, and radiation-shielding properties of zinc lithium borate glasses

Effect of copper addition on lithium zinc borosilicate glass containing terbium oxide

Effect of copper addition on lithium zinc borosilicate glass containing terbium oxide

FTIR, Raman spectroscopic, microstructure and neutron-particle interaction properties of Mo3+ doped cadmium zinc lithium-borate glasses

The application of different glass materials in the area of radiation shielding and charge particle attenuation has necessitated a comprehensive study of glass materials doped with special elements to examine the impact of the special element on the microstructure and shielding capabilities of resultant glass materials. In this study, the optical absorption spectra of Mo3+ doped cadmium zinc lithium borate glasses (BCZLMx) was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopic methods to ascertain the suitability of BCZLMx glass microstructure to neutron and charge particle attenuation. Results show that the absorption cross-section is the dominant contributor to the total cross section for all samples, ranging from 110.9 cm−1 to 111.7 cm−1. BCZLM1 glass sample appears to be slightly more effective at removing fast neutrons from the beam while BCZLM5 glasses are effective at stopping electrons, protons, alpha particles, and carbon ions when compared to the other BCZLMx glasses samples. This implies that doping cadmium zinc lithium borate glasses with Mo3+ reduces fast and thermal neutrons shielding potential and increased charge particles interaction of the BCZLMx glass system.

Effect of lanthanum oxide on the radiation-shielding, dielectric, and physical properties of lithium zinc phosphate glasses

This study looked at the shielding properties, physical properties, and dielectric spectroscopy of various lanthanum oxide concentrations based on (65-x) P2O5-15 Li2O–15ZnO– 5Bi2O3- xLa2O3 with x = 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mol% glasses. When La2O3 is added, the molar volume quantities fall but the density values increase. The sample with the designation La-4.0 (4.0 mol% La2O3 content) had the highest density observed, 3.2182 g/cm3. Monte Carlo simulations and the Phy-x/PSD software were used to determine the critical gamma radiation attenuation characteristics, particularly linear attenuation coefficients and mass attenuation coefficients of glass samples under investigation. The half-value layer, mean free path, effective atomic number and effective electron density were then examined across a wide energy range (0.015–15 MeV). The findings of the investigation showed that the addition of La2O3 decreased the half-value layer and mean free path while increasing the mass attenuation coefficient, effective atomic number, and effective electron density. The results indicate that the inclusion of La2O3 appears to improve that glass system's ability to deflect gamma and neutron radiation. Over a broad frequency range, the dielectric properties were measured. The dielectric constant (ε′), which is typically steadily decreased with the addition of lanthanum, indicates an increase in the degree of electrical stiffness inside the glass network. Among the samples examined, the glass sample La-4.0 is thought to possess the best properties for electronic packaging due to its maximum propagation speed and lowest dielectric constant.

Effect of Hold Time on Electrical Properties of Lithium Zinc Borate Glass Ceramics for Energy Storage Applications

Effect of Hold Time on Electrical Properties of Lithium Zinc Borate Glass Ceramics for Energy Storage Applications

Dielectric and Gamma Ray Shielding Properties of Lead-Doped Lithium–Zinc–Borosilicate Glasses

Dielectric and Gamma Ray Shielding Properties of Lead-Doped Lithium–Zinc–Borosilicate Glasses

Comparative study of the reduction techniques of Graphene Oxide for Zinc Ion hybrid Storage Application

The increasing demand for low cost and high energy storage devices has given rise to the hybrid supercapacitor device. To overcome the safety issues of the Lithium and Sodium-based devices Zinc ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZIHSCs) are a promising alternative. These devices amalgamate the energy density and power density requirements which makes them suitable for varied applications. The device construction comprises of a zinc anode, zinc-based electrolyte and capacitive type cathode material. Carbon based nanomaterials such as reduced graphene oxide (RGO) are predominantly used as potential cathodes. The strategies involved in obtaining RGO changes the structural characteristic of the samples. This study compares three different strategies such as Chemical reduction (c-RGO), Microwave reduction (m-RGO) and Solar reduction (s-RGO). It was observed that the employment of each these techniques render the change in the physical properties of the materials like number of defect, change in the surface are, porosity and in-situed developed functional group, especially oxygen species. These changes were analyzed thoroughly by various techniques like Raman, Fourier, X-ray diffraction and X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The overall study reveals that solar reduction route shows enhanced surface area and porosity and decrease in defect concentration. Further due to this enhanced property in s-RGO the zinc ion storage capacitance of the fabricated ZIHSC was 200 F/g with a high cyclic stability of 5100 cycles at a current density of 10 A/g. The enhanced energy density thus obtained was 111 Wh/kg corresponding to a power density of 10 KW/kg.

Exploring luminescence dynamics in Ce3+/Er3+ co-doped lithium zinc barium borate optical glasses: A study for advancing photonic technologies

Lithium zinc barium borate glasses were synthesized using the melt-quenching method and doped with Ce3+, Er3+, and their combination. The study examines the influence of Ce3+ on the photoluminescence of Er3+ in these glasses. X-ray diffraction confirmed the amorphous nature of both undoped and doped glasses, while Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed the conversion of BO3 to BO4 units, and Raman spectroscopy indicated a phonon energy around 1136 cm−1. The Ce3+-doped glasses exhibited a blue emission at 447 nm due to the 5d→4f1 transition. Co-doping with Ce3+ and Er3+ led to decreased visible upconversion emissions but significantly enhanced near-infrared emissions at 1.53 μm. This enhancement is attributed to reduced non-radiative decay and improved energy transfer between Er3+ and Ce3+ ions, facilitated by the phonon energy of host glass. The 1.53 μm emission intensity in Ce3+/Er3+ co-doped glass was about 60% higher than in singly Er3+-doped samples, highlighting the potential of Ce3+ co-doping for broad amplification at 980 nm excitation.