Liquid Velocity Research Articles

Design and optimizing the liquid distributor of a rotating packed bed by the analysis of liquid flow behavior

Rotating packed beds (RPBs) have been widely applied in multiphase systems. When handling some extreme operating condition systems, finding a suitable pump to provide pressure to force the feeding liquid to be evenly distributed by the distributor of the RPB is very costly. In this work, we designed new liquid distributors by using the kinetic energy of the rotating shaft as driving force to obtain uniform distribution. The performance of the liquid distribution has been investigated in terms of liquid flow behavior, liquid velocity, and impacting angle (α). Compared with bar and cantboard distributors, the radlamelle liquid distributor had the best distribution performance. By further optimization of the radlamelle structure, the left-hand wheel had better dispersion performance with α varying from 24.3 to 79.1°. This new liquid distributor without pump pressure expands the applications of the RPB in ultra-low or high temperature and high pressure operating conditions.

Global dynamics and topology of two-phase mixing layer flow through simultaneous gas and liquid velocity measurements

This study reports the first time-resolved particle image velocimetry characterization of a planar two-phase mixing layer flow, whose velocity field is measured simultaneously in gas and liquid streams. Two parallel air and water flows meet downstream of a splitter plate, giving rise to an initially spanwise invariant configuration. The aim is to elucidate further the mechanisms leading to the flow breakup in gas-assisted atomization. The complete experimental characterization of the velocity field represents a database that could be used in data-driven reduced-order models to investigate the global behaviour of the flow system. After the analysis of a selected reference case, a parametric study of the flow behaviour is performed by varying the liquid ( $Re_l$ ) and gas ( $Re_g$ ) Reynolds numbers, and as a consequence also the gas-to-liquid dynamic pressure ratio ( $M$ ), shedding light on both time-averaged (mean) and unsteady velocity fields. In the reference case, it is shown that the mean flow exhibits a wake region just downstream of the splitter plate, followed by the development of a mixing layer. By increasing both $Re_l$ and $Re_g$ , the streamwise extent of the wake decreases and eventually vanishes, the flow resulting in a pure mixing layer regime. The spectral analysis of the normal-to-flow velocity fluctuations outlines different flow regimes by variation of the governing parameters, giving more insights into the global characteristics of the flow field. As a major result, it is found that at high $Re_g$ and $M$ values, the velocity fluctuations are characterized by low-frequency temporal oscillations synchronized in several locations within the flow field, which suggest the presence of a global mode of instability. The proper orthogonal decomposition of velocity fluctuations, performed in both gas and liquid phases, reveals finally that the synchronized oscillations are associated with a low-frequency dominant flapping mode of the gas–liquid interface. Higher-order modes correspond to interfacial wave structures travelling with the so-called Dimotakis velocity. For lower gas Reynolds numbers, the leading modes describe higher frequency fingers shedding at the interface.

An experimental and simulation study on the velocity distribution of the falling film on a horizontal tube in jet mode

The velocity characteristics of falling film on horizontal tube affect the heat transfer efficiency. To date, experimental studies on velocity distribution of liquid film on tube surface are very scarce. In this paper, the mean velocity of liquid film is measured using particle tracking velocimetry (PTV). A simulation is also conducted to investigate the flow characteristics of falling film. Results show that the spreading of liquid film undergoes two stages: circular spreading and circumferential flow. In circumferential direction, the liquid film tangential velocity shows different law in planes of L* = 0–0.3 and L* = 0.4/0.5. The tangential velocity decreases and then increases as axial distance increases. Simulation results agree well with the experimental results within experimental angle range. The liquid film axial velocity is always zero at L* = 0. When L* = 0.1–0.5, the axial velocity decreases as circumferential angle increases and gradually tends toward zero.

Hydrodynamics and mass transfer performance of microbubble flow in the bubble column with a contraction section

Bubble columns have many applications in the biochemical, petrochemical, and metallurgical industries. The gas-liquid system composed of microbubbles is characterized by significant phase interfacial area, high mass transfer efficiency, fast dissolution rate, strong adsorption capacity, and long self-sustaining time. This paper investigated the performance of pressurized dissolved gas microbubble generation (PDG) using a Venturi tube as the releaser using a plug-in online imaging instrument. The hydrodynamic and mass transfer characteristics of the microbubble flow generated by PDG in a bubbling column with a contraction section (BCS) were then investigated. One of the primary studies was the effect of the contraction section on the flow performance of the bubbles, the mass transfer performance, and the aeration efficiency of the PDG versus the throat inlet Venturi bubble generator (VBG). The results show that the initial bubble Sauter mean diameter is essentially constant with dissolved gas pressure, and the bubble size distribution(BSD) is similar. The bubble stream passing through the contraction section exhibits two different BSD at the center and side walls of the BCS outlet section. Microbubbles in the inlet section in the absence of external forces almost do not occur in bubble coalescence. The flow of bubbles in the contraction section is subject to a slight coalescence effect. The diameter of bubbles in the contraction section is mainly larger than 20 μm. In the contraction section, coalescence occurs mainly at the side wall. The way of occurrence is adsorption coalescence and collision coalescence. The bubbles move in a gradually confined space with a high degree of interference with each other's bubbles, and the liquid linear velocity acts as an ‘external force’ that benefits the flow of the bubbles out of the confined space. The standard aeration efficiency of PDG is 3–11 times higher than that of the VBG. At 0.3 MPa, the highest standard aeration efficiency for the PDG method was between 0.18 and 0.64 kgO2/kW∙h.

Experimental study on leakage characteristics of gas-liquid two-phase flow in a horizontal pipe

Oil and gas pipeline leakage accidents caused by aging and third-party damage have increased, resulting in polluting the ecological environment and jeopardizing life and property safety. A detailed and systematic investigation on the leak characteristics of oil and gas two-phase pipelines is significantly urgent. The leak experiments were performed on a horizontal tube with a diameter of 32 mm. There was a 3 mm round leakage hole at the bottom of the tube. The distance of the leakage hole from the pipe inlet was 4.8 m. Three inlet flow patterns, including stratified flow, slug flow, and annular flow via adjusting the gas superficial velocity (1.73 m/s ≤ USG ≤ 24.19 m/s) and liquid superficial velocity (0.017 m/s ≤ USL ≤ 0.415 m/s), were obtained. The conclusions point out that the type of leakage, whether it is mainly liquid or both gas and liquid, depends on the USG. The degree of phase separation in stratified flow is the greatest among the three inlet flow patterns, with a maximal phase separation efficiency (η) of 0.403. Slug flow has the least phase separation degree. Interestingly, the η is directly proportional to the inlet mass fraction only for slug flow. The harmonic frequency that appeared in the power spectral density curves for the pressure difference of leakage hole in slug flow, indicates that leakage is not a standard periodic event. The liquid velocity loss is primarily related to the gas leakage mechanism. These findings can provide new insights into two-phase pipeline leak detection and accident consequence prediction.

Purification of lipid oil using ion exchange resins

AbstractOil upgrading technologies for fuel production from second-generation feedstocks require pretreatments, such as the removal of ash metals in crude oil, to improve the catalytic performance in the process. The aim of this work was to purify lipid crude oil, derived from black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), from calcium by dry washing using ion exchange resins. Commercially available ion exchange resins suitable for organic liquids, namely GF 202 and Amberlyst 15DRY (AL 15), were selected for the purification experiments. The lipid material dissolved in nonanoic acid in different concentrations of mixtures was passed through a resin-filled plug-flow reactor at 50 °C and 75 °C with a liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) of 4 h−1. The oil samples were analyzed for calcium using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry, while the resin surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy. AL 15 showed a better overall performance and led to a case where over 99% of calcium was removed. Graphical abstract

Soft measurement model for wet gas flow rate based on ultrasonic and differential pressure sensing

Non-separation measurement of gas–liquid two-phase flow is of great significance to industrial production and theoretical research on two-phase flow. In this paper, a soft measurement method of wet gas flow rate based on ultrasonic and differential pressure (DP) sensors is proposed. A total of 129 sets of experimental data are obtained in DN50 horizontal pipe, the superficial velocity of gas and liquid ranging from 5 m s−1 to 33 m s−1 and 0.015 m s−1 to 0.6 m s−1, respectively. Ten feature parameters of ultrasonic signals such as the time difference between two echoes and kurtosis factor are proposed from time and frequency domain. As well as the power spectral density, mean value and standard deviation value are analyzed based on DP signals. Furthermore, the Spearman correlation coefficient is introduced to evaluate these feature parameters quantitatively. And nine parameters which are highly correlated to gas–liquid flow rate are selected as the inputs of the soft measurement model. Finally, Decision Tree, least square support vector machines and artificial neural network (ANN) models are established through training with the experimental data. Comparison results show that ANN has the lowest prediction errors on the test set, with the mean absolute percentage errors of 1.49% and 3.2% for gas and liquid, respectively.

Intensification of a microbial electrolysis cell for biohydrogen production

Hydrogen can be the fuel of the future, and there are multiple approaches for its production and storage. Most hydrogen production comes from non-renewable sources, primarily natural gas reforming, which is efficient but unsustainable. Microbial electrolysis cells (MEC) are alternative developing technologies that exploit conductor-like properties of electrogenic bacteria to both oxidize organic contaminants and get protons reduced in a cathode, thus producing hydrogen. Here, the aim is to design a model-based optimization framework to intensify the MEC efficiency. The constructed process model is proposed by considering transport phenomena, microbial kinetics, and a secondary current distribution model to estimate steady-state reactor performance and electrical efficiency. The results show a value of 25 % for electrical efficiency as hydrogen recovered. Global sensitivity analysis was performed and determined a strong dependency on inlet liquid velocity, and a built-in, gradient-free optimization algorithm was implemented to the model to maximize electrical efficiency under a defined range of inlet liquid velocity, inlet substrate concentration, and applied voltage. The proposed model predicts a maximum increase of efficiency of about 267 % by increasing inlet velocity and substrate concentration. Intensification of the cell's performance can be greatly achieved when halving hydraulic retention time and by having a more concentrated feed.

A novel recurrence-based approach for investigating multiphase flow dynamics in bubble column reactors.

In chemical industries, multiphase flows in a bubble column reactor are frequently observed. The nonlinearity associated with bubble hydrodynamics, such as bubble-bubble and bubble-liquid interactions, gives rise to complex spatiotemporal patterns with increased gas or liquid velocities, which are extremely difficult to model and predict. In the current study, we propose a new, computationally efficient recurrence-based approach involving the angular separation between suitably defined state vectors and implement it on the experimental multiphase flow variables. The experimental dataset that consists of image frames obtained using a high-speed imaging system is generated by varying air and water flow rates in a bubble column reactor setup. The recurrence plots using the new approach are compared with those derived from conventional recurrence, considering standard benchmark problems. Further, using the recurrence plots and recurrence quantification from the new recurrence methodology, we discover a transition from a high recurrence state to a complex regime with very low recurrence for an increase in airflow rate. Determinism exhibits a rise for the decrease in airflow rate. A sharp decline in determinism and laminarity, signifying the quick shift to complex dynamics, is more prominent for spatial recurrence than temporal recurrence, indicating that the rise in airflow rate significantly impacts the spatial location of bubbles. We identify three regimes that appeared as distinct clusters in the determinism-laminarity plane. The bubbly regime, characterized by high values of determinism and laminarity, is separated by an intermediate regime from the slug flow regime, which has low determinism and laminarity.

New correlation of the subcooled flow boiling heat transfer coefficient for hybrid micro/nanostructured surfaces with high heat flux incidence

Surfaces manipulated with micro/nanostructures have great potential for imparting high heat removal capacity to heat transfer equipment under high heat flux incidence. However, few correlations of heat transfer coefficients have been developed based on high-heat flux experiments of subcooled flow boiling with nano- and microstructured surfaces, which may limit the further application of this technique in industrial engineering. Aiming at recently developed hybrid micro/nanostructured surfaces for subcooled flow boiling performance enhancement, a series of experiments with different surface structure scale specifications, flow conditions, and heat flux incidence ranges were conducted. In total, 530 experimental data points were obtained with heat fluxes ranging from 3.4 to 13.1 MW/m2, pressures from 0.5 to 1.5 MPa, liquid velocities from 1 to 5 m/s, inlet temperatures from 303.15 to 323.15 K, and structured surfaces with wire apertures of 250, 125, and 58 μm. The 28 existing correlations based on smooth surfaces and structured surfaces failed to predict these experimental data. A new enhancement factor-type correlation model, which included four dimensionless numbers that specialized in the effects of the span dimension and depth dimension of the target hybrid micro/nanostructured surfaces, was developed and shown to have good prediction accuracy and a considerable degree of application adaptability, with a mean absolute deviation of 5.7%.

Impact of ion-specific interactions on laser-induced liquid microjet generation

Jet velocity and jet power are the crucial parameters that govern the release profile of drugs/vaccines in needle-free injection systems, where salts are considered as one of the essential constituents of drugs/vaccines as adjuvants. However, the impact of salts on the generation of laser-induced liquid microjets that have shown tremendous potential for drug delivery has remained unexplored. Here, we have investigated the influence of Hofmeister ions on the velocity of laser-induced liquid jets in rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) dye solution. A comprehensive experimental approach is adopted to find out the values of the liquid microjet velocity by varying the parameters, such as input energy of the laser beam, concentrations of the dye, and specific Hofmeister ions in the aqueous solution. From our experimental findings, it is observed that the presence of ions significantly influences the jet velocity that follows the Hofmeister series: SO42−>I−>SCN−. This, in turn, governs the ion-specific penetration depth of liquid jets as simulated for the model soft tissues. The observed Hofmeister trend in the jet velocity values showcases the possible specific-ion interactions between anions and Rh6G molecules in the aqueous solution. Our detailed experimental findings on ion-specific jet velocity and jet power could be beneficial in designing needle-free drug delivery systems with controlled penetration depths.

Dynamic behaviors of a bubble near a rectangular wall with a bulge

In this paper, the cavitation bubble dynamics near a rectangular wall with a bulge are theoretically investigated. High-speed photography is employed to provide experimental verification of the theoretical results. Through a series of conformal transformations and the image method, the analytical description of how this complex wall configuration affects the bubble is shown to be equivalent to the superposition of eight virtual bubbles. The physical meaning of the eight virtual bubbles can be divided into four groups, corresponding to the influence of the left wall, the bottom wall, the angle formed by the two flat walls, and the bulge. The influence of the bulge on the liquid velocity distribution, as well as the intensity and direction of the Kelvin impulse exerted on the bubble, is explored for cases in which the bubble is located at symmetric and asymmetric positions. The main findings are given as follows: During the bubble collapse, a high-velocity area of the liquid exists to the side of the bubble farthest from the bulge, and three stagnation points with three low-velocity areas appear on the bulge surface. The bulge mainly influences the impulse intensity when the bubble is located near the symmetric position. The existence of the bulge causes the impulse angle to attain a minimum as the distance between the bubble and the bulge increases. For a larger bulge radius, the changes in the impulse angle become more complicated as the bubble position angle increases.

Theoretical and experimental investigation of a bubble collapsing near an asymmetric hydrofoil

In the present paper, the restricted cavitation bubble dynamics near an asymmetric Joukowsky hydrofoil are investigated theoretically and experimentally. This investigation employs the conformal transformation, the image method, and the Kelvin impulse model, together with high-speed photographic experiments. The characteristics of bubble collapse deformation and bubble wall movement are analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively, and the spatial distributions of the liquid velocity and Kelvin impulse are revealed by theoretical predictions. The main conclusions include (1) the bubble collapse deformations can be divided into three typical cases: penetrating deformation (mostly occurs when γ<2 with γ defined as the bubble-hydrofoil dimensionless distance), triangular depression (mostly occurs when 2<γ<4), and arc-shaped depression (mostly occurs when γ>4). (2) The impulse acting on the bubble is governed by a point source and a point sink, which is dominant, and the impulse is inversely correlated with the bubble-hydrofoil distance, which corresponds to the experimental results. (3) The Kelvin impulse exhibits different distributions at the tail, head, and middle regions of the hydrofoil, and the impulse angle remains basically unchanged in the concave region of the asymmetric hydrofoils (i.e., the range of 240°<θz<350° with θz defined as the bubble position angle).

On the Macrosegregation of Continuous Casting of High Carbon Steel Billet with Strand Reduction Process

A mathematical model of the macrosegregation of continuous cast high carbon steel billet was developed based upon a representative volume element, considering the flow of enriched liquid, solidification rate, and solidification shrinkage as well. It was found that a lower casting velocity, higher cooling intensity, and shorter solidification interval positively contributed to the inhibition of macrosegregation in a continuously cast billet when a mechanical reduction process was not applied. A numerical expression for the relative flow velocity of liquid was further proposed incorporating such aspects as casting velocity, densities of different phases, and the variation of cross section areas as well. The analysis based on this numerical expression indicated that the overall effect of the reduction process on the macrosegregation of billets depended not only on the reduction zone but also on the reduction amount and its distribution for the active reduction rolls. The test results of further practical plant trials demonstrated a reasonable agreement with the predictions obtained from the proposed numerical model, indicating the reliability of this analysis model to be employed for the continuous casting of high carbon steel billet with strand reduction process.

Numerical investigation on heat transfer enhancement of spray cooling by surface structure optimization

A numerical model of spray cooling for enhanced surfaces in the non-boiling regime is created with deionized water as cooling medium. This model is validated by contrasting the simulated data with the corresponding experimental data, and the relative deviation is within 12 %. Compared with a smooth surface, the area of the enhanced surface is expanded, the cooling performance is significantly improved, but the surface temperature distribution is less uniform. Compared to the straight groove surface with the same area, the heat flux of the radial groove surface is higher because its surface structure is more conducive to the spreading and leaving of the liquid film. Studies of the effects of the structure parameters (groove width and groove number) of the radial groove surface on the heat transfer show that there is an optimal groove width (0.2 mm) and groove number (45) for the strongest cooling capacity, and both the velocity and thickness of the liquid film are significant factors in cooling performance. The faster the liquid film velocity, the thinner the liquid film and, thus, the better the heat transfer. Motivated by these findings, three novel enhanced surfaces are machined to increase liquid film fluidity and heat transfer area even further. The cooling performance of the three novel enhanced surfaces is further improved, and the slope groove surface acquires the strongest cooling capacity due to the acceleration of liquid film flow by gravity, although its heat transfer area is not the largest. Research on all enhanced surfaces indicates that thinner liquid film and faster liquid film flow should be the primary design goals of the enhanced surface, followed by an increase in heat transfer area.

Flow Characterization in a Partially Liquefied Vitreous Humor

The purpose of this study is to systematically examine the basic fluid dynamics associated with a fully liquid region within a porous material. This work has come about as a result of our investigation on the ocular fluid dynamics and transport process in a partially liquefied vitreous humor. The liquid is modeled as a sphere with Stokes flow while the surrounding infinite porous region is described by Brinkman flow. The development here provides basic three-dimensional axisymmetric results on flow characterization and also serves to evaluate the limits of validity of Darcy flow analysis for the same geometry. In the Darcy flow model, the liquid region is also treated as a porous region with a much higher permeability. Therefore, both liquid and porous regions are modeled by Darcy’s law. Besides the analytical results from Brinkman–Stokes model, the simpler case of Darcy–Darcy flow for the same geometry has been provided. The results of both cases are compared and the differences between the two sets of results provide the range of validity of our computational model (Khoobyar et al. in J Heat Transf 144:031208, 2022). Some interesting fluid-dynamical aspects of the system are observed through the analysis. For the Darcy–Darcy system, the liquid region velocity is uniform throughout, as expected for potential flow. With the Brinkman–Stokes model, the liquid region has a paraboloidal profile with the maximum possible peak value of six times the far-field velocity in the porous medium. With the liquid region having a lower resistance, the flow tends to converge there for both models as it seeks the path of least resistance. As for the validation of the Darcy–Darcy model, it is a good approximation as far as the exterior flow is concerned. However, the liquid region flow profiles for the two models are different as noted. The current Brinkman–Stokes model has led to explicit analytical solutions for the flow field for both regions. This has permitted an asymptotic analysis giving deeper insight into the flow characterization.

Impact of induced magnetic field on Darcy–Forchheimer nanofluid flows comprising carbon nanotubes with homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions

The appealing traits of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) encompassing mechanical and chemical steadiness, exceptional electrical and thermal conductivities, lightweight, and physiochemical reliability make them desired materials in engineering gadgets. Considering such stimulating characteristics of carbon nanotubes, our goal in the current study is to scrutinize the comparative analysis of Darcy–Forchheimer nanofluid flows containing CNTs of both types of multi and single-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs, SWCNTs) immersed into two different base fluids over a stretched surface. The originality of the model being presented is the implementation of the induced magnetic field that triggers the electric conductivity of carbon nanotubes. Moreover, the envisioned model is also analyzed with homogeneous-heterogeneous (h-h) chemical reactions and heat source/sink. The second-order slip constraint is assumed at the boundary of the surface. The transmuted high-nonlinearity ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are attained from the governing set of equations via similarity transformations. The bvp4c scheme is engaged to get the numerical results. The influence of different parameters is depicted via graphs. For both CNTs, the rate of heat flux and the surface drag coefficient are calculated using tables. It is highlighted that an increase in liquid velocity is witnessed for a varied counts volume fraction of nanoparticles. Also, Single-wall water-based carbon nanotube fluid has comparatively stronger effects on concentration than the multi-walled carbon nanotubes in water-based liquid. The analysis also indicates that the rate of heat flux and the surface drag coefficient are augmented for both SWCNTs and MWCNTs for different physical parameters. The said model is also validated by comparing it with a published result.

Flow characteristics of dispersed two-phase flows in an 8 × 8 rod bundle

Two-phase flows in rod bundles or tube bundles appear in heat transfer systems. The bundle-average (or one-dimensional) void fraction is a critical parameter in overall system design, performance evaluation, and safety assessment. Accurate bundle-average void fraction prediction requires a precise interfacial momentum transfer term formulated using the distribution parameter and drift velocity, two essential drift-flux parameters in the drift-flux model. The currently utilized modeling approach is based on the distribution parameter and drift velocity determined together through drift-flux plots. This results in possible compensation errors between the distribution parameter and drift velocity in the model validation process. The independent validation of the constitutive equations for the distribution parameter and drift velocity has been challenging due to experimental difficulty in measuring detailed two-phase flow structures in rod bundles. The present study proposes an approximation methodology to obtain subchannel average two-phase flow parameters using local two-phase flow data measured at two local points: the subchannel center and minimum gap center in a rod bundle. The distributions of subchannel average two-phase flow parameters are invaluable in benchmarking subchannel analysis codes. Comprehensive subchannel average void fraction and gas velocity mappings are given to discuss the effects of gas and liquid velocities, pressure, spacer grid, and developing length on the two-phase flow characteristics in the rod bundle. The bundle-average distribution parameter values calculated by subchannel average two-phase flow parameters are used for independent validation of the constitutive equations of the distribution parameter. The bundle-average drift velocity values back-calculated using the distribution parameter values are also used for independent validation of the constitutive equation of the drift velocity.

Numerical simulation of wall shear stress and boundary layer flow from jetting cavitation bubble on unheated and heated surfaces

The physics of wall shear stress and boundary layer flow from jetting cavitation bubbles on unheated and heated surfaces was investigated numerically using a homogeneous mixture model based on a fully compressible Navier–Stokes solver. A spatial–temporal shear stress map and velocity field on unheated surfaces under several standoffs were considered first. Complex boundary layer flow, including separation vortex caused by an adverse pressure gradient and the generation of a thermal boundary layer because of skin friction with the shear flow, was discussed in detail. The tendency of different maximum shear stress for each standoff section was discussed with liquid film thickness and jet velocity. Also, we suggested maximum shear stress correlation equation for minimum film thickness and wall impact pressure as dimensionless form. As an expansion of previous studies, we examined bubble collapse–induced wall shear stress on a heated surface under various surface temperatures. The peak shear stress decreased with the lower Prandtl number flow. In the collapse phase, surface cooling by downward microjet and heat transfer with ring vortex were also captured. Consequently, we suggested correlation equations for primary and secondary peak shear stresses as function of Prandtl number and confirmed that the boundary layer flow including heat transfer can be well simulated.

Study of a Novel Fluidized Bed Flotation Column with Enhanced Bubble Dispersion

Flotation machines and flotation columns are widely used as separation equipment for coal sludge. In order to obtain better flotation results for different particle sizes, the bubble distribution and size in the flow field need to be studied. In this paper, a novel three-phase fluidized bed flotation column (TFC) was designed, and the shear effect of liquid velocity (0.198 m/s, 0.226 m/s, and 0.254 m/s) and static bed height (0.1 m, 0.2 m, and 0.3 m) on the bubbles in the mineralized flow field region was investigated and evaluated for the formation of bubbles by shear in laboratory and semi-industrial experiments. The results show that the increase in filling bed height has a very obvious strengthening effect on the reduction of bubble diameter, and after the filling bed height reaches a certain value, the filling bed height will weaken the effect of apparent gas velocity on bubble diameter. The apparent gas velocity has different influencing effects on bubble diameter, and under conditions of low water velocity, the increase in the apparent gas velocity contributes to the reduction of bubble diameter. The conclusions of this study are expected to optimize the operating parameters of the flotation mineralization process and enrich the study of TFC, which can provide a reference for the design of future TFC studies.