Abstract
AbstractOil upgrading technologies for fuel production from second-generation feedstocks require pretreatments, such as the removal of ash metals in crude oil, to improve the catalytic performance in the process. The aim of this work was to purify lipid crude oil, derived from black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), from calcium by dry washing using ion exchange resins. Commercially available ion exchange resins suitable for organic liquids, namely GF 202 and Amberlyst 15DRY (AL 15), were selected for the purification experiments. The lipid material dissolved in nonanoic acid in different concentrations of mixtures was passed through a resin-filled plug-flow reactor at 50 °C and 75 °C with a liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) of 4 h−1. The oil samples were analyzed for calcium using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry, while the resin surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy. AL 15 showed a better overall performance and led to a case where over 99% of calcium was removed. Graphical abstract
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