Lip Activity Research Articles

Trametes cingulata: A white rot fungus in decolorization of azo dye reactive red 239

AbstractBackgroundAzo dyes in textile effluents represent a particular health concern because they include azo groups (NN), which are reactive with DNA nucleic acids. The enzymes produced by white rot fungi can biodegrade a broad range of environmental contaminants. This work addresses this by concentrating on novel and effective optimal conditions for Trametes cingulata to produce oxidative enzymes and the capacity to decolorize the azo dye reactive red 239.ResultsA multifactorial experimental design optimized enzymatic activity and azo dye decolorization. Concentrations of 2.5 g L−1 of copper sulfate (CS) and 3.0 g L−1 of yeast extract (YS) for 16 days produced 100% decolorization, with 7.72 U mL−1 of laccase (Lac) and 0.013 U mL−1 of lignin peroxidase (Lip). These were found to be the ideal conditions for the decolorization process. The maximal Lac activity was 12.22 U mL−1 with 2.5 g L−1 CS, 25.0 g L−1 YS and 16 days, in addition to 0.14 U mL−1 Lip activity and 59% decolorization. It was possible to ascertain that the dye's functional groups had been adsorbed to the fungal mycelium by employing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Images obtained from scanning electron microscopy analyses enable the distinction of certain features that signify the adsorption process. Additionally, under ideal decolorization conditions, a 55% chemical oxygen demand decrease was noted.ConclusionThe findings reported show that T. cingulata may decolorize effluents containing azo dyes using two distinct processes: fungal mycelium biosorption and enzymatic degradation. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Climax in Wrangellia LIP activity coincident with major Middle Carnian (Late Triassic) climate and biotic changes: Mercury isotope evidence from the Panthalassa pelagic domain

The Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE, ∼233 Ma) was characterized by multiple negative carbon-isotope excursions, turnovers in marine and terrestrial biota, and a Tethys-wide humid climate accompanied by abundant terrigenous sediment and freshwater input into sedimentary basins. A general temporal coincidence between the CPE and the emplacement of the Wrangellia Large Igneous Province (Wrangellia LIP) has been well documented, however, it remains unclear whether fluctuations in the intensity of the LIP's activity could be linked to the biotic and climate changes at the CPE. We here present mercury (Hg) concentration and isotope ratio records from a pelagic deep-water succession (Section N-O, Inuyama, Japan) that encompasses the CPE interval. Data reveal concurrent peaks in the Hg concentrations and ratios of Hg to TOC and enrichment factors ThEF, AlEF, ZnEF, and NiEF implying that excess Hg loading in the sediments occurred, likely due to volcanic activity, prior to the CPE siliciclastic input. Furthermore, Δ199Hg values show a negative shift across the boundary between the Julian 1 and Julian 2, followed by a positive shift up to near-zero values at the Julian/Tuvalian transition. The near-zero Δ199Hg values at the Julian/Tuvalian boundary are associated with an increase in Hg and Cu loading, suggesting a peak of volcanogenic Hg and Cu input that may indicate a climax in the Wrangellia LIP activity. Most notably, the Julian/Tuvalian transition is where evidence of the most pronounced changes in carbonate platform evolution, biological turnover and climate change associated with the event has been highlighted. Our results therefore suggest that variations in the intensity of LIP volcanism may have played a major role in driving biotic and climate changes during the CPE. Our results provide a model for other mass extinction events associated with LIPs (e.g., the end-Permian) where low-intensity background volcanism was punctuated by high-intensity pulses, these latter being the real killers.

Ages of the Ediacaran Volyn-Brest trap volcanism, glaciations, paleosols, Podillya Ediacaran soft-bodied organisms, and the Redkino-Kotlin boundary (East European Craton) constrained by zircon single grain U-Pb dating

Combined single zircon crystal CA-ID-TIMS U-Pb dating, micropaleontological study, and quantitative XRD analysis were used to correlate sections of the Podillya-Moldova Ediacaran succession with sections of the Volyn Large Igneous Province (Volyn LIP). Five U-Pb zircon ages were obtained from Volyn LIP rocks, and four from three distinct Podillya bentonite horizons. Biostratigraphic determinations were made for one section in Volyn, and two sections in Podillya. It was concluded that Volyn LIP activity had two phases. A first phase of mafic and felsic magmatism was characterized by eruption of numerous basalt lava flows, and lasted from c. 580 to 567 Ma; a second phase of pyroclastic felsic magmatism, with no lavas, lasted from 567 to c. 545 Ma. The two phases can be distinguished in the quantitative mineral composition of rocks from the Kobryn 1K borehole in western Belarus. In the central area of the Volyn LIP, near Brest, rocks of the felsic phase were removed by erosion before deposition of the Kotlin subgroup. The Podillya Ediacaran succession, from the top of the Hrushka formation to the top of the Kalyus beds, (i.e. the Mohyliv-Podilsky group), hosts soft-bodied organisms. This succession corresponds to the felsic phase of the Volyn LIP. The age of the Redkino-Kotlin subgroup biostratigraphic boundary, at the base of the Nagoryany formation, is constrained at 555–545 Ma, close to the end of the Volyn LIP activity. The newly discovered glaciation in Volyn is dated as c. 567 Ma. The period of development of kaolinitic paleosols on top of the Volyn LIP effusive rocks is dated at c. 570–550 Ma.

Medium optimization for enhanced production of recombinant lignin peroxidase in Pichia pastoris.

Different cultivation conditions and parameters were evaluated to improve the production and secretion of a recombinant Phanerochaete chrysosporium lipH8 gene in Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris). The recombinant lipH8 gene with its native secretion signal was successfully cloned and expressed in Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris) under the control of the alcohol oxidase 1 promoter (PAOX1). The results revealed that co-feeding with sorbitol and methanol increased rLiP secretion by 5.9-fold compared to the control conditions. The addition of 1mM FeSO4 increased LiP activity a further 6.0-fold during the induction phase. Moreover, the combination of several optimal conditions and parameters yielded an extracellular rLiP activity of 20.05Ul-1, which is more than ten-fold higherrelative to standard growth conditions (BMM10 medium, pH 6 and 30°C). Extracellular activity of a recombinant LiP expressed in P. pastoris increased more than ten-fold when co-feeding sorbitol and methanol as carbon sources, together with urea as nitrogen source, FeSO4 supplementation, lower pH and lowercultivation temperature.

Isolation, Screening and Identification of Lignin Degraders from the Gut of Termites Odontotermes obesus

The mounting disquiets about the usage of precarious chemicals in the textile industry have steered to the development of eco-friendly and biological methods of fiber processing in the ever-escalating horizon of textile fibers. The current study targets the isolation, identification, and screening of lignin-degrading bacteria from termite gut microflora which could be employed in the textile trade, especially in coir industries for developing a biological method for softening coir fibers. Based on the morphology and taxonomic keys, termites used in the study were identified as Odontotermes obesus. The bacteria isolated from the termite gut having lignolytic activity were picked by using the methylene blue dye decolorizing method. The same was confirmed by using tannic acid. The isolates were then identified as Kosakonia oryzendophytica and Pseudomonas chengduensis by 16s rRNA sequencing. The isolates were further checked for their ability to produce extracellular lignolytic enzymes. The enzyme concentration was found to be significantly higher in the medium containing the microbial consortium than in those with the individual cultures. The consortium filtrate has MnP activity of 41.6 U/mL, LiP activity of 114.3 U/mL, and laccase activity of 61.85 U/mL at 72 hours of incubation. It was found that the enzyme activities were increased considerably until 72 hours of incubation but showed an insignificant increase at 96 hours.

Fungi Dekomposer Penghasil Enzim Ekstraseluler Lakase, Mangan Peroksidase, dan Lignin Peroksidase dari Kawasan Kebun Raya Bogor: Isolasi, Seleksi, Identifikasi dan Kajian Aktivitas Enzimnya

This study aimed to obtain the candidate isolates of superior decomposer from several plant block areas in the Bogor Botanic Gardens (KRB). Those candidates were expected to be able to utilize in the fermentation process of solid organic waste. The superior decomposer fungi candidates were selected based on their abilities to produce extracellular enzymes (laccase - Lac, manganese peroxidase - MnP, and lignin peroxidase - LiP) using 0.05% guaiacol as a substrate. The highest abundance of decomposer population was found in the block 4 with 9.9 x 106 CFU ml-1, and the lowest in block 6 with 1.9 x 106 CFU ml-1 density. Three superior decomposer isolates were obtained, namely KRB 3.1 (from block area 3), KRB 4.6 (from block area 4), KRB 6.7 isolate (from block area 7). The KRB 6.7 isolate has the highest Lac and MnP enzyme activities, as the following 24.10 U ml-1 and 186.3 U ml-1, while KRB 3.1 isolate from block area 3 has the highest LiP activity with the value 598.57 U ml-1. According to the molecular analysis, those candidate isolates of superior decomposers were identified as Coriolopsis hainanensis (KRB 3.1 isolate), Polyporus thailandensis (KRB 4.6 isolate), and Cerrena aurantiopora (KRB 6.7 isolate). Those are potentially used as the decomposers in solid organic waste fermentation.

Sediment Resuspension and Associated Extracellular Enzyme Activities Measured ex situ: A Mechanism for Benthic-Pelagic Coupling in the Deep Gulf of Mexico

Sediment resuspension caused by near-bed currents mediates exchange processes between the seafloor and the overlying water column, known as benthic-pelagic coupling. To investigate the effects of sediment resuspension on microbial enzyme activities in bottom waters (<500 m), we conducted onboard erosion experiments using sediment cores taken with a multi-corer from six deep-sea sites in the northern Gulf of Mexico. We then incubated the core-top water with resuspended sediments in roller tanks to simulate bottom water conditions following sediment resuspension. Bacterial cell abundance, particulate organic matter content, and potential rates of three hydrolytic enzymes (leucine aminopeptidases – PEP; β-glucosidases – GLU, lipases – LIP) were monitored during the experimentally-generated erosion events and subsequently in the roller tanks to examine whether resuspension of deep-sea sediments enhances activities of extracellular enzymes in overlying waters. Surficial sediments were resuspended at critical shear stress velocities between 1.4 and 1.7 cm s–1, which parallel bottom water currents of 28 and 34 cm s–1. Only one of our nine cores resisted experimentally generated bottom shear stresses and remained undisturbed, possibly as a result of oil residues from natural hydrocarbon seeps at the investigated site. The most notable enzymatic responses to sediment resuspension were found for LIP activities that increased in overlying waters of all eight of our resuspended cores and remained at high levels during the roller tank incubations. PEP and GLU showed orders of magnitude lower rates and more variable responses to experimentally resuspended sediments compared with LIP. We also found a disconnect between enzyme activities and bacterial cell numbers, indicating a major role of extracellular enzymes physically disconnected from microbial cells in our experiments. Our results demonstrate that sediment resuspension may promote organic matter breakdown in bottom waters by supplying extracellular enzymes without requiring a bacterial growth response. The marked increase in LIP activity suggests that resuspended enzymes may affect the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons, including those from the natural seeps that are abundant in the investigation area.

Fatty acid-modified poly(glycerol adipate) microparticles for controlled drug delivery

Poly(glycerol adipate) is a new biodegradable polyester and a promising alternative to the commonly used PLA and PLGA. The free hydroxyl groups of the PGA backbone allow the conjugation of fatty acids and therefore, enable the synthesis of versatile FA-PGAs with tunable properties. Depending on the fatty acid (i.e. stearic and behenic acid) and the substitution degree, it is possible to adjust the physicochemical properties. Different FA-PGAs were investigated regarding their suitability to form solid microparticles by DSC, contact angle and oscillatory rheology measurements. Dibenzoyl Thiamine (DBT), a lipophilic drug with high potential for the prophylactic treatment of cleft lip and neuroprotective activity, was incorporated in the microparticles. In order to characterize the microparticles, laser diffraction analysis, SEM and XRD measurements were conducted and drug loading, as well as encapsulation efficiency, were determined. In addition, in-vitro release experiments were carried out. Due to the various possibilities to adjust the properties of the polymer, these FA-PGA microparticles have the potential to improve controlled drug delivery and to be a useful alternative to PLA and PLGA.

Characterization of Ligninolytic Bacteria and Analysis of Alkali-Lignin Biodegradation Products.

Ligninolytic bacteria degrading lignin were isolates and identified, and their biodegradation mechanism of alkaline-lignin was investigated. Four strains with lignin degradation capability were screened and identified from the soil, straw, and silage based on their decolorizing capacity of aniline blue and colony size on alkaline-lignin medium. The degradation ratio of Bacillus aryabhattai BY5, Acinetobacter johnsonii LN2, Acinetobacter lwoffii LN4, and Micrococcus yunnanensis CL32 have been assayed using alkaline-lignin as the unique carbon source. Further, the Lip (lignin peroxidase) and Mnp (manganese peroxidase) activities of strains were investigated. Lip activity of A. lwoffii LN4 was highest after 72 h of incubation and reached 7151.7 U · l–1. Mnp activity of M. yunnanensis CL32 was highest after 48 h and reached 12533 U · l–1. The analysis of alkaline-lignin degradation products by GC-MS revealed that the strains screened could utilize aromatic esters compounds such as dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and decomposite monocyclic aromatic compounds through the DBP aerobic metabolic pathway. The results indicate that B. aryabhattai BY5, A. johnsonii LN2, A. lwoffii LN4, and M. yunnanensis CL32 have high potential to degrade alkaline-lignin, and might utilize aromatic compounds by DBP aerobic metabolic pathway in the process of lignin degradation.

End-to-End Audiovisual Speech Recognition System With Multitask Learning

An automatic speech recognition (ASR) system is a key component in current speech-based systems. However, the surrounding acoustic noise can severely degrade the performance of an ASR system. An appealing solution to address this problem is to augment conventional audio-based ASR systems with visual features describing lip activity. This paper proposes a novel end-to-end, multitask learning (MTL), audiovisual ASR (AV-ASR) system. A key novelty of the approach is the use of MTL, where the primary task is AV-ASR, and the secondary task is audiovisual voice activity detection (AV-VAD). We obtain a robust and accurate audiovisual system that generalizes across conditions. By detecting segments with speech activity, the AV-ASR performance improves as its connectionist temporal classification (CTC) loss function can leverage from the AV-VAD alignment information. Furthermore, the end-to-end system learns from the raw audiovisual inputs a discriminative high-level representation for both speech tasks, providing the flexibility to mine information directly from the data. The proposed architecture considers the temporal dynamics within and across modalities, providing an appealing and practical fusion scheme. We evaluate the proposed approach on a large audiovisual corpus (over 60 hours), which contains different channel and environmental conditions, comparing the results with competitive single task learning (STL) and MTL baselines. Although our main goal is to improve the performance of our ASR task, the experimental results show that the proposed approach can achieve the best performance across all conditions for both speech tasks. In addition to state-of-the-art performance in AV-ASR, the proposed solution can also provide valuable information about speech activity, solving two of the most important tasks in speech-based applications.

Nitrogen sources and trace elements influence Laccase and peroxidase enzymes activity of Grammothele fuligo

The effect of different organic, inorganic nitrogen sources and trace elements on growth and ligninolytic enzymes production by Grammothele fuligo has been investigated. Amongst all the nitrogen compounds used, the most favourable for growth was ammonium oxalate. It showed maximum Lignin Peroxidase activity (80.6 IU/mL) with ammonium chloride. The optimum Manganese Peroxidase activity (4.13 IU/mL) was observed with ammonium acetate. DL-alanine served as the best organic nitrogen source for the growth. The highest MnP (36.7 IU/mL) and laccase (3921.5 IU/mL) activities were revealed in medium supplemented by DL-tryptophan. However, their positive effects on enzyme accumulation were due to a higher biomass production. The higher concentrations of trace elements were found to be fungistatic for its growth viz. B, Co, Cu, Fe (400 ppm) and Co (100 ppm). It exhibited maximum LiP activity (456.9 IU/mL) with 10−3 ppm Fe and MnP activity (3.30 IU/mL) with 10−6 ppm B and 10−3 ppm Ca. The maximum laccase activity (653.5 IU/mL) was observed with 10−6 ppm Cu. This is the first report on nitrogen sources and trace elements effect on ligninolytic enzymes production of Grammothele. The results will facilitate research to understand the nature of the fungus and to increase its enzymes production under controlled conditions.

Bacterial and Biodeterioration Analysis of the Waterlogged Wooden Lacquer Plates from the Nanhai No. 1 Shipwreck

To protect the lacquer plates from the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck from being corroded by microorganisms, a series of studies were conducted on the four water-stored samples. The water samples were collected from the vessel where the lacquerware was stored in June and December 2017. In our study, high-throughput sequencing was conducted to reveal predominant bacterial communities. Then, three different media were used to isolate the dominant bacteria, and the 16S rRNA genes were sequenced. Next, we tested the degradation activity of lignin and cellulose by the isolated bacterial strains. After being cultured on a medium containing carboxylmethylcellulose (CMC), almost all the isolated strains (except Microbacterium sp. NK-NH4, Ochrobactrum sp. NK-NH9, and Bacillus megaterium NK-NH10) showed the capacity for cellulose degradation. In addition, the lignin peroxidase (Lip) and laccase activity of the strains were shown by culturing the strains on one medium with azure and on another medium with Remazol brilliant blue. The results indicated that the Lip activity of all the strains was low, whereas the laccase activity of Microbacterium sp. NK-NH4, Bacillus tequilensis NK-NH5, Bacillus subtilis NK-NH6, Bacillus megaterium NK-NH10, and Bacillus velezensis NK-NH11 was relatively high. Finally, we tested the bacteriostatic efficacy of four biocides—Preventol® D7, BIT 20N, P91, and Euxyl® K100. We found that most strains were sensitive to D7 and 20N, while K100 had almost no impact.

Effect of copper ions on the ligninolytic enzyme complex and the antioxidant enzyme activity in the white-rot fungus Trametes trogii 46

White-rot fungi of the Phylum Basidiomycota are quite promising in ligninolytic enzyme production and the optimization of their synthesis is of particular significance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of enhanced concentration of copper (Cu) ions (25–1000 μg/ml) on the activity of the ligninolytic enzyme complex (laccase, Lac; lignin peroxidase, LiP; Mn-peroxidase, MnP) in Trametes trogii 46, as well as the changes in the antioxidant cell response. All concentrations tested reduced significantly in growth and glucose consumption. Cu ions affected the ligninolytic enzyme activity in a dose dependent manner. Concentrations in the range of 25–100 μg/ml strongly stimulated Lac production (a 5–6-fold increase compared to the control). LiP activity was also induced by Cu, with the peak value being recorded following exposure to 50 μg/ml metal ions. In contrast, the addition of Cu ions had a positive effect on MnP activity at a concentration higher than 100 μg/ml. The maximum enzyme level was achieved at 1000 μg/ml. The results obtained on superoxide dismutase and catalase activities indicated that exposure of T. trogii 46 mycelia to Cu ions promoted oxidative stress. Both enzyme activities were co-ordinately produced with Lac and LiP but not co-ordinately with MnP.

Purification and Characterization of Lignin Peroxidase Isozymes from Humicola grisea (Traaen) and Its Application in Bioremediation of Textile Dyes

PEROXIDASES have numerous important applications in industries and biodegradation of organopollutants , so there is a need to explore more and more sources of enzymes with different characteristics. In the present study, lignin peroxidases (LiPs) producing by fungus Humicola grisea were extracted and purified using gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Protein and heme protein were eluted in different peaks about 6 of these peaks had LiP activity and this is an indication that LiP in H. grisea was isoenzymes. Four of these isoenzymes were characterized regarding their molecular mass, optimum temperature and optimum pH for activity, substrate concentration and effect of some metal ions. The four purified isoenzymes have maximum activities at different temperatures, where optimum temperature for H2 and H4 isoenzyme were at 60 oC, and the optimum temperatures for H1 and H3 were at 40 oC and 30 oC, respectively. The maximum activities of the four isoenzymes were within the acidic range. The different LiP isoenzymes showed different Km and Vmax values representing the varied affinity of the four isoenzymes using veratryl alcohol as a substrate. Km values for H1, H2, H3 and H4 were 5.26, 5.0, 1.3 and 1.4, respectively. While Vmax values for the same isoenzymes were 1.25, 0.8, 0.87 and 1.1, respectively.

The Role of the Lateral Intraparietal Area in (the Study of) Decision Making.

Over the past two decades, neurophysiological responses in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) have received extensive study for insight into decision making. In a parallel manner, inferred cognitive processes have enriched interpretations of LIP activity. Because of this bidirectional interplay between physiology and cognition, LIP has served as fertile ground for developing quantitative models that link neural activity with decision making. These models stand as some of the most important frameworks for linking brain and mind, and they are now mature enough to be evaluated in finer detail and integrated with other lines of investigation of LIP function. Here, we focus on the relationship between LIP responses and known sensory and motor events in perceptual decision-making tasks, as assessed by correlative and causal methods. The resulting sensorimotor-focused approach offers an account of LIP activity as a multiplexed amalgam of sensory, cognitive, and motor-related activity, with a complex and often indirect relationship to decision processes. Our data-driven focus on multiplexing (and de-multiplexing) of various response components can complement decision-focused models and provides more detailed insight into how neural signals might relate to cognitive processes such as decision making.

Pretreatment of cotton stalks by synergistic interaction of Daedalea flavida and Phlebia radiata in co-culture for improvement in delignification and saccharification

Selective lignin degrading white rot fungi Daedalea flavida MTCC 145 (DF-2) and Phlebia radiata MTCC 2791 (PR) interacted synergistically in co-culture to enhance the lignolytic enzymes production during pretreatment of cotton stalks in solid state fermentation. The peak activity of laccase increased to 14.19 ± 0.85 IU g−1 solid on fifteenth day of pretreatment by co-culture, higher than three folds and eight folds to the pretreatment by monoculture of DF-2 and PR respectively. Increase in peak activity of MnP was observed in co-culture compared to its activity in monoculture of PR, whereas additive effect of LiP activity was observed in co-culture. Due to increase in lignolytic activities, lignin degradation increased during pretreatment in co-culture. Lignin degradation was 35.13 ± 1.66% (w/w) after 20 days pretreatment with co-culture. Lignin degradation was 36.29 ± 1.21% (w/w) and 31.02 ± 1.27% (w/w) with DF-2 and PR respectively after 40 days pretreatment, which showed significant reduction of pretreatment time to half in co-culture. The glucose released after enzymatic hydrolysis of 20 days co-culture pretreated cotton stalks 142.88 ± 5.39 mg g−1, was higher than glucose released 117.09 ± 2.26 and 79.21 ± 1.86 mg g−1 from DF-2 and PR pretreated stalks, respectively. Cotton stalks were characterized by FT-IR, SEM, XRD and TGA-DTG to confirm the results.

Cotton Stalk Pretreatment Using Daedalea flavida, Phlebia radiata, and Flavodon flavus: Lignin Degradation, Cellulose Recovery, and Enzymatic Saccharification.

Lignocellulolytic enzyme activities of selective fungi Daedalea flavida MTCC 145 (DF-2), Phlebia radiata MTCC 2791 (PR), and non-selective fungus Flavodon flavus MTCC 168 (FF) were studied for pretreatment of cotton stalks. Simultaneous productions of high LiP and laccase activities by DF-2 during early phase of growth were effective for lignin degradation 27.83±1.25% (w/w of lignin) in 20-day pretreatment. Production of high MnP activity without laccase in the early growth phase of PR was ineffective and delayed lignin degradation 24.93±1.53% in 25days due to laccase production at later phase. With no LiP activity, low activities of MnP and laccase by FF yielded poor lignin degradation 15.09±0.6% in 20days. Xylanase was predominant cellulolytic enzyme produced by DF-2, resulting hemicellulose as main carbon and energy source with 83% of cellulose recovery after 40days of pretreatment. The glucose yield improved more than two fold from 20-day DF-2 pretreated cotton stalks after enzymatic saccharification.

Clinical Utility of Diagnostic Laboratory Tests in Dogs with Acute Pancreatitis: A Retrospective Investigation in a Primary Care Hospital.

BackgroundAcute pancreatitis (AP) occurs frequently in dogs, but most previous studies examining the diagnosis of AP have used data from secondary care hospitals.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the clinical utility of diagnostic laboratory tests in dogs with AP in a primary care hospital.AnimalsSixty‐four dogs with clinical signs suggestive of AP diagnosed with nonpancreatic disease (NP) or AP.MethodsMedical records were retrospectively reviewed, including diagnostic laboratory tests considered potentially useful in the diagnosis of AP. The diagnostic accuracy of amylase and FUJI DRI‐CHEM lipase (FDC lip) were investigated using receiver operating characteristics (ROC). In addition, we verified whether diagnostic laboratory tests were useful for evaluating duration of hospitalization and as biomarkers for monitoring recovery.ResultsActivities of amylase and FDC lip were significantly higher in the AP group than in the NP group (P = .001, P < .001, respectively). The sensitivity of FDP lip activity for diagnosing AP was 100% (95% confidence interval [CI], 87.7–100%); the specificity was 89.5% (95% CI, 66.9–98.7%). Area under the ROC curve for FDC lip activity was 0.98 (95% CI, 0.93–1). High alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was associated with extended duration of hospitalization (P = .04). A significant difference in C‐reactive protein (CRP) concentration before and 5 days after treatment was found (P = .001).Conclusions and clinical importanceMeasurement of FDC lip activity appears useful for diagnosing AP. High ALT activity might be associated with prolonged duration of hospitalization, and CRP might be useful as a biomarker for monitoring recovery from AP.

Ligninolytic Enzymes Produced by Gliomastix sp. in an Organic Waste Medium

Ligninolytic enzymes are extracelluler enzymes that have many benefit on multiple industrial department. Its can result from Gliomastix sp. This study was aimed to determine the effect of temperature and pH on the activity of Ligninolytic enzymes by Gliomastix sp. T3.7 that grow on multiple organic waste . Ligninolytic enzymes was measured with spectrofotometer UV-Vis Boeco S22. The result showed that Gliomastix sp. T3.7 potentially produce the ligninolytic enzymes like as laccase, LiP and MnP. The optimum laccase activity ( 1,765 U/ml) detected on sugarcane baggase waste, pH 6 and temperature of 350C . The optimum LiP activity (8,088U/ml) detected on corn cobs, pH 5 and 350C, whereas the optimum MnP activity (0,964 U/ml) detected on sugarcane baggase too. Its optimum on pH 4 and 250C. Gliomastix sp. T3.7 on sugarcane bagasse, pH 6 and 350C, agensia potentially used as remediation on a variety of industry pollution.

LIP activity in the interstimulus interval of a change detection task biases the behavioral response.

When looking around at the world, we can only attend to a limited number of locations. The lateral intraparietal area (LIP) is thought to play a role in guiding both covert attention and eye movements. In this study, we tested the involvement of LIP in both mechanisms with a change detection task. In the task, animals had to indicate whether an element changed during a blank in the trial by making a saccade to it. If no element changed, they had to maintain fixation. We examine how the animal's behavior is biased based on LIP activity prior to the presentation of the stimulus the animal must respond to. When the activity was high, the animal was more likely to make an eye movement toward the stimulus, even if there was no change; when the activity was low, the animal either had a slower reaction time or maintained fixation, even if a change occurred. We conclude that LIP activity is involved in both covert and overt attention, but when decisions about eye movements are to be made, this role takes precedence over guiding covert attention.