Abstract
The effect of different organic, inorganic nitrogen sources and trace elements on growth and ligninolytic enzymes production by Grammothele fuligo has been investigated. Amongst all the nitrogen compounds used, the most favourable for growth was ammonium oxalate. It showed maximum Lignin Peroxidase activity (80.6 IU/mL) with ammonium chloride. The optimum Manganese Peroxidase activity (4.13 IU/mL) was observed with ammonium acetate. DL-alanine served as the best organic nitrogen source for the growth. The highest MnP (36.7 IU/mL) and laccase (3921.5 IU/mL) activities were revealed in medium supplemented by DL-tryptophan. However, their positive effects on enzyme accumulation were due to a higher biomass production. The higher concentrations of trace elements were found to be fungistatic for its growth viz. B, Co, Cu, Fe (400 ppm) and Co (100 ppm). It exhibited maximum LiP activity (456.9 IU/mL) with 10−3 ppm Fe and MnP activity (3.30 IU/mL) with 10−6 ppm B and 10−3 ppm Ca. The maximum laccase activity (653.5 IU/mL) was observed with 10−6 ppm Cu. This is the first report on nitrogen sources and trace elements effect on ligninolytic enzymes production of Grammothele. The results will facilitate research to understand the nature of the fungus and to increase its enzymes production under controlled conditions.
Highlights
Many studies have proved that the nature and composition of culture medium regulate ligninolytic enzymes production by white rot fungi (Abdel-Azeem and Salem 2012)
Many white rot fungi produce an extracellular laccase under commonly adopted ligninolytic conditions
Studies have been conducted to select new species of white rot fungi for their overproduction to be used at large scale for industrial use such as in detergents, food, feed, pharmaceutical and biofuel (Bonugli-Santosa et al 2010; Mtui 2012)
Summary
Many studies have proved that the nature and composition of culture medium regulate ligninolytic enzymes production by white rot fungi (Abdel-Azeem and Salem 2012). Many white-rot fungi exhibit significant effect of essential heavy metals such as Cu, Cd, Mn or Zn on their growth, reproduction and other metabolic functions (Chiu et al 1998; Gabriel et al 1996). The essential metals are relatively less toxic than heavy metals and increase the growth rate of fungi when present at low concentrations (Falih 1997, 1998). It seems that low concentrations of essential heavy metals are necessary for the development of the ligninolytic enzyme system (Périé and Gold 1991; Perez and Jeffries 1992; Singhal and Rathore 2001).
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