Research Methods In Linguistics Research Articles

Methods for studying variation in partitives

Abstract In the last sixty years, starting with the method of introspection to judge the acceptability of linguistic data, research methods in linguistics have become more varied and more sophisticated. This also holds for studies on partitivity. In this paper various methods are presented that have recently been used in the literature to study variation in the linguistic expression and the use of partitive constructions and partitive elements in Romance, Germanic and some other languages, language varieties and dialects. It is argued that different types of research call for adapted methods. It is shown that the use of different methods may lead to different results, although this is not always the case. The overview presented in this paper reveals that in recent years much progress has been made in the study of variation in partitives.

Actual Problems of Cognitive Linguistics at the Present Stage

This article is devoted to the study of the historical and scientific prerequisites for the formation of a young, developing, and at the same time controversial and controversial scientific branch of linguistics - cognitive linguistics. The goals, object and subject of research in this field of knowledge are determined by theoretical and methodological principles that are formed on the basis of the cognitive-oriented work of Kazakh and foreign linguists. The continuation of the research traditions of cognitive linguistics, which is gaining popularity among Kazakh researchers, is noted. The theoretical and scientific basis of the research are such linguistic areas as frame and conceptual semantics, prototypical semantics, the theory of relevance (or linguistic emphasis), the theory of cognitive models and cognitive metaphor, the theory of mental spaces. Special attention is paid to the problems of the English language in comparison with other language groups, which creates difficulties in linguists relying on traditional approaches to the study of the language system. The identified specific features in the use of English prepositions, modal verbs, the use of participles, the category of voice, tense, aspect, mood, as well as some difficulties in coordinating tenses lead researchers to the need to use linguo-cognitive methods of cognition. The establishment of a close and complex relationship between language and the process of thinking, cognition is accepted as an evidence-based advantage of the study. The data obtained as a result of the analysis are based on logical, deductive, comparative linguistic research methods. The tools used to assess the current problems of modern cognitive linguistics can be of applied significance and be used in international scientific communities to improve approaches to language learning. The scientific and practical significance of this study lies in the search for possible ways and implementation of identification opportunities, as well as a comprehensive study of the most pressing problems, reflecting the urgent need for further development of this scientific field.

Neologisms and borrowings in media texts

INTRODUCTION. The use of neologisms in modern mass media reflects the active process of changing language and speech, the vocabulary reflects people’s desire for faster communication and accelerates the transformation of language rhythm and words, which requires studying the d ynamism of language based on neologisms. The purpose of the study is to determine the role of neologisms and borrowings in media texts in the modern period.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The research materials are the newspapers Argumenty i Fakty, Vedomosti, Izvestia, Kommersant, Komsomolskaya Pravda, Moskovsky Komsomolets, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Expert and Forbes magazines). The methods of linguistic research are used, namely: collection, systematization and generalization, semantic analysis, contextual analysis, interpretative analysis, method of describing lexical innovations.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Neologisms are directly related to the modern active processes of changing the Russian language picture. Comprehension of the objects of the surrounding reality and the development of the nominated real and virtual objects, processes, phenomena are reflected with the help of neologisms that create a unique picture of the world for the Russian media space, which is reflected in oral and written speech in the era of digitalization (digitalization). It is difficult to answer the question of whether positive or negative trends manifest themselves with the entry of new words into the Russian language.CONCLUSION. There are five main theories that define the definition of the term “neologism”, and three reasons for the appearance of neologisms and borrowings in modern media texts: fashion, foreign influence and social need. It is proved that the processes of globalization and the development of technology contribute to the fact that the language is expanding due to the appearance of neologisms. It is the lexical composition of the Russian language that is characterized by such processes as the expansion and narrowing of the semantics of the word, which is reflected in the processes of neology.

Text, Discourse, Dicteme, Language Personality as Basic Concepts of Text Linguistics

The study is devoted to the consideration of the terms, which are the most frequently used and significant for the formation of meaning in linguistics. The relevance of the study is, on the one hand, determined by the variety of approaches to their definition and interpretation, and, on the other hand, by the necessity to specify them to facilitate academic communication and linguistic analysis. The purpose of this work is to consider a number of such concepts and substantiate our approach to them and their interpretation. The study uses both general theoretical and linguistic research methods. Particular attention is paid to phenomenological analysis while considering the terms themselves, as well as semantic, categorical-constitutive, positional and pragmatic analysis while studying empirical material. There are considered the concepts of text, discourse, dicteme as a text unit, language personality of an author, or a narrator and a reader/listener. The article analyzes differences between the text and discourse concepts. The work substantiates heuristic potential of a dicteme as a minimum text unit. The dicteme is studied both - from elementary and holistic approaches, as a fractal that forms the space of the whole text according to synergistic laws. The study emphasizes the ideological role of a linguistic personality both at the stages of creation and consumption of a text. There is carried out a linguistic analysis of an English literary text in order to identify denotative and conceptual information in its ideological and aesthetic manifestation in it. The study highlights the role of strong positions of text in the transfer of conceptual information and considers the function of influence in an artistic and media works, which, in the first case, is mainly emotive in nature, and, in the second, manipulative. It underlines the interdependence of the conceptual priorities of the creator and consumer of a media text.

LINGUISTICS OF COLOR AS A KEY TO UNDERSTANDING THE FIGURATIVE STRUCTURE OF A LITERARY TEXT

The article is devoted to the linguistics of color as an urgent general method of linguistic research into color and as instruments of translation of texts containing terms of color (words with a color component). The problems of such translation are presented in the article against the background of theoretic aspects of linguistics of color as a sphere of contemporary linguistic studies. The linguistics of color is represented as a widely elaborated sphere of linguistic knowledge which has its worked-out notable directions, research institutions and a range of investigating problems. The basic concepts of the linguistics of color are analyzed from the perspective of pragmatics and are embodied into the practice of translation. Linguistics of color’s critical apparatus is considered on the basis of linguistic colorimetry as a collection of particular methods contributing to understanding and translation of texts with color terms. The comprehension of color terms and possibilities of their translation depend on determining their role in the lexical systems of both the source and target languages and their place in the linguistic worldviews. Results. The experience of color terms research concentrated in the linguistics of color and embodied in the linguistic colorimetry’s critical apparatus creates possibilities (on the basis of linguistic colorimetry methods and methods of contrastive analysis) for working out different ways of translating this lexical class. The results of the research consist in disclosure of complicated moments of texts with terms of color, the describing of translation’s problems, the compiling of recommendations as to how to deal with the terms of color and eliminate the translation problems and create a natural linguistic environment in the translated text. Conclusions. The elimination of translation problems can be reached by using critical apparatus of linguistic colorimetry. This apparatus of disclosure of ethnic color priorities and ethnic color inclinations was created in the linguistics of color and concentrated in the linguistic colorimetry. The linguistic colorimetry based on linguistics of color is a useful collection of methods and recommendations. It is an effective mechanism contributing to the practice of understanding and translation of the figurative structure of lexical units with color components.

THE STRATEGIES OF ARGUMENTATION IN POLITICAL SPEECHES

Background. Political discourse is the most value-oriented of other types of discourse. The most compelling political arguments during the presidential campaigns include four key criteria: democracy, moral persuasion, social questions and ideological problems. The current political discourse presents characterizations of events from the standpoint of individual values, party values, and personal interests. In this case, the concept of political/ideological characterizations is associated with a system of values, which determine the position of the subject of speech. Nowadays, argumentation is studied by a special method – the theory of argumentation, but at the same time it becomes an interest for linguistic research, because argumentation exists only in one of the forms of speeches.
 The purpose. Is to characterize the specific linguo-stylistic features of political speeches, identify the argumentation tools in the politicians’ speeches and analyze the ways and peculiarities of their translation, which help translators to preserve the completeness of the content and transmit the argumentation tools into the translation of political texts from English into Ukrainian.
 Methods. The following linguistic research methods were used in our study: descriptive method to describe the characteristics of argumentation tools and their equivalents, which were studied and comparative method to make comparisons between argumentation tools in source and target languages. 
 Results. The functional specificity of political discourse in relation to other types of discourse is manifested in its basic instrumental function (the struggle for power). At the same time, political discourse, along with religious and advertising, is included in the group of discourses for which the regulatory function is leading, since it emphasizes the role of language in regulating the behavior of the. The main function of political discourse is to use it as an instrument of political power. Political communication performs the function of an intermediary link, often replacing physical violence itself and makes possible changes in society towards ordering, paves the way for compromises, making facts and arguments well-known for public. Various lexico-stylistic devices, figures and tropes emphasize the language of a political leader and have a direct impact on the image of politicians. It turned out that the main ones are: extensive usage of colloquial and slang vocabulary and composite words. We discovered the following stylistic figures: antithesis, inversion, ellipsis, parceling, repetitions and rhetorical questions. The most frequently used among them were repetitions, rhetorical questions and parceling. 
 Discussion. The dominant aspect of the political discourse is the concept of value, which must be reproduced in the translated political text, taking into account the value hierarchy of different cultures. Translation includes several stages: first translator should understand and clearly explore what he/she translates, analyze (if the original text causes difficulties), and after that choose appropriate means of expression in the target language.The investigation of different lexico-stylistic devices, types of preservation of argumentation in the translation of political speeches of American politicians is not exhaustive and requires further study by structural, grammatical and morphological analysis.

PECULIARITIES OF THE MILITARY TERMINOLOGY RENDERING INTO UKRAINIAN

Objective. The objective of the article is a study of the peculiarities of reproducing military terminology into Ukrainian. Methods. Solving the tasks is carried out by means of such methods as: methods of theoretical research – analytical review, generalisation and specification; methods of empirical research – observation, comparison, analogy and comparative analysis; methods of linguistic research – comparative; methods of structural analysis; comparative linguistic method. Results. One of the defining features of military translation is its requirement for accuracy and precision. In military affairs, even the slightest misinterpretation or mistranslation can have dire consequences. Whether it is a tactical order on the battlefield, a diplomatic agreement, or intelligence reports, the integrity of the translated content is paramount. A translation error in a military context can jeopardize personnel safety, mission success, or even national security. Special terminology is another feature of military translation. Features of the reproduction of military terminology cover a wide range of tasks, each of which determines the uniqueness of this field. The first and main challenge lies in the diversity and complexity of the terminology itself. Military language is full of technical terms, abbreviations, slang, and jargon that can be confusing to those unfamiliar with these intricacies. In this regard, one of the key features of the reproduction of military terminology is the need for a deep understanding of the subject by linguists and specialists. Their language skills must be complemented by a deep understanding of military tactics, equipment, procedures and culture. Cultural sensitivity is another challenge that distinguishes military terminology from other fields of linguistics. The same military term can have radically different connotations in different cultures and languages. Understanding these subtleties is essential to preventing diplomatic blunders and ensuring respectful and effective communication in a multinational context. This is an extraordinary challenge that goes beyond simple linguistic expertise, requiring deep knowledge of global cultures and their complex intersection with military operations. The translational aspect of military terminology adds another layer of complexity to its reproduction, because it is not fully researched. That is why, when applying the universal model to specific military texts, translators should focus on maintaining the appropriate style and adequately conveying the vocabulary of the analysed terminology.

PECULIARITIES OF USING ENGLISH NEOLOGISMS IN PUBLICISTIC STYLE

The article focuses on examining neologisms within the texts published by the prominent British newspaper “The Guardian”, specifically spanning the period between 2022 and 2023. It explores the concept of neologism and elucidates its defining characteristics.
 One of the primary objectives of the paper lies in delving into the complex realm of neologisms, that is terms that are freshly coined or introduced into a language. By unfolding the defining characteristics of neologisms, the study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of these linguistic phenomena.
 The article employs linguistic research methods in order to analyze contemporary landscape of media discourse at a lexical level. These methods play an important role in pinpointing particular instances of neologisms that have recently emerged in both written and spoken language. Moreover, the study investigates the way these newly coined terms function within media texts and uncovers their specific nuances and usage patterns. The paper highlights that the diverse origins demonstrate the influence exerted by both intralinguistic factors within the language system itself as well as extra-linguistic factors on the genesis and dissemination of these novel lexical units.
 The study analyzes the identified newly coined terms and classifies them into separate lexical and semantic. This classification enables a comprehensive study that reveals a deeper understanding of their nuanced semantics and complex connections with contemporary social and political processes. By contributing to the differentiation of neologisms into specific groups, this paper enriches the understanding and contextualization of new terms in the media environment.

Pragmatics of the Language of Law

Introduction. The starting point of the reasoning that makes up the content of this article is the proposition that law is, first of all, a text. The nature and structure of the legal text, as well as the possession of a specific set of words, determined its ability to influence in a special way the consciousness, psyche and behavior of a person. Here we are talking about the connection between the language of law and the phenomenon of NLP, i. e. neuro-linguistic programming. Theoretical Basis. Methods. This article used general scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, systematization. In addition, the author turned to linguistic research methods. The judgments and conclusions formulated in the article were based on the achievements of phenomenology, psychology and analytical philosophy. Results. The language of law belongs to the category of artificial languages. It is a means for positing what should be as a result of the will and consciousness of subjects participating in the formation and establishment of prohibitions and permissions in objective reality. The structure of the language of law and its composition are characterized by such features that allowed the author of the article to substantiate its relationship with the phenomenon of neuro-linguistic programming. Discussion and Conclusion. Based on the results of a study of the relationship between the language of law and the phenomenon of neuro-linguistic programming, it was concluded that the language of law, in comparison with other natural and artificial languages, is primarily characterized by such a property as pragmatics, i. e., a targeted, programmed influence on the psyche and human behavior in order to form a world of law that is most adequate to the value system of society and the individual.

Этнические стереотипы в материалах сайта CNN в 2011-2022 гг.

The paper presents the results of a linguistic study of ethnic stereotypes, which was conducted using the material of CNN publications posted on the English-language website in 2011-2022. The aim of the research is to determine the evaluative orientation of ethnic stereotypes that receive linguistic objectification in CNN articles and videos during the specified period. The scientific novelty of the work is determined by the fact that, based on the analysis of linguistic material, the evaluative characteristics of ethnic groups that have become the subject of description in the mass media have been identified and their typical behavior patterns have been verified. Using linguistic research methods, the authors of the paper have obtained scientifically confirmed data suggesting that the repeatability of assessments, including those explicated through keywords, forms a stereotype as a mental image and makes it accessible to the perception of a linguistic personality. The research findings show that the negative characteristics of ethnic groups were more frequently actualized in CNN materials during these years, which corresponds to the generally accepted scientific thesis about the predominance of negative assessments in heterostereotypes. Along with the successful interaction of representatives of different countries in such spheres of life as tourism, fashion, sports, the growth of interethnic tensions in political communication contributed to the formation of a negative image of “strangers” in the worldview of US citizens, as evidenced by value judgments recorded in linguistic form in the media texts.

VOCABULARY OF THE MIDDLE BUG AREA DIALECTS IN THE DIALECT DICTIONARY

The article presents a fragment of the “Dictionary of the dialects of the Middle Bug area”. The object of the study is agricultural vocabulary documented in the dialects of the Middle Bug area. The subject of the study is the organization of this lexical layer in the dialect dictionary. The sources of the factual material are audio recordings of vernacular speech with a total duration of 205 hours 54 min. 13 s., made in 74 settlements of the Middle Bug area during the period of 2014–2016. The article uses general scientific methods of research: analysis, synthesis and observation, which made it possible to identify and systematize the dialect material; the descriptive method was used in the analysis of vernacular speech. Special linguistic research methods: questionnaires and interviews contributed to the documenting of dialect speech, contextual and interpretive analysis allowed to identify transformations of the semantic scope of lexemes functioning in the speech of speakers of the MiddleBug dialects, linguogeographical method made it possible to illustrate the areology of the documented names. The article describes the structure of a dictionary entry and presents a fragment of the “Dictionary of the dialects of the Middle Bug area”. The register lexemes are marked with letter abbreviations of the names of the examined settlements and with the references to the “Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language” (1982–2012), the “Eleven-volume Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language” (1970–1980), the “Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language edited by B. D. Hrinchenko” (1907), and the “Dictionary of Ukrainian Dialects of Odesa Region” edited by O. I. Bondar (2011) if the respective word is documented as a dialectism in the above lexicographic sources. In order to reveal the semantics of a register word and describe in more detail the specifics of the Middle Bug area dialects, sentences and microtexts of dialect speech with the obligatory indication of the settlement where they were recorded have been added. The peculiarities of pronunciation are reflected and illustrative material is presented using the general phonetic transcription for recording Ukrainian literary and dialect speech, which is proposed in the first volume of the “Atlas of the Ukrainian Language”. The analyzed lexical material emphasizes the originality of the Middle Bug area dialects, as evidenced by pronounced lexical, phonetic and, less often, accentual and grammatical variants of dialect names.

BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE THEORY OF REAL MONOIDIOM DESCRIPTION

The article deals with the description of the linguistics of speech and its theoretical justification can be based on the main conceptual principles of the metalanguage of monosyllabic description, which includes the main concepts of the theory of real description. Metalanguage is used in applied linguistics to describe other natural languages, and, in the author’s opinion, individual utterances as well. In idiomology as a science of speech, linguistic data constitute a certain monosyllabic linguarie, which distinguishes the metalanguage of its description from dialectological or other types of linguistic terminology, thereby positioning the specificity of describing speech as a real language system in the context of highly organized conceptual approaches to the language system. The problems of metalanguage monosyllabic description are outlined, which are in the lens of modern theoretical and methodological linguistic paradigms, because metalanguage is also considered the language of linguistics, which is characterized by a complete set and classification of linguistic knowledge. At the same time, the concept of metalanguage is expanded in dialectology and specified in the context of linguistics, focusing on the monosyllabic description of speech. The novelty of the speech description lies in the fact that it is based on a monosyllabic linguarie, which is a complex process of scientific and cognitive activity in the modern linguistic paradigm. The metalanguage of monosyllabic description needs to update the system of basic principles and special methods of linguistic research, the methodology of speech description according to a clearly planned organization and research apparatus. The emphasis on the importance of the analysis of colloquialism lies in the composition of the metalanguage of the monosyllabic description, which contains central and universal categories that can be used in the study of various language systems: general linguistic terms and concepts (speaker, colloquial speaker), as well as supplemented and clarified methodological concepts of the monosyllabic linguistic description: spoken community, spoken com- munication, spoken language. A complete presentation of the metalanguage of the monolingual description of the linguarium can be seen in the glossary of the metalanguage of the description for the speech language system.

Professional diplomatic language in the Ukrainian-British and Ukrainian-German international agreements at the turn of the XX – XXI centuries

The paper analyzes the peculiarities of the use of the professional language of diplomacy in the Ukrainian-German and Ukrainian-British agreements at the turn of the XX - XXI centuries. International relations is a sphere of social activity in which language is formed in the diplomatic professional field. Diplomatic protocol requires compliance with certain rules and regulations. The objective of the study is to highlight the main components of the professional language of diplomacy based on the analysis of diplomatic texts of interstate agreements. An important element is the interpretation of diplomatic ideas through the prism of the linguistic dimension. The paper is not just a linguistic analysis of the text, but a comparative analysis of the key elements of the diplomatic style of speech, typical for the Ukrainian-German and Ukrainian-British agreements. A combination of dialectical and synergetic scientific and philosophical methodology was successfully used to achieve the set tasks. Due to the structural and typological methods of linguistic research, the tasks set for the classification of diplomatic texts have been achieved. Thus, the study of the components of professional diplomatic language is relevant in modern scientific and linguistic discourse, as it enables studying philological aspects and at the same time is useful for understanding the essence of international politics.

The functions of toponyms in the works by K. F. Zhakov

Introduction. In Finno-Ugric studies, as well as in Komi linguistics, the language of fiction is insufficiently studied, including the functions of toponyms in prose. At the beginning of the XX century in Russia, the writer Kallistrat Falaleevich Zhakov was widely known. At the same time, he also studied Komi and Finno-Ugric linguistics. The onomastic material of the works by K. F. Zhakov has not yet attracted the attention of researchers of his works, although toponymic vocabulary plays a special role in the artistic picture of the writer’s world. Materials and Methods. The research is based on the books by K. F. Zhakov “To the North, in search of Pam Bur-Mort” and “Through the system of life”. When writing the article, traditional methods of linguistic research, used in the analysis of toponyms, were applied: descriptive, comparative-historical, semantic, etc. Results and Discussion. The research value of the works is based on the fact that the geographical names of K. F. Zhakov artistic and semantic meaning of the connection with the past and eternal, present and future spiritual space of the North. The geographical environment determines the entire structure and storylines of the books. The action in them directly depends on the spatial movements of the hero, and the toponyms form the core of travel. The works can be considered as a single autobiographical text. “To the North, in search of Pam Bur-Mort” and “Through the system of life” are the books of wanderings. The main rhythm of the story is created by geographical names. The article presents oikonyms, oronyms and hydronyms from two works of the writer. Conclusion. In the texts of two works of fiction by K. F. Zhakov analyzed in this paper, real toponyms perform two main functions: informative and artistic-symbolic.

Adolphe Nourrit is singer of the July Revolution

The subject of the article is the socio-cultural and religious-philosophical views of the greatest French tenor of the XIX century, Adolphe Nurrit (1802-1839). His stage work was carried out at the Paris Opéra, and during the July Revolution of 1830 he performed revolutionary songs, supporting and inspiring compatriots to fight for freedom. Considering Nurrit's creative portrait and revolutionary agitator activity in the 1830s, the author focuses on his commitment to the ideas of sentimonism, in particular, on the desire to deepen the religious and moral role of theater in society. The singer's spiritual quest can be characterized by relying on various historical evidence – doctrinal positions of the sentimonists, comments from eyewitnesses, articles in newspapers, letters from Nurrit himself. The methodological strategy of the research is based on socio-historical and socio-cultural approaches. A large array of historical sources attracted by the author consists of literature in foreign languages, work with which involves linguistic research methods. The combination of different approaches and reliance on reliable historical sources makes it possible to achieve scientific novelty: Nurrit was first described as a singer of the Revolution, which left a deep imprint on his artistic appearance, religious and moral views and plans for practical implementation. The presented portrait of Nurri as an adept of the sentimonistic idea of the sacred mission of the artist and the religious and educational function of the theater is new for musicology. As a result of the undertaken research, Nurrit's deep involvement in the socio-cultural life of France becomes obvious, and his artistry stands out as a special artistic phenomenon due to the unprecedented emotional impact of the artist on his contemporaries. The materials, observations and conclusions presented in the article will find application in historical musicology and will be useful to modern opera performers.

Дискурсивные маркеры категории адресованности в англоязычных новостных медиатекстах

The aim of the research is to determine the discursive markers of the category of addressing of modern English-language news media texts within the framework of the discursive-dictemic model of communication. The research is novel in that it is the first to identify the discursive markers of the category of addressing on the basis of the proposed discursive-dictemic model of media communication, which consists of three equally dependent, repetitive sequences of components: linguistic personality – discourse – dicteme (text) – linguistic personality – ... The use of this model in the analysis of practical material made it possible to expand the boundaries of linguistic research methods and take into account both textual (dictemic) and discursive characteristics of news media texts, as well as the specifics of speech formation (speech generation). As a result, it has been found that the category of addressing, inextricably linked with the linguistic personality of both the addressee and the addresser of the message, is represented in the communicative strategy of bringing closer / distancing (identification) and is expressed in media texts (dictemes) by explicit, implicit and explicit-implicit discursive markers. Explicit markers include conversational elements of communication, implicit discursive markers are represented by certain grammatical constructions, while iconic components and graphic language means serve as explicit-implicit discursive markers.

On the perception of science by Poles: corpus-based descriptive study of public consultation data

This descriptive study, conducted using corpus linguistic research methods, examines the ways the Polish public perceives science. Starting from selected assumptions of Critical Discourse Analysis and the Linguistic Picture of the World, whereby language is seen primarily as a social practice and as a carrier of knowledge, opinions, beliefs and attitudes, we analyse the data obtained during public consultations on science communication which were held in 2019 in Poland, as part of the CONCISE project. The combined quantitative and qualitative analyses focus on selected collocations of a high-frequency noun nauka (‘science’) and aim to identify patterns of reference and agency within the discourse.The findings revealed citizens’ expectations concerning science, including its clarity,accessibility, understandability, visibility and credibility.

Ценностные ориентиры сервисной коммуникации

The purpose of the study is to determine the value orientations of service communication and describe the axiological components of this type of institutional discourse. During the research, 217 texts of service communication were analyzed, including advertising messages of service companies, customer feedback, as well as information resources of websites. General scientific and linguistic research methods were used: observation, comparison and description; linguistic and extra-linguistic approaches to the lexical material, discourse analysis, contextual analysis, interpretive-contextual and lexico-semantic test analysis. 
 On the basis of the studied material three groups of values were identified, among which are natural values, determined by human standards of life, morality and ethics; pragmatic values associated with the service activity itself, the services and products produced; artificial values, positioned by service companies in connection with advertising practices and the need to attract customers.

The role of Nicolo Grimaldi (Nicolini) in the Italian opera development in London in the early 18th century

The subject of the research is the artistic phenomenon of Nicolo Grimaldi, an outstanding Italian operatic castrato of the early 18th century. The author examines the creative biography and focuses on the analysis of the stage skills of the singer, who set the bar high for dramatic art in England. Nicolo Grimaldi (1673–1732) became famous under the pseudonym Nicolini (or Nicolino). His name became widely known thanks to the legendary performances on the stage of the Royal Theater in London in 1708–1712 and 1715–1717. The reconstruction of the vocal-dramatic profile of the singer, based on reliable historical sources, required to employ a comprehensive methodology, including historical, cultural and linguistic research methods. Information about Nicolini’s life and work has been still unknown to the Russian musical community and is being published in Russian for the first time. Various sources of information about Nicolini have been preserved: music-critical reviews in London newspapers, scores and librettos of operas, essays, letters and memoirs of contemporaries who testified to the character of the artist’s vocal and acting skills. They served as material for a historical and biographical analysis, the results of which will be of interest to both practicing singers and researchers of Italian baroque opera. The historical significance of Nicolini lies in the fact that, as an excellent singer and actor, he influenced the strengthening and development of Italian opera in the early period of its existence in London.

Folklore in Social Networks (Using the Example of Twitter and Telegram)

Folklore is a very old phenomenon that has undergone great changes over the entire period of its existence. The telecommunications revolution has significantly changed our lives, and folklore has undergone the same changes, which has penetrated into the space of digital communications, social networks. This actualized the study of this topic in modern linguistic science. In accordance with the high relevance of this topic, folklore in social networks such as Twitter and Telegram became the object of the article's research. In the course of the work, general scientific methods of induction, deduction, synthesis, abstraction were used, as well as particular methods of linguistic research – descriptive method, typological method, method of formalization and method of logical comparison. Through the conducted research, it was found out that modern folklore has moved into the field of digital communications, where it has been actively developed, many new forms of folklore and channels for its dissemination have appeared. The results of the work can be used as a theoretical basis containing a systematic range of works on folklore, as well as as a basis for practical application when working in the field of Internet communications, public relations, mass media, journalism. Along with the development of society, language also develops, new forms of expression appear, thanks to the mass media it has become much easier to create and distribute them. Folklore is no exception in this sense – it has become one of the means of communication, expression of emotions to describe the current situation on the Internet, the pandemic is a vivid result of that. It has become the main theme of modern folklore since 2020.