Linguistic Facts Research Articles

О семантике глагольной приставки о-/об- в русских народных говорах (на материале лексики, номинирующей нарушения сознания)

The article examines the system of meanings of the verbal prefix o-/ob- as participating in the formation of dialectal denominations of consciousness disorders. In the course of study, the lexical data were divided depending on the nature of the motivating word stem. O-/ob- denominal and verbal derivatives were also divided into subgroups. Certain types of semantic relations between the original word and the derivative were studied within the subgroups. The meanings of the affix identified on the basis of the standard language data are mostly relevant to dialect vocabulary; however, the noted models often turn out to be more productive in vernacular dialects: the meaning ‘to become like the object named by the motivating stem’ (c. f. the standard language word okamenе́t’, i. e., to become like a stone ‘because of surprise, fear, etc., to freeze’) is embodied in the Northern ostolо́pit’sya (because of fright, amazement, etc.), which means to ‘become like a stolо́p’, i.e., a pillar (Novg., Leningr., Zaonezh., Olon., North., Kalin.), in the Yaroslav., Olon. ostozhít’ ‘to become motionless because of fright, amazement, etc.’ (‘to become like a hay stack’), etc. In cases of de-etymologization of the inner form, we propose an interpretation of the linguistic fact. For example, the Arkh. lexeme oburе́t’ (obyrе́t’) ‘to come to one’s senses’ is referred to the subgroup of the perfectivation meaning (bring to an end) since there should be restored the prefix ob- and the root -vyr- (with the general meaning of a positive internal change) (c. f. the Tver., Novg. word vyrе́t’ ‘get used to, acquire skills in something’). The root has undergone transformations on the morphemic seam. The ‘activation’ of different meanings of the prefix during word formation leads to the polarization: the Olon. obumе́t’ ‘to go out of mind, to become stupid, to become forgetful’ and the Murman. obumе́t’ ‘to get smart’.

КОГНИТИВНАЯ КАРТИНА МИРА В ИДЕОЛОГИЧЕСКОМ РАКУРСЕ СТАТЕЙ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОГО СЛОВАРЯ (на материале первого издания энциклопедии «Русский язык»)

The authors analyze the conceptual apparatus of the first edition of the encyclopedia “The Russian language” in cognitive aspect. The aim of the work is to reveal the role of ideology in the formation of the official portrait of linguistic science in the 1970s and to determine its influence on presentation and description of scientific terms. The study uses the method of contextual analysis, logical-semantic, historical-linguistic, cognitive modeling methods. The most important articles-ideologems from the point of view of the cognitive world view are considered: “History of the Russian literary language”, “Culture of language”, “Journalistic style”, “Russian language”, “Language and society”, etc. They allow to recreate the metacultural connections of a specific historical time and to identify ways of forming an ideologized context. The study showed that the transformation of the cognitive world view in Soviet science can be carried out without nominatively expressed references to ideological attitudes. And, conversely, not every reference to ideological formulas distorts the scientific model of reality. The results obtained can be used in the theory and practice of compiling dictionaries of terminological units and sociolinguistic dictionaries, in studying cognitive problems of modern scientific discourse. The authors come to the conclusion that the articles of the encyclopedic dictionary form a specific model of ideas about the Russian language, based on the evaluativeness of linguistic facts, the opposition of ideas and the deliberate distortion of reality in the direction of manipulation of concepts.

Технология ньюсджекинга в рекламе: дискурсивная доминанта "COVID-19"

The article is dedicated to a newsjacking as a fairly new media technology that allows you to draw more attention to the promoted product: goods, service, personality, social problem, etc., as well as to ensure standing out from the competitors. The effectiveness of this tool is explained by the following fact: in the wake of the popularity of an event important for a region, country or even the world, and increased attention to it, you can also increase the recognition of your product in the media space. Moreover, situational marketing of this type, as a rule, presupposes a focus of attention towards the current newsworthy events and a high reaction rate to them. In the classic form, a newsworthy event rarely lives longer than five days, but there are also options for a prolonged newsworthy event, the appeal to which can be quite lengthy. COVID-19 became such a relevant “news stream” in 2020. The author analyzes the methods of representing the discursive dominant "COVID-19" in advertising texts, considers tools for ensuring greater attractiveness and effectiveness of advertising campaigns based on appeal to coronavirus topics. The material for the study was more than 60 multi-code advertising texts (video advertising, outdoor advertising, print advertising, product packaging), which are based on an appeal to the discursive dominant "COVID-19". The method of complex linguistic description was used as a basic one, including methods of generalization, interpretation and classification of linguistic facts.

The term tire (dash) in historical-linguistic and lexicographic retrospective

The article is devoted to the study of the Russian term tire (‘dash’) and its parallel names in historiographical, etymological, semantic, functional and lexicographic aspects. The research is based on textual and lexicographic sources dating from the 18th to the 20th century, that allow us to establish the chronology of the term semantics and appearance of its parallel names. The purpose of the article is to clarify and systematize historiographical and etymological information about the term tire, to perform the historical-linguistic analysis of its semantics and functions, starting with the appearance of the first Russian grammars containing elements of a scientific approach to the coverage of linguistic facts. The article uses methods of historical-linguistic, definitional, etymological, semantic and lexicographic analysis. The dash in the function of the sign replacing the omitted parts of the utterance is found in Russian grammatical sources as early as the mid-1840s, but this sign itself does not yet have a name in this period. The terminological nomination tire, which is understood as a punctuation mark, presumably appears for the first time in 1802 in A German Grammar of I. Geym. The first lexicographic recording of the term is fixed in A Pocket book for lovers of reading Russian books… by I. Renovans and is dated 1837, however, in this case it is only about fixing the plan of term expression, but not the plan of its content, since Renovans understands the hyphen as a dash. The plan of term expression and the plan of its content begin to be unambiguously correlated in lexicographic sources, apparently, only in 1863, when in the dictionaries of K. Reif and V. Dahl, the dash in the functional-semantic aspect ceases to be associated with the outwardly similar hyphen. In scientific and theoretical sources, however, confusion continues to take place. The synonymous series including various names of the dash (molchanka as a silence sign, small line, stop sign, line, thought-separating sign) is formed in the period from 1786 to 1831. The term dvoynoye tire (‘double dash’), judging by the results of the study, first occurs in 1902 in the work by A. Pridik, and not in 1955, as previously thought.

К изучению семантико-мотивационных связей лексики со значением отвращения, неприязни

The article discusses the origin of some Russian dialectal lexical units that convey the feelings of disgust and dislike. Applying the method of semantic and motivational reconstruction, the author focuses on mechanisms and models of the development of semantics of negative emotional attitude. The study provides semantic and motivational interpretation of more than 9 dialectal lexical units, including rachit’, glyano, chelyadinnyy, chomkiy, chmyra, chmonitsya, toromko, pritoromko, nazola, etc. When analyzing the given words, in order to prove one or another research decision, the author draws semantic and motivational paral-lels citing words that demonstrate a similar course of the meaning development. For example, for words car-rying the meaning of disgust and dislike, the enantiosemy mechanism was found to be productive, as is the case of the wordrachit’, meaning ‘to disdain’, which the author considers to originate from the meaning ‘to want, desire’. In some cases, where necessary, word-building and etymological remarks are provided. Forlinguistic facts whose etymology is established, the relevant data are provided, commented and, where possible, supplemented by the author of the article. Group semantic and motivational reconstruction allows interpretation of a number of lexical units meaning disgust and dislike with a sufficient degree of complete-ness and argumentativeness. As a result of the study on the semantic and motivational relations of dialect linguistic facts, the article provides a reconstruction of some folk traditional ideas of dislike and disgust, in-formation on folk ideas of ethics and etiquette is given.

Глагол в лексической структуре житийного текста: синтагматический аспект

Using a comprehensive approach to the analysis of linguistic facts, a fragment of the lexi­cal structure of hagiographic text formed by verbal units is characterized. The material for the study consists of hagiographic lives of saints and martyrs from the Synodal edition, which are part of the May cycle of the Menaion Reader. The authors focus on the syntagmatic aspect of the lexical structure of the hagiographic text, manifested in the distribution of lexical units and their collocations. As a result, a quantitative dynamics of verbal units is identified, re­flected in the increase in the proportion of verbs in the part of the hagiography describing the saint’s journey to righteousness. The distribution of verbs throughout the text of different lexical-semantic groups is determined by the type of monastic or martyric asceticism of the saint and the content of the compositional part embodying various hagiographic topoi. The role of lexical repetition in expressing the content of the text is demonstrated. The specificity of hagiographic lives is established, characterized by the use of verbal units whose meaning has evolved through semantic derivation, reflecting the metaphorical reinterpretation of a specific action in a spiritual plane.

Комическая и людическая составляющие в лингвистических задачах

The article analyzes comic and ludic components in compiling linguistic tasks. The paper demonstrates the corresponding tradition in Russian linguistics (I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay, A.A. Zaliznyak, M.V. Panov, K.F. Sedov et al.). The paper contains the latest material from the collections of tasks in the Russian language. These tasks are divided into 6 main headings (topics): The relationship between the name and the subject; Logical rules of classification; Consistency of linguistic facts; Consideration of presuppositions; Ambiguity of words and grammatical forms; Features of communicative situations. Each task is supplied with an answer, which is a detailed scholarly commentary. If several answers are possible, explanation is given as to the preferred option. The conclusion is made that the use of comic and ludic components in linguistic tasks is a promising direction in teaching practices.

Continuity of the lexeme gün “«sun”« in the Book of Korkyt Ata

In the article we define phonological, semantic, grammatical and pragmatic continuity in the modern Kazakh language, based on the study of the historical lexeme «gün» (sun) in the comparative historical aspect of the written monument The Book of Korkut Ata.Historical lexemes are peculiar structures in the main layer of the vocabulary of the modern Kazakh language. They perform a cumulative function from father to son, establishing the ideological features and values of the nation in the world linguistic image. In the historical process, historical lexemes created for certain reasons in certain conditions and tempered over time by consumers of the same language are comprehensively developed in the language environment and still satisfy the communicative needs of consumers. The continuity of linguistic facts of the written monument The Book of Korkut Ata with the Kazakh language is considered. The written monument The Book of Korkut Ata – originated among the Oguz-Kipchak tribes who inhabited the Cheese in the VIII-XIII centuries, fixed such historical lexemes, and spread by word of mouth to all peoples of Turkish origin. Although the correspondence of this Monument to the languages of the Oguz group is high, a small number of works studying phonological, lexico-semantic, pragmatic correspondence to the Kipchak languages indicates the relevance of this article. In general, the The Book of Korkut Ata provides information about everyday life, geographical names, customs, traditions, beliefs, and the history of the entire people. This substantial aspect of language, that is, the description of the linguistic picture of the world generated by cumulative activity, requires consideration of historical facts in accordance with the requirements of modern times. In particular, we determine the level of preservation of the token “«gün”« (sun) in the modern Kazakh language and evaluate the place of the Kazakh language in the historical dictionary. Thus, restoring the nature of the language and the Middle Turkic vocabulary, we will try to determine the specifics of the Middle age Turkic worldview.

Конфессиональная языковая личность и аспекты ее репрезентации в бытовых старообрядческих рукописях

The research aims to prove the validity of studying the confessional language personality (LP) by domestic written monuments and to identify the representational aspects and means of the Old Believers’ worldview. The research material is original texts of two diaries (1915–1923 and 1956–1975) and personal notes (1940–1980) written by the Old Believers’ community members living in the north of Tomsk Oblast. The total lexical volume of these sources is about 15 thousand word usages. The analysis is based on the sociolinguistic portraiture method, which involves describing linguistic facts reflected in texts of different levels (graphics, vocabulary, grammar, etc.) and the authors’ personal qualities indicating their religious attitudes. We first examine LPs recognized a priori as confessional, then texts in search for information verifying the hypothesis of analysis in them. This analysis is based on Yuri Karaulov’s idea of the three-level LP structure, as well as the experience of describing individual religious LPs presented in linguistic works by Tolstova (2007), Chikovani (2016), Plotnikova (2021). We revealed all the features identifying this confessional community: marginality, insularity, heightened selfconsciousness, self-sufficiency, traditionalism, eschatology. These features are related to each other. All of them are manifested textually by different means: special lexical items, grammatical forms, graphics, descriptions of people of one’s circle and their activities in the coordinates of natural time and reclaimed areas, or by a hidden polemic suggesting the reflection of only positive aspects of being in this description. The markers of Old Believers’ LP at the verbal(grammatical)-semantic level are lexical items with a confessional meaning (Isus, Rozhestvo, bratets, otche), a wide variation due to bookish and written linguistic means (noshch’, ezero, glagolit’, desnitsa, sil’nAGO, vtorYY), mastery of the semi-uncial writing norms. The traditional values of the Old Believer world (LP’s cognitive level) manifested in records include the affirmation of the equality of all community members; family-like closeness of like-minded people; the recognition of authorities only in terms of spirituality (otche – godfather); the high significance of labor, books, sacred texts; the realized need for strict adherence to all religious canons (for example, the admissibility of only passive hunting, voluntary assumption of functions of community chroniclers). In our opinion, the tasks of preserving the Old Believers’ sacred space that express the writers’ interests and goals reflected in the records constitute the pragmatic (motivational) level of the confessional LP. Although we revealed the three-level structure mainly on the material of two specific confessional LPs, there are reasons to correlate the identified features with the generalized Old Believer’s LP.

Linguistic development and permanence of the linguistic imprint in the populations: The area of the ancient palace in Ouargla sample An exploratory field study

The study aims to monitor the phenomenon of linguistic development in a society in which there were many movements and historical trips in the southeast of Algeria, but it remained conservative in its linguistic use of a special linguistic imprint, which occurs among the inhabitants of the Ouargla region, especially the old palace district - which is full of previous historical facts. It was caused by multiple circumstances, including commercial, political, and economic....etc. The people of the region were affected by the arrivals to it, and they also, in turn, influenced the residents of the neighboring regions, so the linguistic diversity was, and its different characteristics were What is that linguistic development and what distinguished that linguistic imprint of the inhabitants of the ancient palace of Ouargla? In order to reveal that linguistic use in the past and present, we relied in this exploratory field study on the descriptive analytical approach as a way to reach linguistic facts for the region.

Pathways to Transition: Jan Cygan and the Neo-Philological Tradition

Jan Cygan’s (1927–2021) linguistic thinking laid out in 1976 relied on self-contained form-based structuralism, but it also incorporated elements of emerging context-based structuralism. As such, it was animated by concepts that effectively implied divergent views on the foundational postulate of linguistic arbitrariness underlying structural linguistics. Cygan approached the inner tensions of changing linguistic paradigms in a manner that may be studied as a case in linguistic ethics. This ethic manifests itself in an attitude toward the linguistic fact, as discussed through the lenses of a linguistic model. Today, it is possible to comment on the period of transition in question, falling back on the achievements of cognitive linguistics. Cygan’s stance may be interpreted in terms of the IN-OUT conceptual schema. This interpretation not only highlights the merits of the position emerging from Cygan’s 1976 general linguistics introduction, but it also views this position as a solution to a more fundamental problem facing linguistic ethics today and in the future.

CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH AS A METHODOLOGICAL RESOURCE OF MODERN LINGUODIDACTICS

Cross-cultural linguodidactics is considered a modern methodological tool that allows learning a foreign language not only in the context of immersion in the culture of the people – the native speaker of that language, but also to take into account the effects resulting from the interactive exchange of linguocultural information between all parties of multicultural communication. Based on the above positions, most linguistic facts acquire the status of units with a linguocultural and linguodidactic resource. Moreover, the acquisition and subsequent mastery of these foreign language units contribute to the formation of the secondary linguistic personality fragment of the worldview, which, in turn, allows for building and improving the competence base of an international student in the field of intercultural and multilingual interaction. Material and Methods. The study was conducted on the basis of the material contained in lexicographic sources to investigate the didactic resources of lexical borrowings – Russianisms and Chineseisms. The main method is a comprehensive cross-cultural analysis combining a number of methodological procedures: Observation, etymological, componential and lexical-semantic analysis, associative linguistic experiment, elements of linguoculturological, linguo-conceptual and discursive analysis. Results and Discussion. The cross-cultural study was conducted in several steps. First, based on the analysis of available lexicographic information, the presence of borrowed units belonging to various thematic groups (socio-political, scientific, and technical vocabulary, words denoting natural and geographical objects, realities of national life, economy, historical and cultural phenomena) was established in Russian and Chinese as actively contacting recipient languages. Second, it was found that Russianisms quantitatively predominate and most of the borrowings are internationalisms. Third, an association experiment conducted in groups of Russian and Chinese speakers was used to determine similarities and differences in the interpretation of borrowings. The results of the comparative analysis are mainly determined by the factors of the informant’s belonging to a certain linguistic culture and the level of foreign language proficiency. Finally, recommendations are formulated on how crosscultural analysis can be used for linguodidactic purposes. Conclusion. The didactic tool of cross-cultural analysis makes it possible to learn a foreign language thoroughly and comprehensively and to use it effectively as a means of intercultural communication. At the same time, the borrowed lexical units serve as valuable empirical material for the implementation of the methodological guidelines of a cross-cultural orientation.

Deanthroponymic contaminants as objects of language game (based on the material of Spanish-language media)

The article is devoted to the study of anthroponymic occasionalisms-contaminants – lexical innovations created on the basis of anthroponyms, used in publications of the Spanish-language media within the framework of the communicative strategy and creative potential of the language game, implemented during the dynamic process characteristic of modern Spanish socio-political discourse. Objectives: a) to identify models of this method of word formation and b) to establish the type of relations realized between the components of the above-mentioned derived words. The anthroponyms selected by random sampling from the publications of Internet publications are studied, considered as objects of language game, on the basis of which, as a result of deliberate wordmaking, accidental formations are created – contaminated formations expressing, in addition to nominative meaning, expressiveness and emotive coloring. In the analysis of the material, the method of component analysis of the word was used; the wordformation method of studying transformational techniques; the method of contextual analysis, which allows to identify the communicative parameters of the use of language units and contextual features of the implementation of their meaning in the text; descriptive-analytical method to identify the essential characteristics and features of the linguistic facts under consideration against the background of extralinguistic factors; the classification method and the method of linguistic and stylistic analysis, focused on identifying the specifics of individual word usage due to the communicative and aesthetic tasks of the author of the text. The relevance of this study is due to the attention of linguists to axiological issues, the increasing regularity of the use of language play in the media space in particular, contamination as one of the means of expression in the Spanish-language media at the present stage, using anthroponyms as an object. Anthroponymic contaminated formations are growing quantitatively and becoming more diverse, and there is a need to systematize their models and study their structure and semantics. As a result of the examination carried out on a certain array of initial data, semantic-stylistic, axiological functions of contaminants – mainly defamatory, invective – are established, in accordance with the pragmatic goals of the author of the text. The models of creation of anthroponymic contaminants by both occasional and conventional wordformation means are identified and systematized.

A Survey on NLP Resources, Tools, and Techniques for Marathi Language Processing

Natural Language Processing (NLP) has been in practice for the past couple of decades, and extensive work has been done for the Western languages, particularly the English language. The Eastern counterpart, especially the languages of the Indian subcontinent, needs attention as not much language processing work has been done on these languages. Western languages are rich in dictionaries, WordNet, and associated tools, while Indian languages are lagging behind in this segment. Marathi is the third most spoken language in India and the 15th most spoken language worldwide. Lack of resources, complex linguistic facts, and the inclusion of prevalent dialects of neighbors have resulted in limited work for Marathi. The aim of this study is to provide an insight into the various linguistic resources, tools, and state-of-the-art techniques applied to the processing of the Marathi language. Initially, morphological descriptions of the Marathi language are provided, followed by a discussion on the characteristics of the Marathi language. Thereafter, for Marathi language, the availability of corpus, tools, and techniques to be used to develop NLP tasks is reviewed. Finally, gap analysis is discussed in current research and future directions for this new and dynamic area of research are listed that will benefit the Marathi Language Processing research community.

Reflection of the National Mentality in Kazakh Paremies and Their Semantic Commonality With Paremies in Turkic Languages

The article examines the reflection of the national mentality in Kazakh paremies and the paremies common to Turkic languages. The national and cultural peculiarities of the Turkic peoples are determined through the paremia. The authors conduct a linguistic analysis of paroemias that are similar both in subject matter and in form. Compare and analyze their linguistic community, similarity. In the semantics of proverbs and sayings in Kazakh, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uzbek, Uighur, Azerbaijani, Kyrgyz languages, the main attention is paid to the image of national culture. It is analyzed that the commonality and linguistic identity of proverbs and sayings in the Turkic languages belong to a certain pattern, a historical source. They note that the Turkic paremias are semantically congruent, although there is no absolute coincidence. Analyze by examples that phonetic, lexical and grammatical features are expressed in accordance with linguistic patterns in Turkic paroemias. Individual variants of the Turkic general invariant in paremias were analyzed using linguistic facts. The presence of the full version of proverbs and sayings in one of the related languages, and in the other-an abbreviated version in one language, is shown using specific language data. Analyzes various changes in the components of proverbs and sayings of the Turkic languages. The authors consider lexico-semantic, grammatical and phonetic deviations associated with the independent development of Turkic languages by analyzing Turkic paroemias, which differ in structure and composition, but have a common system of logical thought, as a natural phenomenon.

THE EVOLUTION OF LINGUISTIC ISSUES

This publication discusses the evolution of linguistic issues. This research process is based on a change in the approaches and methods of analysis of linguistic facts. Sometimes this leads to the denial of authoritative theories and the emergence of new schools and directions of linguistic thought. The evolution of linguistic issues is a necessary condition for the development of linguistics and its gradual convergence with other human sciences.

Categories of address forms in Pakistani English at a multilingual academic setting

The variations of address forms in multilingual and multicultural contexts create problems in their understanding, proper choice, and usage. The goal of this study is to identify the main categories of forms of address used by students and teachers in multilingual Pakistani universities and to highlight the socio-cultural factors that determine their choice and preference in various contexts, both formal and informal. An open-ended questionnaire was distributed for data collection in four public sector universities in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The material obtained from 252 participants was supplemented and verified through ethnographic observation and analyzed employing both quantitative and qualitative research paradigms. The preliminary results show that in multilingual academic settings, Pakistani interlocutors use a variety of categories of address forms with the domineering position of names and kinship terms. Speaking Pakistani English, they use both English and local terms of address borrowed from Sindhi, Urdu, and other local languages to express their cultural values, identity, and attitudes. The findings show that English forms of address are predominantly used in formal contexts while native terms are mostly observed in informal ones. The study provides some new linguistic facts about the impact of culture on address forms. Its results may contribute to further investigation of address forms from socio-pragmatic and cultural perspectives.

Changing Mindset and Using of Language Game on Nawal Sa'dawi’s Al-Mar'ah wa al-Jins: A Perspective of Ludwig Wittgenstein

Each language has its own rules and pattern and a certain tendency. Language games are the rules of language for a particular purpose. Nawal Sa'dawi uses denotative meaning as criticism and disagreement about existing social phenomena. Therefore, this study aims to determine the form of language games in the book "al-Mar'ah wa al-Jins" by Nawal Sa'dawi based on the perspective of Ludwig Wittgenstein. This study uses an interpretation method to express linguistic diction in books and their meanings as human expressions. This study uses Wittgenstein's hermeneutic approach to reveal linguistic facts from the book's narrative. The source of this research data is taken from the book "Al-Mar'ah wa al-Jins" by Nawal Sa'dawi. Data collection techniques in this study used reading techniques and note-taking techniques. The analysis of this research uses the technique of analyzing the philosophy of language from Ludwig's perspective. The results of this study indicate that there are four kinds of language games in the book "al-Mar'ah wa al-Jins" by Nawal Sa'dawi, namely: (1) emphasis; (2) feminist language; (3) sarcasm; and (4) subtle persuasion. This language game aims to reveal facts and as a form of assertiveness from its users upon request or support.

TRUSTWORTHINESS, AUTHORITY, CLARITY: INFLUENCE OF THE PARAMETERS OF THE EXPERT SPEECH IN THE MEDIA ON THE WAY OF PERCEIVING THE INFORMATION

The article examines the influence of the parameters of expert speech on the trustworthiness, authority and clarity of information in the media. The following parameters of the expert speech, based on research on the specifics of the professional and media register (Halliday 1989, Videnov 2012 and others), in the media texts were observed: presence, adequacy and naming of the sources - expert and informational; presence of professional vocabulary and terminology; complicating the syntactic organization of utterances; presence of international vocabulary and foreign words and expressions; presence of evaluative and expressive vocabulary (metaphors, etc.); use of modal and conditional constructions to distinguish factual from non-factual information; correlation of indicative and retelling forms. A survey was conducted to establish the influence of linguistic facts on the assessment of expert speech in media reports. A survey was conducted on sentences from 14 informational articles selected using the keywords "coronavirus experts". The questionnaire contained 12 multiple-choice questions, grouped into three sections according to the criteria to be measured: trustworthiness (6 questions), clarity (3 questions) and authority (3 questions). The comments establish a different influence of the same language parameters on the sense of trustworthiness, authority and clarity of the content. Their reading depends on the experience, skills and attitudes of the audience to understand the media text.

LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF INNOVATIVE PHRASES IN THE ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS SPHERES

It was determined that for the sphere of economy and business, despite the presence of multidirectional phraseology that characterizes economic processes and phenomena, the word “economy”, “economics” remains the most widely used. Linguistic and cultural problems of phraseology in the field of economy and business are addressed to the solution of several issues. The first question concerns the technical side, which consists in clarifying the terminological apparatus of the study. The second refers to the substantive part, which concerns the essence of terminological concepts. In the article, the author singles out the national specifics for the sphere of economy and business (Black Friday, musical-chair county, Fifth Amendment capitalist) revealed when comparing phrases of different languages and determined by two factors: objective and subjective. Cultural specificity for the sphere of economy and business (Christmas creep, Mongolian hordes, proletarian drift) implies the correspondence of the language unit to the element of mentality or spiritual culture of society, its history, beliefs, traditions and natural living conditions. The linguistic and cultural study of phrases should be focused on understanding their national specificity, which is realized in the peculiarities of the interaction of a given language and a given culture. Linguistic and cultural universals in the sphere of economy and business include analogies formed in the American ethno-cultural environment and tested by time: glass ceiling, glass wall, golden bungee, golden handcuffs, golden ghetto, lipstick effect, lipstick indicator, silicon-chip capitalism, Silicon Mountain. It is shown that the mastering of the surrounding reality is produced in a specific way, peculiar to this national and cultural community, which cannot but be reflected in the phrasemes of one or another language. The sphere of economy and business is no exception, in which idioms are formed under the influence of such factors as general human thinking and peculiarities of mastering the surrounding reality. All of the above testifies in favor of the fact that the presence of cultural-linguistic specificity in no way cancels the effects of cultural-linguistic universals. Linguistic facts represent a rich material that indicates the heterogeneous nature of the interaction of universal and specific in the sphere of economy and business.