Lignin Peroxidase Activity Research Articles

Decolorization and detoxification of triphenylmethane dyes by isolated endophytic fungus, Bjerkandera adusta SWUSI4 under non-nutritive conditions

Biodecolorization by microorganisms is a potential treatment technique because they seem to be environmentally safe. In the present study, the decolorization and detoxification of cotton blue, crystal violet, malachite green and methyl violet by endophytic fungi were investigated. Preliminary screening result indicated that SWUSI4, identified as Bjerkandera adusta, demonstrated the best decolorization for the four TPM dyes within 14 days. Furthermore, optimization result demonstrated the decolorization rate could reach above 90% at 24 h by live cells of isolate SWUSI4 when 4 g biomass was added into 100-mL dyes solution with the concentration 50 mg/L and shaking (150 rpm) conditions. Moreover, decolorization mechanism analysis shows that the decolorization was caused by the isolate SWUSI4 that mainly includes both absorption of biomass and/or degradation of enzymes. Biosorption of dyes was attributed to binding to hydroxyl, amino, phosphoryl alkane, and ester–lipids groups based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses. The biodegradation potential of SWUSI4 was further suggested by the change of peaks in the ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectra and detection of manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase activities. Finally, the phytotoxicity test confirmed that the toxicity of TPM dyes after treatment with SWUSI4 was significantly lower than that before treatment. These results indicate that an endophytic SWUSI4 could be used as a potential TPM dyes adsorption and degradation agent, thus facilitating the study of the plant–endophyte symbiosis in the bioremediation processes.

Suitability of organic solvent and cholinium based ionic liquid activated novel lignolytic enzymes of H. aswanensis for enhanced Kalson lignin degradation

Present study focuses on the organic solvent and ionic liquid compatibility of lignolytic enzymes produced from H. aswanensis strain ABC_IITR. Lignin peroxidase (LiP), Manganese Peroxidase (MnP) and Laccase (Lac) obtained by Solid State Fermentation (SSF) of wheat bran. In this work, lignolytic enzymes subjected to 20–40% (v/v) organic solvents, metals ions, and cholinium laurate based ionic liquid (CLIL). Use of 40% (v/v) of pyridine along with 1.5 M NaCl and 0.15 mM CLIL in reaction system increased the bio-catalytic activity of lignolytic enzymes whereas metal ions like Fe increased LiP and MnP activities, and Cu enhanced laccase activity compared to control. The inherent stability of lignolytic enzymes in CLIL was not affected significantly whereas it decreased in pyridine reaction system. Further, in Kalson lignin degradation study, higher degradation achieved in CLIL (generate less saline waste) as compared to 40% (v/v) pyridine reaction system. In MnP catalyzed system, use of Glutathione (GSH) as mediator had resulted in maximum reduction of lignin weight of 40.84 and 31.83% in 40% (v/v) pyridine (1.5 NaCl) and 0.15 mM CLIL, respectively. This is the first report on lignolytic enzymes of haloarchaea with capability to get activated in organic solvent and cholinium laurate based ionic liquid.

Biological degradation of rice straw with thermophilic lignocellulolytic bacterial isolates and biogas production from total broth by rumen microorganisms

Rice straw, a common agricultural residue, is abundant in Thailand and can be converted to biogas to reduce dependence on fossil resources for energy. Biological degradation of rice straw followed by anaerobic digestion (AD) for biomethane production (BMP) was investigated. Thermophilic lignocellulolytic bacteria for biological degradation were isolated from soil samples collected from Dong Han and Kok Soong National Forest around Roi-Et Rajabhat University, Roi-Et Province, Thailand. Cellulase and ligninolytic enzymes were assayed using standard microbiological methods. Isolate(s) with high cellulolytic and ligninolytic activities were then used to degrade rice straw in basal medium at 50 ± 2 °C for 5, 10, 15, and 20 days. Total broth was anaerobically digested with rumen microorganisms in 1.2-m3 PP digester at 39 ± 0.5 °C for 30 days. A total of 106 thermophilic bacterial isolates were sampled from soil, out of which 96 (90.6%) and 16 (15.1%) isolates tested positive for cellulolytic and ligninolytic activities, respectively. Unlike laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP), lignin peroxidase (LiP) activity was not detected. Isolate RUFR60 showed both high cellulolytic and ligninolytic activities. Highest biogas and methane (CH4) yields (318.15 and 177.93 mL/gTS, respectively) were recorded from 20 days degraded rice straw which were not significantly (p > 0.05) different from those (315.10 and 171.72 mL/gTS, respectively) recorded from 15 days degraded rice straw. Optimal degradation period of 15 days with thermophilic lignocellulolytic bacteria was efficient and economical for BMP from rice straw.

Ligninolytic enzyme involved in removal of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Fusarium strain ZH-H2.

The capacity of Fusarium sp. strain ZH-H2 to secret lignin peroxidase (LiP), laccase (Lac), and manganese peroxidase (MnP) and degrade high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW-PAHs) was studied. When the fungus was grown in control mineral salt medium for 4days, LiP and Lac activities were detected at 8871UL-1 and 5123UL-1, respectively. In the presence of HMW-PAHs as the sole carbon source, only LiP activity was detectable, and LiP activity had significantly reduced HMW-PAHs at day 7, with a maximum decrease of 85.9%. A strong correlation between LiP activity and HMW-PAHs removal efficiency could be fit into various models, with the highest correlation coefficients obtained for quadratic functions (P < 0.01). When a specific enzyme inhibitor was added, the ability of Fusarium to remove HMW-PAHs was reduced from 85.9 to 66.7%, depending on the inhibitor's concentration. Meanwhile, the determined activity of LiP was reduced from 11.4 to 48.6%. We conclude that in the presence of HMW-PAHs as the only carbon source to support growth, Fusarium ZH-H2 mainly produces LiP but not Lac or MnP for HMW-PAHs degradation. To our knowledge, it was the first time to propose a metabolic lignin peroxidase characterization of HMW-PAHs degradation by Fusarium sp. strains.

Termitomyces heimii Associated with Fungus-Growing Termite Produces Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Lignocellulose-Degrading Enzymes.

Termitomyces fungi associated with fungus-growing termites are the edible mushrooms and can produce useful chemicals, enzymes, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that have both fuel and biological potentials. To this purpose, we examined the Termitomyces mycelial growth performance on various substrates, clarified lignocellulose-degrading enzyme activity, and also identified the VOCs produced by Termitomyces. Our results indicated that the optimal nutrition and condition requirements for mycelial growth are D-sorbitol, D-(+)-glucose, and D-(-)-fructose as carbon sources; peptone as well as yeast extract and ammonium tartrate as nitrogen sources; and Mn2+, Na+, and Mg2+ as metal ions with pH range from 7.0 to 8.0. Besides, the orthogonal matrix method results revealed that the ideal composition for mycelial growth is 20g/L D-(-)-fructose, 5g/L yeast extract, 0.5g/LMg2+, and pH = 7. We also screened various substrates composition for the activity of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes, i.e., lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, β-glucosidase, a-L-arabinofuranosidase, and laccase. Furthermore, we identified 37 VOCs using GC-MS, and the most striking aspect was the presence of a big series of alcohols and acids, collectively constituted about 49% of the total VOCs. Ergosta-5, 8, 22-trien-3-ol, (3.beta.,22E) was the most plenteous compound constituted 30.369%. This study hopes to establish a better understanding for researchers regarding Termitomyces heimii cultivation on a large scale for the production of lignocellulosic enzymes and some fungal medicine.

A comparison of lignin-degrading enzyme activities in forest floor layers across a global climatic gradient

Rapid litter turnover in tropical forests and during summer seasons might be due to increases in ligninolytic enzyme activities during warmer periods. We compared ligninolytic enzyme activity [lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP), and laccase (Lac)] in the organic layers of forest soils across a global climate gradient. As expected, MnP activities in fresh litter layers increased with increasing air temperature. Litter Mn/lignin ratios correlate positively with MnP activity and more rapid litter turnover in warmer climates. In contrast, LiP and Lac activities are regulated by site-specific conditions. Lac activity is commonly observed in less acidic fresh litter layers, while LiP activity localizes in acidified and lignin-rich deeper organic layers. The widespread occurrence of MnP and an increase in MnP activities in warmer climates support efficient lignin degradation in the tropics and during summer seasons. High Mn/lignin ratios in fresh litter could be an indicator of lignin degradability by MnP-producing fungi across global climate gradients.

Enhanced application of cross-linked enzyme aggregates of lichen Dermatocarpon vellereceum released extracellular enzymes for degradation of textile dyes

Cross-linked enzyme aggregate (CLEA) microcapsules of extracellular enzymes released by lichen Dermatocarpon vellereceum was examined for dye removal from textile wastewater. CLEA-microcapsules showed efficient decolorization of Brilliant Blue R (BBR), Direct Red 2B, Brilliant Blue GRL, Green HE4B, Red M5B, Blue 2RNL, Reactive Orange 3R, Yellow HE4G and Orange 2RX. Maximum decolorization (82%) of BBR was observed at optimum conditions (40 °C, pH 8, and 1.5 mM H2O2). Encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) was calculated as 34.85 and 27.12%, respectively. Percent recycling efficiency (RE%) of LiP after BBR exposure was observed as 84, 72, 56 and 36% after 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th cycle, respectively, whereas, RE% of MnP after BBR exposure was 84, 69, 54 and 40%, respectively. Activity of LiP was retained up to 42% even after 60 days of storage, however, MnP was retained up to 36%. Central composite design of response surface methodology for CLEA-microcapsules mediated decolorization showed good correlation between predicted and observed values. BBR was cleaved to form N-ethyl-N-[(3-sulfophrnyl)methyl]pentan-3-iminium; 2-ethenyl-3-methyl-1,4-dihydronapthalene; 3-(aminomethyl)benzene-1-sulphonic acid; penta-1,4-diene and N-ethyl-2-methyl-penta-2,4-dien-1-amine, that showed significant reduction in phytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Altogether, these results suggest that CLEA-microcapsules could be utilized for efficient removal of dyes from textile effluents.

Soil labile organic carbon fractions and soil enzyme activities after 10\xa0years of continuous fertilization and wheat residue incorporation

Labile organic carbon (LOC) fractions and related enzyme activities in soils are considered to be early and sensitive indicators of soil quality changes. We investigated the influences of fertilization and residue incorporation on LOC fractions, enzyme activities, and the carbon pool management index (CPMI) in a 10-year field experiment. The experiment was composed of three treatments: (1) no fertilization (control), (2) chemical fertilizer application alone (F), and (3) chemical fertilizer application combined with incorporation of wheat straw residues (F + R). Generally, the F + R treatment led to the highest concentrations of the LOC fractions. Compared to the control treatment, the F + R treatment markedly enhanced potential activities of cellulase (CL), β-glucosidase (BG), lignin peroxidase (LiP), and manganese peroxidase (MnP), but decreased laccase (LA) potential activity. Partial least squares regression analysis suggested that BG and MnP activities had a positive impact on the light-fraction organic carbon (LFOC), permanganate-oxidizable carbon (POXC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fractions, whereas laccase activity had a negative correlation with those fractions. In addition, the F + R treatment significantly increased the CPMI compared to the F and control treatments. These results indicated that combining fertilization with crop residues stimulates production of LOC and could be a useful approach for maintaining sustainable production capacity in lime concretion black soils along the Huai River region of China.

Purification and Characterization of Versatile Peroxidase from citrus sinensis Leaf Extract and its Application in Green Chemistry

Versatile peroxidase, a new family of ligninolytic peroxidases have catalytic properties of both lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase and has been isolated from citrus sinensis leaf extract which contains manganese peroxidase activity of 2.2 IU/ml and lignin peroxidase activity of 0.44 IU/ml. The overall recovery yield was 11 % with specific activity 1.0 IU/mg. Its molecular wt was found to be 24.60KDa. Km and Kcat value using veratryl alcohol and manganese sulphate as a substrate is 20 μM, 7.87sec and 12.5 μM, 13.84sec-1. The calculated pH optimum was 2.4 ± 0.1 for lignin peroxidase activity and 4.5 ± 0.1 for manganese peroxidase activity. The temperature optimum of the enzyme was 18°C for LiP and 25°C for MnP. Degradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons like α-naphthol, β-naphthol, and 1,10-phenanthroline has been studied using UV/VIS spectrophotometer and cyclovoltameter at room temperature. Enzyme activity was inhibited by sodium azide and EDTA effectively.

Bioremediation of Simulated Textile Effluent by an Efficient Bio-catalyst Purified from a Novel Pseudomonas fluorescence LiP-RL5

Background: Microbial degradation of highly stable textile dyes, using lignin peroxidase, is an eco-friendly, less expensive and much advantageous in comparison to the chemical method. Objective: Biodegradation potential of lignin peroxidase (LiP), from Pseudomonas fluorescens LiP-RL5, was enhanced after optimization and purification so as to use it as a potential bioresource for the treatment of textile effluent. Methods: LiP producing bacterial isolate was primarily screened by methylene blue assay followed by LiP assay. The standard protocol was used for purification of lignin peroxidase and purified LiP was finally used for degradation of textile dyes. Results: 57 bacterial isolates were screened for lignin peroxidase activity. Isolate LiP-RL5 showed maximum activity (19.8 ±0.33 %) in terms of methylene blue reduction in comparison to others. Biochemical and molecular characterization of LiP-RL5 showed 99 % similarity with P. fluorescens. Lignin peroxidase activity was increased by 50 % after optimization of cultural conditions. Maximum enhancement in the activity was achieved when peptone was used as a nitrogen source. LiP from P. fluorescens LiP-RL5 was further purified up to 2 folds. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed a single protein band of approximately 40 kDa. Enzyme also showed high catalytic efficiency with Km= 6.94 mM and Vmax= 78.74 μmol/ml/min. Purified enzyme was able to decolorize the simulated textile effluent up to 45.05 ±0.28 % after 40 minutes. Conclusion: : High catalytic efficiency of purified LiP from P. fluorescens LiP-RL5 suggests its utility as a potential candidate for biodegradation of toxic dyes in the industrial effluent, which could be successfully utilized for wastewater treatment at commercial level.

Biological Decolorization of Amaranth, Denim Blue, and Orange G with Trametes polyzona

In this work, the capacity of Trametes polyzona in degrading three textile dyes (amaranth, denim blue, and orange G) to three different concentrations (100, 150, and 200 mg/L) was evaluated. Two growth conditions were tested; in the first condition, the fungus was grown in a defined minimal medium with an initial glucose concentration of 10 g/L and adding the different concentrations of each of the dyes, and in the second condition, the same minimum medium was used but with a concentration of 3 g/L of glucose, after 7 days of fungus growth, at which time the glucose in the medium was completely consumed; each of the dyes was added at the three different concentrations. T. polyzona was able to decolorize the three dyes at the concentrations tested and a 200% increase in the decolorization rate was observed when the medium lacks glucose. Enzymatic activities of laccase, lignin peroxidase, and manganese peroxidase were detected; the enzyme laccase was the one that presented the greatest enzymatic activities in all the media tested. A simultaneous process of adsorption by the mycelium and degradation of extracellular enzymes was observed. A decrease of more than 90% COD was observed and the effluent generated showed no algal growth toxicity.

Soil nutrition, microbial composition and associated soil enzyme activities in KwaZulu-Natal grasslands and savannah ecosystems soils

Successful agriculture is dependent on soil quality and nutrition. Soil is the primary source of nutrients that are assimilated by plant root-systems to promote plant growth and development. The availability of these soil nutrients is regulated by factors such as pH, microbial composition and soil nutrient enzyme activities in ecosystem soils. This study aim was to determine the nutrition, microbe composition, and soil enzyme activities in four soils from different KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) grassland and savannah ecosystems. The four sites were found to differ significantly in their physical, chemical and biological properties. Microorganisms identified in the soils were from the families Bacillaceae, Hypocreaceae, Mucoraceae, and Nectriaceae. Bacterial and fungal genera identified among these soils showed varying diversity and species richness. Bergville soils had the lowest pH, cation exchange capacity, micro, and macro nutrient concentrations. Furthermore, Bergville soils showed reduced asparaginase and lignin peroxidase activities and had the lowest dehydrogenase activities. Therefore Bergville soils showed the minimum geochemical properties which may affect the growth of grassland and savannah ecosystem vegetation and sustainable agricultural practices.

Production of fungal enzymes in Macaúba coconut and enzymatic degradation of textile dye

Abstract The reduction of environmental pollutants has been important for the sustainability (environmental, economic, and social) of the manufacturing companies. The agro-industry annually produces tons of vegetable residues that is discarded in the environment. Textile industries have a high rate of dye discharges in water resources. Fungal enzymes produced in plant residues can degrade recalcitrant organic compounds. Thus, the aim of the study was the production, purification, characterization, and use of dye discoloration of enzymes produced by Pleurotus ostreatus (PLO 02 and PLO 06) and Pleurotus eryngii (PLE 05) in Macauba coconut (Acrocomia aculeate) residue. The initial time of colonization of the substrate was of 18 (P. eryngii) and 22 days (P. ostreratus). After this period, 50 g of substrate were collected every five days to evaluate the enzymatic activity before and after the purification in sephadex G-100 column. All fungal strains had activity of laccase, lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP), xylanase, cellulase, and lipase in crude protein extract. The enzymes kept the activities from 4 to 60 °C for about 16 h and these activities were higher in acidic than alkaline pH. Furthermore, the enzymes of P. eryngii degraded about 100% of Carmine indigo dye after 24 h of incubation. Therefore, the Macauba coconut residue is a good substrate for the enzyme production and these enzymes have high degradation capacity of the indigo dye.

Enzymatic and genetic characterization of lignin depolymerization by Streptomyces sp. S6 isolated from a tropical environment

The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into bioethanol or biochemical products requires a crucial pretreatment process to breakdown the recalcitrant lignin structure. This research focuses on the isolation and characterization of a lignin-degrading bacterial strain from a decaying oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB). The isolated strain, identified as Streptomyces sp. S6, grew in a minimal medium with Kraft lignin (KL) as the sole carbon source. Several known ligninolytic enzyme assays were performed, and lignin peroxidase (LiP), laccase (Lac), dye-decolorizing peroxidase (DyP) and aryl-alcohol oxidase (AAO) activities were detected. A 55.3% reduction in the molecular weight (Mw) of KL was observed after 7 days of incubation with Streptomyces sp. S6 based on gel-permeation chromatography (GPC). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) also successfully highlighted the production of lignin-derived aromatic compounds, such as 3-methyl-butanoic acid, guaiacol derivatives, and 4,6-dimethyl-dodecane, after treatment of KL with strain S6. Finally, draft genome analysis of Streptomyces sp. S6 also revealed the presence of strong lignin degradation machinery and identified various candidate genes responsible for lignin depolymerization, as well as for the mineralization of the lower molecular weight compounds, confirming the lignin degradation capability of the bacterial strain.

Improving Azo Dye Decolorization Performance and Halotolerance of Pichia occidentalis A2 by Static Magnetic Field and Possible Mechanisms Through Comparative Transcriptome Analysis.

A halotolerant yeast, Pichia occidentalis A2, was recently isolated that can decolorize various azo dyes. The azo dye decolorization performance of this strain was characterized, including the degradation pathway and detoxification effects of this yeast. Additionally, the effect of static magnetic field (SMF) on this decolorization process was investigated. Activities of key enzymes were analyzed to estimate the change of metabolic activity. Furthermore, possible mechanisms were analyzed through detecting differentially expressed genes between yeast A2 in the absence and presence of SMF. The results indicated that yeast A2 displayed the optimal decolorization performance when the concentrations (in g/L) of glucose, (NH4)2SO4, yeast extract, and NaCl were 4.0, 1.0, 0.1, and ≤30.0, respectively. Meanwhile, the optimal rotation speed, temperature, and pH were 160 rpm, 30°C, and 5.0, respectively. Acid Red B was decolorized and detoxified by yeast A2 through successive steps, including cleavage of the naphthalene–amidine bond, reductive deamination, oxidative deamination/desulfurization, open-loop of hydroxy-substituted naphthalene, and tricarboxylic acid cycle. The dye decolorization efficiency and halotolerance of yeast A2 were enhanced by 206.3 mT SMF. The activities of manganese peroxidase, and laccase were elevated 1.37- and 1.16-fold by 206.3 mT SMF, but lignin peroxidase activity showed little change. It was suggested from the transcriptome sequence that the enhanced halotolerance might be related to the upregulated genes encoding the enzymes or functional proteins related to intracellular synthesis and accumulation of glycerol.

Slight Shading Stress at Seedling Stage Does not Reduce Lignin Biosynthesis or Affect Lodging Resistance of Soybean Stems

Shade is widespread in agricultural production and affects lignin biosynthesis and lodging resistance of crops. We explored the effects of shade intensity on lignin biosynthesis and lodging resistance at the physiological and molecular levels in two soybean cultivars (Nandou12 and E93) with different shade tolerance under four progressively severe shade treatments, S0–S3 (S0: no shade, S1: slight shade, S2: moderate shade, S3: heavy shade). Our results showed no significant difference in breaking strength of the two cultivars under S1 and S0 treatments, with no prominent decrease in the lodging resistance index. The activity of lignin biosynthesis rate-limiting enzymes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), which were considerably related to the two lodging resistance indexes above, was not significantly decreased by slight shade, while 4-coumaric acid ligase (4CL) activity was increased. Most genes involved in lignin biosynthesis were not significantly down-regulated by slight shade (S1) compared to S0, while p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H), 4-coumaric acid ligase (4CL) and laccase (LAC) genes were upregulated. Under heavy shade (S3), enzyme activity and gene expression associated with lignin synthesis in both soybean cultivars were strongly inhibited; moreover, stem mechanical strength and lodging resistance were remarkably decreased compared with those under S0. These physiological and molecular changes suggested that applicable shade levels do not significantly affect the mechanical strength and lodging resistance of soybean stem. Exploiting the lodging resistance potential of existing soybean cultivars was an effective and efficient way to address yield reduction caused by lodging in intercropped soybeans.

Effects of supplementation with phosphorus, calcium and manganese during oil palm frond fermentation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium on ligninase enzyme activity

Abstract. Pazla R, Jamarun N, Agustin F, Zain M, Cahyani NO. 2020. Effects of supplementation with phosphorus, calcium and manganese during oil palm frond fermentation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium on ligninase enzyme activity. Biodiversitas 21: 1833-1838. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with phosphorus (P) in combination with calcium (Ca) and manganese (Mn) during oil palm frond (OPF) fermentation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium on ligninase enzyme activity and lignin degradation. This study was carried out using a randomized complete design with 3 treatments (addition of P, Ca and Mn) and 5 replicates. The following treatments were performed: T1 (P 1000 + Ca 2000 + Mn 150 ppm), T2 (P 1500 + Ca 2000 + Mn 150 ppm), and T3 (P 2000 + Ca 2000 +Mn 150 ppm). The data were subjected to an analysis of variance (ANOVA), and differences between treatment means were tested using Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT). The parameters measured were as follows: lignin peroxidase (LiP) activity (U/mL), manganese peroxidase (MnP) activity (U/mL), crude protein (CP) content (%), crude fiber (CF) content (%) and the decrease in lignin (%). The results revealed a significant increase in LiP activity and CP content and a decrease in the lignin content (p&lt;0.05) by the addition of P in the T3 treatment. However, the treatment nonsignificantly increased (p&gt;0.05) MnP activity and significantly decreased (P&lt;0.05) the CF content. In conclusion, supplementation of the OPF fermentation process with P 2000, Ca 2000, and Mn 150 ppm resulted in the highest ligninase enzyme activity and in decreased lignin content.

Palm Oil Sludge Fermentation with Pleurotus ostreatus and its Application in Laying Quails' Ration

Palm oil sludge is a byproduct of palm oil processing which is still limited in its use as a constituent of poultry feed. This study aims to improve the quality of palm sludge fermented with Pleurotus ostreatus and to determine its effect on the production of laying quail. The study was divided into 2 stages of research. Phase 1 of the laboratory experiment was the determination of the dose of the inoculum and the duration of fermentation of palm sludge. This stage uses a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) 3×3 treatment design with 3 replications. A Factor (inoculum dose) is (A1 = 6%, A2 = 8% and A3 = 10%) of the number of substrates. B Factor (fermentation time) is (B1 = 9 days, B2 = 11 days and B3 = 13 days). The parameters measured were the activity of cellulase enzymes (U/ml), lignin peroxidase (U/ml) and crude fiber content (%), cellulose (%) and lignin (%). Phase 2 biological experiment to laying quails is the application of Fermented Palm Sludge (FPS) products in laying quail rations. This stage uses a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications. Provision of FPS consisting of: A (0% FPS), B (6% FPS), C (12% FPS), D (18% FPS), E (24% FPS). The parameters measured were feed consumption (g/head/day) and daily egg production (%). The results of the Phase 1 variance analysis showed that there was no interaction (P>0.05) between the inoculum dose and the fermentation time for the activity of cellulase enzymes, lignin peroxidase (U/ml) and the content of crude fiber, cellulose and lignin fermented palm sludge, but inoculum doses highly significant effect (P 0.05) on ration consumption and egg production. The results of the study concluded that the 8% inoculum dose and 9 days fermentation time was the best treatments to improve the quality of palm sludge. FPS can be used up to 24% in laying quail rations. At this level, it can reduce 27.30% corn and 55.02% soybean meal and can maintain the same ration consumption and egg production as control.

Fungal treatment of mature landfill leachate utilizing woodchips and wheat-straw as co-substrates.

Mature landfill leachate (MLL) tend to be highly contaminated due to the presence of refractory contaminants such as humic-fulvic substances, xenobiotic compounds, and heavy metals. This study investigated the treatment efficiency of MLL by deploying Cladosporium sp., Trichoderma asperellum, and Tyromyces chioneus fungal strains. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and soluble COD (sCOD) removal efficiencies were assessed along with the evaluation of lignocellulosic enzymatic activities of laccase (Lac), lignin-peroxidase (LiP), and manganese-peroxidase (MnP). Glucose, woodchips, and wheat straw were utilized as co-substrates. Higher percentage of COD and sCOD reduction efficiencies and lignocellulosic enzymatic activities were found for woodchips than glucose and wheat-straw. The highest sCOD removal rates were 44%, 38% and 59% by Cladosporium sp., T. asperellum, and T. chioneus, respectively. Overall, Lac activity was significantly higher than LiP and MnP activity for all three species. Tyromyces chioneus was the most effective strain among the three selected fungi in terms of COD and sCOD reduction efficiencies and high enzymatic activities of 165, 14 and 20 U/L were detected for Lac, LiP, and MnP, respectively. Tyromyces chioneus is a potentially effective fungal strain for the enhanced bioremediation of MLL and its further investigation is recommended to explore the removal of recalcitrant contaminants from problematic wastewater.

Advanced biological sequential treatment of mature landfill leachate using aerobic activated sludge SBR and fungal bioreactor.

This study utilized Penicillium spp. to treat mature landfill leachate (MLL) in a continuous bioreactor and batch experimental tests under non-sterile conditions. MLL characteristics such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), soluble COD (sCOD), total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC), and color removal efficiency were determined. The lignocellulosic enzymatic activity of laccase (Lac), lignin-peroxidase (LiP), and manganese-peroxidase (MnP) was also determined. The batch experimental test was carried out with raw and pretreated MLL containing the initial NH4 +-N concentrations of 0, 105, 352, and 914mg/L. A maximum COD reduction of 41% and maximum enzymatic activity of 193, 37, and 25U/L for Lac, LiP and MnP was recorded for the MLL containing 352mg/L NH4 +-N. The continuous bioreactor exhibited maximum values of 52, 54, 60, 58, and 75 percentage of COD, sCOD, TC, TOC, and color removal efficiency with MLL containing 352mg/L NH4 +-N that was pretreated at HRT 120h, while the maximum detected lignocellulosic enzymatic activities were 149, 27, and 16U/L for Lac, LiP, and MnP, respectively. A total of 64% COD reduction was achieved from the raw MLL considering 12% COD and 100% NH4 +-N reduction in the aerobic activated sludge sequencing batch reactor pretreatment process. The steady and higher removal efficiency of the bioreactor over the entire study period is promising for further exploration to enhance removal of refractory contaminants from the MLL.