City Lights Research Articles

Education as future breakfast: children’s aspirations within the context of poverty in Siaya Kenya

ABSTRACT This paper draws on ethnographic data to explore children’s aspirations through education within the context of poverty and vulnerability in Siaya Kenya. Since several children reported eating onge (nothing) for breakfast, they hoped that education would enable them to eat and enjoy a good future. I demonstrate that aspirations as orientations towards desired futures have affective dimensions [Huijsmans, Ansell, and Froerer. 2021. “Introduction: Development, Young People, and the Social Production of Aspirations.” The European Journal of Development Research 33: 1–15]. Consequently, in drawing from Deleuze [1988. Spinoza: Practical Philosophy. San Francisco, CA: City Lights] that affect is a capacity to affect and to be affected, I argue that children’s aspirations in Siaya are an assemblage of personal, relational and non-human factors of poverty, orphanhood, HIV/AIDS and other forms of marginalisation. This assemblage fuels a desire for alternative futures, and/or modifies their aspirations in complex ways. While children’s desired futures might look impossible, their aspirations are also affective becomings [Salazar. 2017. “Speculative Fabulation: Researching Worlds to Come in Antarctica.” In Anthropologies and Futures: Researching Emerging and Uncertain Worlds, edited by Juan Salazar, Sarah Pink, Andrew Irving, and Johannes Sjöberg, 158. London: Bloomsbury], and schooling and education are sites for alternative futures, in Siaya’s continuing present.

Top lights: Bright cities and their contribution to economic development

Tracking the development of cities in emerging economies is difficult with conventional data. This paper shows that nighttime lights can be used as a reliable proxy for economic activity at the city level, provided they are first corrected for top-coding. The commonly-used satellite images of nighttime light intensity fail to capture the true brightness of larger cities. We present a stylized model of urban luminosity and empirical evidence which both suggest that these ‘top lights’ can be characterized by a Pareto distribution or similarly heavy-tailed distributions. We then propose a correction procedure that recovers the full distribution of city lights. Our results show that the brightest cities account for nearly a third of global light output. Applying this approach to cities in Sub-Saharan Africa, we find that primate cities are outgrowing secondary cities. Contrary to the top-coded data, our data show that differences at the intensive margin drive the differential in relative growth rates across city types.

MARKETING COMMUNICATION POLICY OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES AS A TOOL FOR FORMING THE IMAGE OF MUNICIPAL SERVICE PROVIDERS

A part of research results concerning the state of the effectiveness of marketing activities of local authorities of Ukraine, in which authors took part and prepared the analyst report, and also their own researches are presented in the paper. The study found that marketing communication activities for forming the image of urban transport service providers in the studied regions were carried out mainly in the form of information campaigns and weren’t aimed at target audiences. The study discovered that in 2017—2020 in Ukraine (except for the temporarily occupied territories) there were some measures to increase awareness of the responsibility and important role of urban transport service providers. It is established that citizens of Ukraine are informed about the problems of urban public transport at three levels. First, at the national level, the most popular were information and educational activities, image social advertising in national media, Internet portals, information and educational programs and publications, reproduction and distribution of printed materials (booklets, leaflets, posters, academic literature). Secondly, at the regional level (oblast level) were popular publications and videos on the Internet, manuals, radio and television programs, social advertising on regional state television and radio, outdoor advertising (billboards, city lights, posters), conference organization were disseminated and seminars, flash mobs and social events. Third, lectures, classes, role-playing games, business games, workshops, booklets, leaflets and conference materials were organized at the local level. At the same time, the system in conducting marketing communication activities for forming the image of urban transport service providers during the study could not be found. The study identified shortcomings in the communication process of public services with target social groups. An analysis of marketing communication activities implemented and planned for implementation by local authorities. On the basis of research results and conclusions some recommendations are offered in the article.

VISUAL COMFORT ASSESSMENT MATRIX LIGHT ENVIRONMENT OPEN PUBLIC SPACE

The visual comfort of artificial lighting of open public spaces is an important factor in the sustainable operation of the city. The rapid development of innovations in the field of lighting of the architectural environment has significantly increased the tourist and recreational attractiveness of many cities around the world. However, along with the positive changes, the phenomenon of “light pollution” is a growing concern, a term used to describe excessive artificial night lighting, especially in large urban areas. The effect of light pollution is very noticeable in densely populated cities in Europe, East Asia and North America. All this can have adverse effects on human health. This problem is mainly related to the excessive and uncontrolled "capture" of city lights, advertising media panels, the work of improperly designed street lighting, lighting of stadiums, construction sites, lighting of facades and public spaces. Until now, there is no really effective policy that would solve the problem of light "pollution" of the city [2]. To date, unfortunately, there are no serious government programs and effective plans aimed at regulating the growing light pressure on urban residents. At the same time, visual culture is today one of the main means of human self-identification, and the architect, given this, must have the maximum means and opportunities to create the most effective and consumer-friendly visual solutions. Given this, the study created a hierarchical structure of factors that form the main parameters of visual comfort associated with artificial lighting of public spaces of the city. The purpose of the article is to systematize the factors related to the visual comfort of artificial lighting of open public spaces (PUBLIC SPACE) of the city, which allow to assess the impact of light characteristics of the visible environment on the assessment of its visual comfort.

Tenderness

Tenderness Mary Milstead (bio) I return to the image of her bare feet—they are small and white, and I am drawn to her softness, which is familiar to me. Telling my mother's story requires this sort of time travel. I know her well, from her silver-white hair down to her painted toenails, but I didn't know her when it happened. It would be another four years before I was born. On a recent summer visit to my home in Portland, my very Texan mother and I sat on my back porch in the afternoon sun. I offered her a foot rub and she accepted, sliding off her flip-flops. She loves the heat, and is always cold when she visits, but we were lucky enough that August visit to be bathed in sunshine—finally, it was warm enough. It was our last afternoon before she flew back home, so we were savoring our time together. She reached down and showed me with her fingers where the pressure point was for her lungs, just below the bone at the ball of her foot. ________ That night, before anything happened, she had been sitting on a low wall looking out at the city lights. Legs crossed, flip-flops dangling from her toes. Her hair was long and black, wavy and parted in the middle. It was mid-January, but a warm night. 1972. She was a nineteen-year-old out on a date with her boyfriend, and she doesn't remember what they were talking about. They hadn't been there long, and it was nice out. [End Page 59] Earlier they'd been at a potluck with a group of friends, and when they'd left, Michael suggested they stop for a while at Mt. Bonnell, a popular overlook with a view of Lake Austin and the city lights in the distance. They'd never been there together before. My mother told me that when he first suggested it, she felt nervous. She was clear that it wasn't any kind of premonition—she never sensed the impending tragedy until it was upon them—just a general sense that it was getting dark. And of course good girls avoided places that might be dangerous at night. But she was with Michael, and he was a great guy: she was safe. She thought, really, that just being with a man meant being safe. It usually did. She and Michael were newly dating, but they'd known each other for a while. He worked as a manager at a natural health food store and was part of her tight circle of friends—mostly young, mostly college students, people interested in spiritual growth and love and peace. She and Michael had talked about marriage, and she thought she might spend the rest of her life with him. So she had a momentary twinge of fear, but it didn't last, and by the time she was walking up the stone steps toward the top of Mt. Bonnell, she was mostly calm and happy, enjoying the night. They sat and talked on a low stone wall with a perfect view. It was just the two of them up there that night, at least as far as they could tell. There was a parked VW Bug in the clearing, but no other people. And so, when one of her flip-flops fell into the dirt just below, she didn't reach down to get it. She heard it land with a soft thud and figured she'd just grab it when they left. Instead, they were soon interrupted by a voice in the dark behind them. "Turn around, and don't make any trouble." Two men, a gun. My mother was not the type of girl to make trouble. And she knew instantly that this was not a joke, not some kind of prank or mistake, no matter how surreal it felt. She would do everything they told her to do. Within a few minutes, one of the men was holding her off to the side of the clearing by her long black hair. The other man was standing by the parked...

The detectability of nightside city lights on exoplanets

ABSTRACT Next-generation missions designed to detect biosignatures on exoplanets will also be capable of placing constraints on technosignatures (evidence for technological life) on these same worlds. Here, I estimate the detectability of nightside city lights on habitable, Earth-like, exoplanets around nearby stars using direct-imaging observations from the proposed LUVOIR and HabEx observatories, assuming these lights come from high-pressure sodium lamps. I consider how the detectability scales with urbanization fraction: from Earth’s value of 0.05 per cent, up to the limiting case of an ecumenopolis – or planet-wide city. Though an Earth analogue would not be detectable by LUVOIR or HabEx, planets around M-dwarfs close to the Sun would show detectable signals at $3\, \sigma$ from city lights, using 300 h of observing time, for urbanization levels of 0.4–3 per cent, while city lights on planets around nearby Sun-like stars would be detectable at urbanization levels of ${\gtrsim}10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. The known planet Proxima b is a particularly compelling target for LUVOIR A observations, which would be able to detect city lights 12 times that of Earth in 300 h, an urbanization level that is expected to occur on Earth around the mid-22nd century. An ecumenopolis, or planet-wide city, would be detectable around roughly 30–50 nearby stars by both LUVOIR and HabEx, and a survey of these systems would place a $1\, \sigma$ upper limit of ${\lesssim}2$ to ${\lesssim}4{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, and a $3\, \sigma$ upper limit ${\lesssim}10$ to ${\lesssim}15{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, on the frequency of ecumenopolis planets in the Solar neighbourhood assuming no detections.

Assessment and Monitoring of VIIRS-DNB and SQML-L light Pollution in Lahore-Pakistan

The usage of artificial light is excessive and improper. Earth's night picture has changed significantly from space and studies have shown that over-exposure to artificial light in the night can influence animals, the environment and human beings. The purpose of this study was to monitor and measure skylights of Lahore City and temporary light pollution from 2012-2019. The Suite-Day/Night band of the Visible Image Radiometer was used for time changes analysis with GIS and Remote Sensing tools. Indicators were established as a table tool through zonal statistics, and a field survey was also undertaken to measure the Sky-Glow of Lahore with Sky Quality Meter-L. The results suggest that from 2012 to 2019, light pollution rose by 23.43 percent. Results suggest that around 53.99% of Lahore suffered from light pollution. The number of lights in Lahore has increased by 161.82 percent between 2012 and 2019. In the study period, the mean night light and the standard night light deviation were 127.87 and 98.22 percent, respectively. Lahore's night sky was heavily polluted by light. Lahore's average skylight is 17.15 meters above sea level, which means low quality skies at night. This research aims to provide people an insight into light pollution and the causes of local light pollution. Furthermore, this study aims to enhance public attention to light pollution mitigation attempts by governments and politicians.

Using radiant intensity to characterize the anisotropy of satellite-derived city light at night

Recent studies have described the anisotropy of ALAN based on statistical analysis of a quadratic model-based relationship between radiances derived from the VIIRS Day/Night Band sensor onboard Suomi-NPP and viewing zenith angle (VZA) (Li et al., 2019). Contrary to conventional wisdom, the satellite-observed radiance of ALAN always decreases at first and then increase with VZA, especially for high building areas. This leads to a so-called ‘cold-spot’ effect (i.e. radiance reaches local minimum in a specific VZA) in the VZA-radiance relationship, one that has not been understood using existing remote sensing methods. In this paper, we propose using radiant intensity – a measure of light power in a specific direction– to characterize the anisotropy of satellite-observed artificial lights at night (ALAN). Accordingly, we propose a new study design based on analysis across fourteen global cities. A linear regression model describing the relationship between VZA and radiant intensity resulted in an averaged regression R2 between 0.26 and 0.73 for the cities, suggesting a decay of radiant intensity with increased VZA. We then introduced a cosine-corrected linear model to describe the VZA-radiance relationship, which is mathematically transformed from the linear VZA-intensity model. Our results suggest that the ‘cold spot’ effect in the VZA-radiance relationship is consistent with the revealed phenomenon that the radiant intensity decays with increased VZA. We also constructed indexes related to urban morphology derived from LiDAR data, including the Blocking Index (BI), the Standard Deviation of Building Height (SDBI) and Average Building Height (ABH). These variables were all moderately or strongly correlated (Pearson correlation coefficient < −0.45) to the Change Index (CI), which describes the anisotropic pattern of ALAN in the VZA-intensity relationship, in the four U.S. cities where LiDAR data is accessible. We conclude that radiant intensity is a suitable physical index to characterize the directional distribution of ALAN that can help understand the anisotropy of ALAN.

Research on the Display of City Image in Macau Light and Shadow Festival

The lighting of the city landscape has ignited the night-time economy as a new blue ocean. Macau takes festivals as an opportunity to create a city night scene, and light and shadow festivals, as part of the popular cultural industry, are better able to expand city life, enhance the city's charm and create a city name card. This paper analyzes the main categories of the Macao Light and Shadow Festival, defines the connotation and denotative value discusses the influence of the Light and Shadow Festival on the spread and display of the city of Macao, and summarizes how the Light and Shadow Festival promotes the relationship between people and people, people and space, and people and the city. The final research findings pointed out that the future Macau Light and shadow Festival should optimize the connection between people, space and city, highlight the characteristics of the city, strengthen branding and other related recommendations.

21st Century Power Plant: Front-End Engineering Design Study for Hybrid Gas Turbine and Ultra-Supercritical (USC) Coal Boiler Concept (HGCC) Plant with Post Combustion Carbon Capture and Energy Storage System at City Water, Light and Power Plant (CWLP)

21st Century Power Plant: Front-End Engineering Design Study for Hybrid Gas Turbine and Ultra-Supercritical (USC) Coal Boiler Concept (HGCC) Plant with Post Combustion Carbon Capture and Energy Storage System at City Water, Light and Power Plant (CWLP)

Progress Update Large Pilot Testing of Linde-BASF Advanced Post-Combustion Capture Technology at City Water, Light and Power

Progress Update Large Pilot Testing of Linde-BASF Advanced Post-Combustion Capture Technology at City Water, Light and Power

“Read the City Walls for Signs of My Life”: Four Reviews

“Read the City Walls for Signs of My Life”: Four Reviews Christopher Spaide (bio) More Anon: Selected Poems by Maureen N. McLane (Farrar, Straus & Giroux 2021) Blood on the Fog by Tongo Eisen-Martin (City Lights Publishers 2021) The Past by Wendy Xu (Wesleyan University Press 2021) Pilgrim Bell: Poems by Kaveh Akbar (Graywolf Press 2021) In early 1954, approaching his seventy-fifth birthday, Wallace Stevens faced a dilemma unique to monumental poets nearing the final stage of their careers: Should he publish a selected poems or a collected? Nothing but the hits, or everything, including all the misses? Writing to an academic acquaintance, he weighed his options: “They are different in the sense that people read selected poems but don’t buy them. On the other hand, they [End Page 150] buy collected poems but don’t read them.” It’s a fantastic little quip, a perfectly knotted rhetorical bow—but in Stevens’s case, it isn’t remotely true. When his Collected Poems was published that fall, it garnered him plenty of new readers and considerable sales, along with the Pulitzer Prize, his second National Book Award, and a celebratory birthday lunch at New York’s Harmonie Club, hosted by his publisher. (In the years since Stevens’s death, there have been several Selected Poems, any of which I recommend reading, buying, or both, even though none of them led to lunches of much literary-historical distinction.) Maureen N. McLane, the author of five collections and now her first selected poems, More Anon, has her own fantastic witticism about reprinting poems. It appears in her unsummarizable poetry-meets-prose-meets-everything-in-between memoir My Poets (2012), in an essay titled “My H. D.,” in a paragraph collaging appraisal and crafty quotation: It is no dispraise to be a poet best served by an anthology, a rigorously pruned selected—no dispraise particularly for this poet, who knew very well that “anthology” comes from the Greek: a gathering of flowers. “Little, but all roses.” True enough for H. D.; true enough for any number of poets whose work looks best when handpicked and arranged into a modest bouquet. But McLane, like Stevens, lucked out: her own gathering of flowers easily exceeds the rosy standards she set for H. D. Reprinting around a third of her previously published poetry, More Anon may be “rigorously pruned,” but its contents are so various, no mere bouquet but a botanical garden, that you might reasonably wonder how it all came from just one poet. The final poem in More Anon, “envoi: eclipse,” reads in full: [End Page 151] “I don’t trust myself / not to look.” From first page to last, More Anon presents McLane as a lowercase-e experimentalist, taking a methodical “look” at the marvelous; each new poem is an occasion to attempt something ever so slightly unprecedented, learn from the results, then promptly move on. Our ready-made phrase for dabbling among styles and stances, especially for young poets, is “finding one’s voice.” Counterintuitively, McLane found her first voices by throwing them every which way. The “envoi” to her debut, Same Life (2008), sounds like a post-breakup Chaucer, taking it hard, or a punkish Dickinson, promising mind-blowing sublimities: “Go litel myn book / and blow her head off.” That first book also includes a catechism, Sapphic love poems, a 118-line verse-essay on Susan Sontag, and episodes in the serial biography of a poet-scholar, Mz N. (That code name deserves an explanatory essay of its own: “Mz N” could be an alter ego for McLane—whose initials are two Ms and one N—or a glitchy abbreviation for an existentially “missing” person.) What all these one-off exercises had in common was their origin point: wonder. Sometimes it spilled from her opening lines (“Terrible things are happening / in Russian novels!”), and sometimes it came slowly to simmer: Sometimes we arrange to meetand after some wine they rememberand blush and wonderand ask if I too wonder. McLane embodied her wonder in a springy free-verse line, extendable and retractable as a lecturer’s pointer, and in her worldly palate for vocabularies, taking...

High-Spatial-Resolution Nighttime Light Dataset Acquisition Based on Volunteered Passenger Aircraft Remote Sensing

Remotely sensed nighttime light (NTL) data provides an opportunity to observe human economic activities at night. However, existing NTL remote sensing data does not sufficiently reflect human activities at a fine resolution. In this study, we obtain a set of NTL data comprising volunteered passenger aircraft nighttime remote sensing (VPAN-RS) imagery by adopting a passenger plane as the remote sensing platform and using low-cost portable photography equipment as sensors. This method demonstrates the advantages of VPAN-RS data in high spatial resolution, frequent revisits, and low cost, which can supplement existing NTL data. The dataset acquired in this study covers 16 cities in China and one city in Japan, with a spatial resolution up to meter level. The data acquisition method and processing workflow are introduced in this article. Quality assessment shows that the reprojection error of the dataset falls within the range from 5–10 pixels, and the geometric error can be within 15 m. Via a comparison to reference data derived from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) sensor of the Suomi-National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (NPP) polar-orbiting satellite, we found that the VPAN-RS data provides more details of city lighting. Additionally, the radiance of the VPAN-RS data suitably fits that of monthly composite NPP/VIIRS data. We further outline an application example of VPAN-RS nighttime imagery, examine the unique challenges associated with VPAN-RS data with a focus on the influence of the image acquisition method on the data quality, and provide an outlook for the future of VPAN-RS data. We conclude that VPAN-RS NTL images are an effective data source for nighttime earth observations and have the potential for various applications.

Stargazing

I squinted as I searched for the stars from my hospital bed, their hazy outlines blurred by the cool candescence of the city lights in the night sky. Trapped in bed by my fresh sternotomy incision and the attendant tubes, wires and discomfort, unable to move closer to the window to even try to find the moon, I closed my eyes and smiled as I recalled the shiny red telescope I received for my ninth birthday.

Building integrated pumped-storage potential on a city scale: An analysis based on geographic information systems

Energy storage is essential for the successful transformation of the existing power system to one based on variable renewable energy sources. The portfolio of existing possible storage technologies at a given location within the power system is often severely constrained by a multitude of factors. Therefore, there is a need to explore the potential of thus-far neglected and uncharted territories. The prefeasibility study presented in this article addresses the theoretical potential of small-scale pumped-storage stations located in urban areas and utilizing height differences provided by built infrastructure (buildings). Geographic information system tools are applied for a selected case study (Toruń, Poland). The results revealed that a city with a population of 200 000 has a hosting capacity for small-scale pumped storage of slightly over 19 MWh or 11.3 MWh if stricter building selection criteria are considered. The article also provides a preliminary discussion of a concept of several buildings with pumped-storage upper tanks that share the same lower reservoir and estimates the role of such storage in covering city lighting needs. The discussion section is based partially on strengths-weaknesses-opportunities-threats analysis highlights the concept's main limitations and some future research directions.

City Lights: A Story of Leadership, Passion, Self Confidence, Positive Thinking, Vision, Persistence, Compassion, Love, Generosity, Gratitude and Hope

City Lights: A Story of Leadership, Passion, Self Confidence, Positive Thinking, Vision, Persistence, Compassion, Love, Generosity, Gratitude and Hope

Ecoposter as a Form of Socio-cultural Communications

The article reveals the role of the poster, which at the beginning of XXI century doesn’t lose the position of the main advertising medium for outdoor (especially in city lights), in interiors for various purposes, even as an element of the decor instead of paintings, in virtual competitions of various themes, and can be transformed into online ads banners.&#x0D; Purpose of the study is environmental social advertising, an empirical analysis of visual language and stylistic trends in the poster was conducted. The research methodology is based on rethinking the results of the International Project “ECO-Culture”, whose objectives were the development of eco-thinking, popularization of eco-trends, the formation of poster art a new lifestyle in an urban environment, promoting the concept of clean cities and consumer culture. In this way, the role of education, art and design and the responsibility of each of us in the systemic changes for the environment is proved. To achieve this goal, scientific methods were used: system-structural, socio-cultural, axiological, comparative, method of theoretical generalization. Scientific novelty. Ecoposter has been actualized as a form of socio-cultural communication, strategically aimed at preserving the environment and creating comfortable conditions for human life and activity, changing consumer attitudes, strengthening social responsibility and positive values. Conclusions. The current state of ecoposter, in particular in Ukraine, motivates further initiatives and interdisciplinary approach to the development of ecoculture in society by means of Poster Art. In the arsenal of techniques to increase the efficiency and aesthetic level of ecoposters, the authors highlighted the use of creative advertising technologies – visual metaphors, hyperbole, associations, allegories and metonymy, focusing on the experience of famous poster artists and participants in international exhibitions and competitions.

Disability on Film: An Exploration of Film Codes’ Obstructiveness in City Lights and Children of a Lesser God

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Looking at two films that center upon a sensory disability (Chaplin’s City Lights and Randa Haines’ Children of a Lesser God), I propose that despite many gestures of sensitivity, these films reinforce an othering of the non-normative subject through conventional film codes and conventions. For example, in Haines’ film, the protagonist James Leeds (William Hurt) delivers a lecture on facing his deaf students so that they can read his lips. However, this scene is shot with his back turned away from us (the viewer). Rather than presenting an instance of irony, moments like this reinforce notions of normativity. Specifically, it’s the mechanism(s) behind and within film production that reinforce problematic notions of “normality” while trying to trump them.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Reviewing the Role of Outdoor Lighting in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim at providing a healthier planet for present and future generations. At the most recent SDG summit held in 2019, Member States recognized that the achievements accomplished to date have been insufficient to achieve this mission. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of 227 documents contextualizing outdoor lighting with SDGs, showing its potential to resolve some existing issues related to the SDG targets. From a list of 17 goals, six SDGs were identified to have relevant synergies with outdoor lighting in smart cities, including SDG 3 (Good health and well-being), SDG 11 (Sustainable cities and communities), SDG 14 (Life below water) and SDG 15 (Life on land). This review also links efficient lighting roles partially with SDG 7 (Affordable and clean energy) and SDG 13 (Climate action) through Target 7.3 and Target 13.2, respectively. This paper identifies outdoor lighting as a vector directly impacting 16 of the 50 targets in the six SDGs involved. Each section in this review discusses the main aspects of outdoor lighting by a human-centric, energy efficiency and environmental impacts. Each aspect addresses the most recent studies contributing to lighting solutions in the literature, helping us to understand the positive and negative impacts of artificial lighting on living beings. In addition, the work summarizes the proposed solutions and results tackling specific topics impacting SDG demands.

Can we illuminate our cities and (still) see the stars?

Could we enjoy starry skies in our cities again? Arguably yes. The actual number of visible stars will depend, among other factors, on the spatial density of the overall city light emissions. In this paper it is shown that reasonably dark skies could be achieved in urban settings, even at the center of large metropolitan areas, if the light emissions are kept within admissible levels and direct glare from the light sources is avoided. These results may support the adoption of science-informed, democratic public decisions on the use of light in our municipalities, with the goal of recovering the possibility of contemplating the night sky everywhere in our planet.&#x0D; &#x0D;