Abstract
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim at providing a healthier planet for present and future generations. At the most recent SDG summit held in 2019, Member States recognized that the achievements accomplished to date have been insufficient to achieve this mission. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of 227 documents contextualizing outdoor lighting with SDGs, showing its potential to resolve some existing issues related to the SDG targets. From a list of 17 goals, six SDGs were identified to have relevant synergies with outdoor lighting in smart cities, including SDG 3 (Good health and well-being), SDG 11 (Sustainable cities and communities), SDG 14 (Life below water) and SDG 15 (Life on land). This review also links efficient lighting roles partially with SDG 7 (Affordable and clean energy) and SDG 13 (Climate action) through Target 7.3 and Target 13.2, respectively. This paper identifies outdoor lighting as a vector directly impacting 16 of the 50 targets in the six SDGs involved. Each section in this review discusses the main aspects of outdoor lighting by a human-centric, energy efficiency and environmental impacts. Each aspect addresses the most recent studies contributing to lighting solutions in the literature, helping us to understand the positive and negative impacts of artificial lighting on living beings. In addition, the work summarizes the proposed solutions and results tackling specific topics impacting SDG demands.
Highlights
Living beings have an intrinsic relationship with natural light, strengthened along the evolution of life on Earth
Most organisms either directly or indirectly depend on the sunlight to survive [2], except for specific communities living in deep sea hydrothermal vents ecosystems [3]. This relation points to the inherent impact that light can inflict on living beings. This impact can be triggered by artificial light, resulting in positive or negative effects depending on the organism and features of the light
It is possible to affirm that the use of artificial light at night has positively affected the quality of human life associated with an increase of comfort and safety, which explains its omnipresence around us
Summary
Living beings have an intrinsic relationship with natural light, strengthened along the evolution of life on Earth. DUndoubtedly, carefully structured interlinks will reveal the significant potential of outdoor lighting systems in various vectors of sustainable development, and, draw attention to the potential of improved and thoughtful outdoor lighting solutions To clarify this synergy, each section summarizes studies from the main aspects of outdoor lighting presenting the positive or negative impacts of it on 15 targets of the five SDGs related to lighting. (dark green according to the color of SDG 13) as they fit properly in sustainable cities and energy efficiency contexts As it was stated above, the main aspects of outdoor lighting were hierarchically divided into topics (second column from left to right) and sub-topics (third column).
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