Charge-transfer Complexes Research Articles

Construction of efficient S-scheme TiO2/Bi3.84W0.16O6.24 heterojunction with abundant O vacancies: Kinetics, performance and mechanism insight

The photocatalytic oxidation of Tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) under visible light irradiation is an economically viable solution to address energy and pollution concerns. Herein, an oxygen vacancies (Ovs) defecting-TiO2/Bi3.84W0.16O6.24 S-scheme heterostructure with strong redox ability was constructed, exhibiting superior catalytic capability for TC destruction. 30 % Ov-TiO2/Bi3.84W0.16O6.24 (Ov-TBW30) composite demonstrated the highest activity, with the constant (0.872 min−1). The results indicated that Ov is conducive to the reduced bandgap and promoting effective charge transfer. In the ligand-metal charge transfer (LMCT) effect, charge transferred from the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) of the TC to the conduction band (CB) of the heterojunction, which enables the heterogeneous structure to be much more light-responsive. Furthermore, the variable cycling of Ti4+/Ti3+ facilitated charge balance and quickened the charge transport rate on the heterojunction surface. Noteworthy, the work function calculation, differential charge density, and XPS results jointly confirmed that electrons flowed from Bi3.84W0.16O6.24 to the TiO2 side. O2-TPD and NH3-TPD demonstrate that Ov-TBW30 has a strong catalytic oxidation ability for pollutants. Additionally, the calculated AQE value for COD removal is 0.08 %. 3DEEMs results confirmed that the Ov-TBW photocatalysis system has a strong mineralization capacity for TC. This work provides new perspectives on the design of S-scheme photocatalysis with efficient photocatalytic performance.

Exploring the therapeutic potential of ruthenium(II)-bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine complex on MDA-MB-231, HCT-116 and normal L6 cell lines

The in vitro anticancer efficacy and cytotoxicity of the [Ru(bbp)2]2+ complex (bbp = 2,6-bis(benzimidazol-2-yl) pyridine) on human breast cancerous MDA-MB-231, colorectal HCT-116, and normal cell lines were investigated by direct microscopic and MTT assay methods. The synthesised [Ru(bbp)2]2+ complex was characterised by UV–visible, FTIR, 1H NMR, and MALDI-TOF-MS spectroscopic techniques. The complex showed a metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) absorption peak at 481 nm. The FTIR spectrum of the complex showed absorption bands in the range of 3458–573 cm−1. The 1H NMR chemical shift values resembled those of the bbp ligand. The molecular ion peak (M+) of the [Ru(bbp)2]2+ complex was obtained at m/z 1013.48. The IC50 values of the complex on MDA-MB-231, HCT-116 and normal L6 cell lines were calculated from the percentage cellular viability and are found to be 28.71, 9.06 and 153.82 µM respectively. The morphological changes in the cell lines at various concentrations of the complex were attributed to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The obtained result revealed that the anticancer activity of the synthesised complex depends on the concentration of the complex. The complex reduced the proportion of viable cells in both malignant cell lines, causing apoptosis. The results suggeseted that the synthesised complex showed good anticancer activity on the MDA-MB-231 and HCT-116 cell lines with low cytotoxicity. Thus, the present investigation paved the way for the development of novel anticancer drugs.

Halogen-bond mediated charge transfer for visual competitive colorimetric detection of fentanyl

Colorimetric assays are inexpensive and attractive tools for the detection of fentanyl (FTN), yet further enhancing their sensitivity remains a major challenge. Herein, we develop a halogen-bond mediated visual competitive colorimetric assay for FTN using Erythrosine B (EB) as a probe. The addition of poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide (F-127) induces the EB aggregation, strongly suppressing the background signal. Upon the introduction of FTN, the subsequent competitive reaction displaces F-127 to generate EB-FTN charge-transfer complexes via N…I halogen bonds between electron-rich amine groups and electron-deficient iodine sites, accompanying a significant absorbance wavelength shift and pink-to-purple color change. The limits of detection of this approach for FTN are 2 mg·L−1 by the naked eye and 0.19 mg·L−1 by UV–vis spectroscopy, which are approximately 3.7-fold to 4 orders of magnitude more sensitive than the reported colorimetric assays. Meanwhile, the present method is well applied for FTN-spiked domestic sewage samples, and an easy-to-use smartphone-based digital image colorimetry is also fabricated. It is expected that such an assay can play a key role in alleviating the worldwide opioid overdose crisis.

Chiral Self-Assembly of a Pyrene-Appended Glutamylalanine Dipeptide and Its Charge Transfer Complex: Fabrication of Magneto-Responsive Hydrogels and Human Cell Imaging.

The formation of a robust, self-healing hydrogel of a novel pyrene-appended dipeptide, Py-E-A (L-Glutamic acid short as E; L-Alanine short as A) is demonstrated. Detailed studies suggest that nanoscopic fibers with a length of several micrometers have formed by chiral self-organization of Py-E-A gelators. Additionally, live human PBMCs imaging is shown using the Py-E-A fluorophore. Interestingly, electron-rich Py-E-A couples with electron-deficient NDI-β-A (β-Alanine short as β-A) by charge transfer (CT) complexation and forms stable deep violet-colored CT super-hydrogel. X-ray diffraction, DFT, and 2D ROESY NMR studies suggest lamellar packing of both Py-E-A and the alternating CT stack in its hydrogel matrixes. Supramolecular chirality of the Py-E-A donor can be altered by adding an achiral acceptor NDI-β-A. Notably, the fibers of the CT hydrogel are found to be even thinner than the Py-E-A fibers, which, in turn, makes the CT hydrogel more tolerant to the applied strain. Further, the self-healing and injectable properties of the hydrogels are shown. Finally, the magneto-responsive behavior of the Py-E-A and CT hydrogels loaded with spin-canted Cu-ferrite (Cu0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4) nanoparticles (NPs) is demonstrated. The presence of magnetic NPs within the hydrogels has changed the fibrous morphology to rod-like nanoclusters.

Isoreticular Squaraine-Linked Titanium-Organic Frameworks for Photocatalytic Water Splitting to Hydrogen Under Visible Light.

Inspired by the excellent photocatalytic activity of TiO2, titanium metal-organic frameworks (Ti-MOFs) with broad absorption of visible light are regarded as promising photocatalysts, but carboxylate-linkers used in them are mainly limited to the large extended π-electron systems. Developing Ti-MOFs using organic linkers with a donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) structure is expected to improve their charge separation but is still challenging. Herein the design of two new isoreticular Ti-MOFs, Ti6-SQ1 and Ti6-SQ2 are reported, by using squaraines bearing different electron donors as organic linkers. Discrete fourier transform (DFT) calculations demonstrate that ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) from the acceptor units of squaraines to the Ti6-oxo secondary building units (SBUs) drives the photocatalytic water splitting to hydrogen reaction. Compared with Ti6-SQ2, the shorter distance between the squaraine centers and the Ti6-oxo SBUs in Ti6-SQ1 makes stronger LMCT, showing higher photocatalytic hydrogen evolution efficiency of 11.5mmol g-1h-1 under visible light (λ > 420nm), which is ≈8 times that of Ti-based MOF photocatalysts reported so far. This work provides a new strategy to design Ti-MOF photocatalysts and understand their structure-property relationship.

Negative Solvatochromism of the Intramolecular Charge Transfer Band in Two Structurally Related Pyridazinium—Ylids

Negative Solvatochromism of the Intramolecular Charge Transfer Band in Two Structurally Related Pyridazinium—Ylids

Evaluation of the optical and electrical properties of (C8BTBT)(F4TCNQ) charge-transfer complexes according to film formation temperatures during solution-coating

Abstract This study focused on (C8BTBT)(F4TCNQ) charge-transfer complexes, where C8BTBT is 2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene and F4TCNQ represents fluorinated derivatives of 7,7,8,8,-tetracyanoquinodimethane. These complexes exhibit excellent thermal and atmospheric stability and near-infrared absorption, serving as transparent thin films for photoelectric conversion. Here, we sought to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency (and thus the quantum efficiency, QE) of (C8BTBT)(F4TCNQ) thin films by altering the film formation temperatures during solution-coating; we evaluated optical and electrical properties of the films. We found that increased film coverage of a substrate surface (leading to continuous film formation) enhanced optical absorption and improved the photocurrent extraction efficiency when such films were incorporated into devices. C8BTBT and its components, when present alone, negatively affected both the device fabrication yield and photocurrent extraction. It is thus important to maximize (C8BTBT)(F4TCNQ) formation when seeking to improve the QE.

Photocatalytic Reactions over TiO2-Based Interfacial Charge Transfer Complexes

The present review is related to the novel approach for improvement of the optical properties of wide bandgap metal oxides, in particular TiO2, based on the formation of the inorganic–organic hybrids that display absorption in the visible spectral range due to the formation of interfacial charge transfer (ICT) complexes. We outlined the property requirements of TiO2-based ICT complexes for efficient photo-induced catalytic reactions, emphasizing the simplicity of the synthetic procedure, the possibility of the fine-tuning of the optical properties supported by the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and the formation of a covalent linkage between the inorganic and organic components of hybrids, i.e., the nature of the interface. In addition, this study provides a comprehensive insight into the potential applications of TiO2-based ICT complexes in photo-driven catalytic reactions (water splitting and degradation of organic molecules), including the identification of the reactive species that participate in photocatalytic reactions by the spin-trapping electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique. Considering the practically limitless number of combinations between the inorganic and organic components capable of forming oxide-based ICT complexes and with the knowledge that this research area is unexplored, we are confident it is worth studying, and we emphasized some further perspectives.

Unraveling the Mechanisms of the Formations and Transformations of Metal-Ligand Charge Transfer States in [Ru(tpy)2]2+*: Consequences of Jahn-Teller Conical Intersections and the Pseudo-Jahn-Teller Effect.

This work investigates Jahn-Teller conical intersections (CoIns) and the pseudo-Jahn-Teller effect on the formations and transformations of the low-lying singlet metal-ligand charge transfer (1MLCT) excited states during the ultrafast evolution process of photoexcited [Ru(tpy)2]2+* (tpy = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine). Longuet-Higgins' geometric phase analyses indicate that the potential energy surface (PES) crossing between charge transfer states 1MLCT1 and 1MLCT2 is a CoIn, originating from the change in diabatic Hamiltonian matrix elements around the CoIn. Moreover, an E⊗(b1 + b2) Jahn-Teller distortion can occur around the Franck-Condon and minimal energy CoIn (MECI) configurations, causing the molecule to distort spontaneously from the high-symmetry D2d configuration to C2v symmetry configurations that are close to it. Furthermore, the pseudo-Jahn-Teller effect can cause the molecule to distort further from C2v to C1 geometries since the former is a second-order saddle point on the whole dimensional PES but the latter is a true minimum. Eight minima in total are symmetrically distributed around the MECI. These minima are connected by the interligand electron transfer, the charge transfer, and the butterfly-like conformational inversion reactions, all of which have extremely small energy barriers.

Origin of the intermolecular forces that produce donor–acceptor stacks in π-conjugated charge-transfer complexes

The attraction between π-conjugated planar electron donor and acceptor molecules that form many stable charge-transfer (CT) complexes has been explained by quantum chemical CT interactions, although the fundamental origin remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate the mechanism of CT complex formation by potential energy map analysis for TTF–CA and BTBT–TCNQ, using energy decomposition of intermolecular interaction by symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) combined with coupled cluster calculation. We find that the source of attraction between donor and acceptor molecules is ascribed primarily to the dispersion force and also to the electrostatic force. In contrast, the contribution of CT interactions to the attractive forces is minimal. We demonstrate that the highly directional feature of the exchange repulsion force, coupled with the attractive dispersion and electrostatic forces, is crucial in determining the intermolecular arrangements of actual CT crystals. These findings are key for understanding the unique structural and electronic properties of π-conjugated CT complexes.

Enabling Visible Light Sensitization of YbIII, NdIII and ErIII in Dimeric LnIII/GaIII Metallacrowns through Functionalization with RuII Complexes for NIR‐II Multiplex Imaging

AbstractMultiplex imaging in the second near‐infrared window (NIR‐II, 1000–1700 nm) provides exciting opportunities for more precise understanding of biological processes and more accurate diagnosis of diseases by enabling real‐time acquisition of images with improved contrast and spatial resolution in deeper tissues. Today, the number of imaging agents suitable for this modality remains very scarce. In this work, we have synthesized and fully characterized, including theoretical calculations, a series of dimeric LnIII/GaIII metallacrowns bearing RuII polypyridyl complexes, LnRu‐3 (Ln=YIII, YbIII, NdIII, ErIII). Relaxed structures of YRu‐3 in the ground and the excited electronic states have been calculated using dispersion‐corrected density functional theory methods. Detailed photophysical studies of LnRu‐3 have demonstrated that characteristic emission signals of YbIII, NdIII and ErIII in the NIR‐II range can be sensitized upon excitation in the visible range through RuII‐centered metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (MLCT) states. We have also showed that these NIR‐II signals are unambiguously detected in an imaging experiment using capillaries and biological tissue‐mimicking phantoms. This work opens unprecedented perspectives for NIR‐II multiplex imaging using LnIII‐based molecular compounds.

Optical and surface properties of Schiff base ligands and Cu(II) and Co(II) complexes

Objectives. To study the transition of electrons in 1,2-phenyl(4’-carboxy)benzylidene Schiff base ligand and transition metal ions, optical properties, as well as the surface chemistry of supported transition metals using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS); to study the roughness and morphology of the Schiff base ligand and its complexes using atomic force microscopy (AFM).Methods. DRS, AFM, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy instruments were used to identify electron transitions, optical properties, and surface morphology in Schiff base ligands and their complexes.Results. The DRS revealed the d–d transitions and charge transfer shifts of all compounds, and helped identify the structure of the ligand. One of the optical properties studied was the energy gap calculation of the ligand and its complexes. The copper complex exhibited more semiconducting behavior with surface morphology properties such as surface roughness parameters lower than those of the ligand and the cobalt complex. This can be attributed to the smaller size of the copper atom, as well as lower electron transitions compared to the cobalt complex and the square planar bonding shape.Conclusions. In Schiff base ligands, the reflectance spectrum bands reveal three electron transitions: n→π*, π→π*, and σ→σ* transitions. In cobalt complexes, four transitions are indicated: 4A2(F)→4T1(F), 4A2(F)→4T1(P), charge transfer bands, and tetrahedral geometry. Copper complexes exhibit three transitions: 2B1g→2A1g, 2B1g→2Eg, and charge transfer bands, with a square planar geometry for their structure. The energy gap calculations were 2.42, 2.29, and 2.30 eV, respectively. In the case of the SH ligands, copper complexes, and cobalt complexes, all compounds exhibited semiconductor properties. However, the complexes displayed increased conductivity due to the influence of the metal and coordination structure.

An Increase in the Rigidity of the Environment Favors MLCT over the MC State in [Ru(bpy)2(Nicotine)2](Cl)2: A Case Study of Photolabile Ligands.

Ru(II)-complexes with photolabile ligands find a wide range of applications, e.g., in drug release and in the design of light-responsive interfaces. While light-driven ligand loss has been studied mechanistically in detail for complexes in solution, comparably few studies are present that investigate the process in a material context, i.e., in a rigid environment and in the absence of solvent. This paper adds to this underrepresented perspective by studying the excited-state dynamics of [Ru(bpy)2(nicotine)2] (Cl)2 (Ru-nico) as a model system in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) matrices. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and time-resolved emission spectroscopy are employed to monitor the photodissociation of labile nicotine ligands in polymer environments. Photoexcitation within the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) band leads to transient dissociation of the nicotine ligand when the complex is dissolved in water. However, optical excitation of the 1MLCT transition of the complexes embedded in polymer matrices does not result in photodissociation, likely due to the rigidity of the environment, which cannot solvate the undercoordinated complex after ligand dissociation and the dissociated ligand. These insights shed light on the role of the local environment when considering the photophysics of ligand loss from Ru(II)-polypyridyl complexes and, hence, their use in the light-activation of reactive molecular components in materials.

Impact of electron acceptors on mechanochromism in carbazole-based charge transfer complexes

The synthesis of a dicarbazole derivative (C4C) with a flexible alkyl chain was conducted, and its charge transfer complexes (CTCs) were prepared by incorporating three acceptors (3,4,5,6-tetrafluorophthalonitrile (TFPN), 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile (TFTPN), 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene (TCNB)), aiming to investigate the influence of electron acceptors on their mechanofluorochromism (MFC). It was observed that CTC3 containing TCNB displayed the longest emission wavelength due to the lowest LUMO energy level of TCNB. Interestingly, while CTC1 with TFPN emitted green fluorescence, CTC2 incorporating TFTPN showed a shorter emission wavelength than that of CTC1 although TFTPN had a lower LUMO energy level than TFPN. Single-crystal structural analysis revealed that loose packing between donor and acceptor in CTC2 contributed to its shorter emission wavelength. Notably, CTC2 exhibited MFC because of enhanced charge transfer interaction after grinding. However, no MFC behaviors were observed for the other two complexes. These findings highlight that electron acceptors not only impact photoluminescent properties but also strongly influence response towards mechanical forces.

Investigation of the Effects of Different Phases of TiO2 Nanoparticles on PVA Membranes

Introduction: PVA/TiO2 nanocomposite membranes are prepared by solution casting technique where different phases of TiO2 nanoparticles like brookite, brookiterutile and rutile are dispersed in PVA matrix. Sol-gel method was employed to prepare TiO2 nanoparticles, while different phases of TiO2 have been obtained by controlling the calcination temperature. Methods: PVA/TiO2 nanocomposite membranes were characterized by XRD, FTIR, AFM, TEM, UV-visible and PL techniques. XRD results confirmed the presence of different phases of TiO2, exhibiting 3.3 nm, 8.4 nm, and 35.7 nm mean crystalline size. The XRD studies also confirmed that TiO2 nanoparticles became properly dispersed to the PVA matrix, leading to increased PVA crystallinity after doping of different phases of TiO2 nanoparticles. UV-visible analysis revealed an increase in absorption intensity and peak position shifts slightly towards longer wavelengths, which indicates that nanofillers tuned the band gap of PVA. The doping of the TiO2 (brookite) phase in the PVA matrix results in a decreased in PL intensity. Results: This suggests that the PVA/TiO2 (brookite) membrane exhibits a greater degree of photocatalytic activity in comparison to the other two composites. According to the FTIR investigation, the hydroxyl (OH) groups present in PVA interact with the dopants Ti+ ions via intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds to produce charge transfer complexes (CTC). The AFM study shows surface roughness details for PVA and PVA/TiO2 composite membranes. The average grain size of TiO2 nanoparticles calculated from TEM images is in good agreement with the grain size calculated by XRD. Conclusion: By adjusting the phase of TiO2 nanoparticles into PVA matrix, composites can be developed that are optimized for a variety of applications such as water purification, UV protection, self-cleaning surfaces, lithium-ion batteries, and optoelectronic devices.

Charge-Transfer Interactions Between Antibiotics and Small Organic Acids: Spectroscopic Characterization and Computational Investigation

Six new charge-transfer complexes using ofloxacin (OFL) and sulfamethazine (SMR) as electron donors and coumaric acid (COA), cinnamic acid (CNA), and salicylic acid (SAA) as acceptors via equimolar mixture have been synthesized. The experiment used UV-vis spectroscopy to determine the formation of the complex in methanol through the presence of a new broad absorption band with a maximum wavelength in the 200-400 nm range. The molecular composition of the charge-transfer complexes was determined by the spectrophotometric titration method and found to be 1:1 (donor: acceptor). These complexes have been characterized by infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the FTIR spectra, the CT complexes showed a wavelength shift compared to the reactants. The complexes exhibited various morphologies by SEM, including spherical particles, short rods, and flattened shapes. Additionally, quantum chemical calculations at the DFT/B3LYP level of theory investigated the complexes' steady-state structures, energies, and charge densities. The intermolecular binding energies was negative, indicating that the reactions of the six complexes proceeded spontaneously. There was strong van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds between the donor and acceptor, which contributed to the complexes' strong molecular stability. The C-N and N-H groups in the donor molecule, and the -COOH group in the acceptor molecule, played key roles in the complexation process. DFT calculation results were appropriate to support our experimental results. This study highlights the molecular mechanisms of donor and acceptor action in charge-transfer interactions, providing a theoretical basis for the synthesis of antibiotic complexes and the removal of antibiotics.

Association Constant of the Charge‐Transfer Complex Between Pyrene and Naphthalenediimide Derivatives in PDMS Elastomers

AbstractPolydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomers with varying crosslink densities were synthesized using prepolymers with different molecular weights. The association constants (Ka) between a pyrene derivative (PySi) and naphthalenediimide derivative (NDISi) were measured in linear PDMS and PDMS elastomers. The shape of the absorption peak in the charge‐transfer (CT) band and the association constants were nearly independent of the crosslink density. Moreover, the temperature dependence of the association constants demonstrated consistent behavior across all PDMS media. This indicates that the structure of the CT complex and the Gibbs free energy of its formation in the PDMS are unaffected by the crosslink density, providing insights into the design of supramolecular architectures formed by the CT complex in a PDMS network.

Dramatic enhancement in lithium-ion battery capacity through synergistic effects of electronic transitions in light-assisted organic coordination cathode material Co(bpy)(dhbq)2

Integration of photoactive and lithium storing units into a single cathode endows it with notable capacity in the presence of suitable light. However, the interfacial effect between the two materials causes significant loss of photogenerated electrons during their transfer which is one of the biggest obstacles in the development of current photo-assisted rechargeable batteries. In this paper, a bifunctional cobalt-coordinated organic cathode is fabricated by combining 2,2′-bpy and DHBQ via Co by adopting the spin evaporation technique. It optimizes the pristine interfaces of photoactive and lithium storage units into a photoactive unit-metal interface and a metal-lithium storage unit interface through application of Co. In the presence of light, Co causes a strong metal-ligand charge transfer. Meanwhile, ligand-ligand charge transfer also takes place between the multi-ligands. The synergistic effect of these two phenomena offers a discharge capacity of 387 mAh g -1 which is significantly higher than that of 316 mAh g -1 recorded in the absence of light. The demonstrated design of bifunctional metal-ligand cathode by incorporation of photoactive ligands into lithium storage ligands through applications of metal centers can open the pathways for establishing a new type of photo-assisted lithium-ion batteries with higher efficiency and lower cost.

Chromoionophores decorated silica-polymer hybrid monolith as the solid-state optical sensor for the simultaneous detection of Pb2+, Hg2+, and Cd2+ in aqueous and cigarette samples

This work reports on fabricating a flexible and reliable three-in-one solid-phase ocular sensor to perceive and confiscate the trace Pb2+, Hg2+, and Cd2+ using a structurally customized probe-anchored porous hybrid monolithic sensor. The dual combination of silica/polymer hybrid monolith was achieved from the bulk polymerization of 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate (TSPM) and pentaerythritol trimethacrylate (PETMA), i.e., poly(TSPM-co-PETMA). The monolithic template delivered a well-ordered porous structure and greater surface area that enabled the regular impregnation of chromophoric probe (TAN), i.e., (E)-1-(thiazol-2-yldiazenyl) naphthalene-2-ol onto monolith surface for sensing target analytes under lower ppb levels. FE-SEM, HR-TEM, EDAX, SAED, p-XRD, FT-IR, TGA and N2 isotherm were deployed to characterize the structural and exterior topographies of the hybrid sensor. The geometrically frozen TAN molecules onto the hybrid monolith form a charge transfer complex with the target ions, thereby rendering a consecutive color shift from light orange to brown for Pb2+, reddish maroon for Hg2+, and purplish pink for Cd2+. The sensor offered a linear response with metal ion concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 100 ppb with lower detection limit values of 0.42, 0.50, and 0.48 ppb for Pb2+, Hg2+, and Cd2+, respectively. The hybrid sensor affords distinct ion sensitivity and selectivity towards Pb2+, Hg2+, and Cd2+ with a quick response time of ≤ 80 s of contact. Furthermore, the sensor was tested with natural samples like environmental water and cigarette samples to validate the method’s real-time monitoring ability. The resultant statistical data demonstrated that the proposed colorimetric sensor was renewable and more feasible for practical application.

Influence of Composition and Structure of Charge Transfer Complexes of Tioconazole on Their Spectral Properties and Anticancer Activity

Influence of Composition and Structure of Charge Transfer Complexes of Tioconazole on Their Spectral Properties and Anticancer Activity