Extreme Sports Research Articles

The institutionalisation of Parkour in Denmark. A national case of how institutional isomorphism works and affect lifestyle sport

ABSTRACT Many lifestyle sports are undergoing a process of institutionalisation and sportisation. A growing body of research in the institutionalisation of lifestyle sport is developing. This is especially the case for parkour where researchers have begun analysing how parkour has been developed in different national contexts. By drawing on institutional theory and various empirical data collected through ethnographical field studies, this article offers a qualitative analysis about how the national, socio-cultural context and the sport governance system have coloured the institutionalisation of parkour in Denmark. The institutionalisation has been driven by the practitioners’ interest in getting access to sport facilities and therefore a need to accommodate the sport governance system. But also, at the same time, by the existing associations who are facing challenges to attract young people and therefore integrating parkour into their schedules. Even though the institutionalisation creates tensions, it also illuminates how parkour has been integrated into the existing gymnastic organisations without being turned into an achievement sport, but as a sport-for-all.

The Ecological Dynamics Framework: An Innovative Approach to Performance in Extreme Environments: A Narrative Review.

(1) Background: Uncertainty in extreme sports performance environments, such as climbing, provides considerable psycho-emotional and physiological demands, notably due to the many different environments in which climbing can be performed. This variety of environments, conditions of practice and engagement would challenge the acquisition of perceptual-motor skills; (2) Methods: To better understand how perceptual-motor skills are controlled and acquired in climbing, we proposed a narrative review anchored in the ecological dynamics theoretical framework and showed how this theoretical framework would support a nonlinear pedagogy to skill acquisition and to design safe learning and training situations that are representative of extreme performance contexts; (3) Results: We explained three theoretical pillars and we provide examples for design intervention following nonlinear pedagogy, notably (i) to set a constraint-led approach (in particular task constraint), (ii) to implement conditions of practice (constant vs. variable, imposed vs. self-controlled), (iii) to promote adaptive and creative behavioral variability during practice; (4) Conclusions: The challenge for the extreme sport practitioner is how to set up conditions of practice for efficient exploration in a manner that manages the dangers of performing in uncertain environments. Representing uncertainty within the relative safety of indoor settings may be one approach for preparing climbers for performance in extreme environments.

Personality, grit, and performance in rock-climbing: down to the nitty-gritty

ABSTRACT Over the past decades, the study of personality gained momentum in the field of sport psychology, a prime example being the increased number of publications relating personality to performance in extreme sports. The aim of the present investigation was twofold: to relate Five-Factor Model (FFM) personality traits with various aspects of climbing performance and to estimate whether grit, as a distinct personality trait, predicts climbing performance over and beyond FFM dimensions. Our sample included adult bouldering and sport climbing practitioners (N = 272 sport climbers, 155 boulderers) with ages between 16 and 69 (M = 32.1, SD = 10.0). We measured personality (Big Five Inventory FFM–2 Short Form, and a 12-item Grit Scale) and multiple indicators of outdoor sport climbing and bouldering performance. Results indicated that climbing performance was predicted by openness and agreeableness. Grit also significantly predicted climbing performance over the FFM traits. Contrary to the commonly held view depicting grit as indistinct from conscientiousness, our findings suggest that this trait has a unique contribution to explaining performance in a relatively novel, high-risk sport.

Design of National Sports Action Feature Extraction System Based on Convolutional Neural Network

Human action recognition is one of the hotspots in computer vision research. Its purpose is to detect and recognize target actions from videos, so that computer systems can understand human actions, and thus it has great research significance. Based on the action features of famous sports, this paper proposes an action recognition scheme based on RGB-D video compression to establish action features and deep learning as a means of recognition. By establishing the connection between the bone data of the three-dimensional data type and the depth image data, the depth sequence is analyzed and expressed as a three-level structure diagram sequence, which is the overall figure sequence, partial figure sequence, and joint point figure sequence, and then passes through the two-way pool. The sorting algorithm extracts the action features in the three picture sequences and compresses and generates three types of structured images of the corresponding picture sequences, and these three types of structured images are used as the feature expression of the video. When constructing a three-level structure diagram sequence, the innovation of this paper is to splice the extracted key unit image blocks to obtain a three-level structured moving image based on the three-key unit splicing, so that the image is not only retained. In addition to time-space information, the structure information of the depth image is also strengthened, and the amount of calculation is reduced at the same time. Finally, the three types of structured images are input into the convolutional neural network, respectively, and the judgment and recognition results obtained are multiplicatively fused to obtain the final recognition rate of the action.

Camera, action, liver injury: a preventable case of extreme sports body camera causing severe blunt abdominal liver trauma

Camera, action, liver injury: a preventable case of extreme sports body camera causing severe blunt abdominal liver trauma

Sports Action Recognition Based on Particle Swarm Optimization Neural Networks

Video acquisition has become more convenient as science and technology have progressed, and the development of mobile Internet has resulted in a large amount of video data being generated every day. The question of how to analyze these videos automatically has become urgent. Among them, the study of sports movement recognition in video has important theoretical implications in sports research as well as practical application value. This paper proposes a PSO-NN-based sports action recognition model. Kernel principal component analysis is used to extract and analyze the characteristics of sports movements. The improved neural network is used to identify common human postures in sports, and the classification and block background estimation method is used to detect human targets. The feature extraction of targets is completed according to the edge features, and the feature extraction of targets is completed according to the edge features. Finally, the feature vectors are trained using a backpropagation neural network (BPNN), and the parameters of the BPNN are chosen using the PSO algorithm to create a classifier for sports action recognition. The results show that this model improves the accuracy of sports video recognition and is an effective method of sports action recognition when compared to the comparison model.

Inline Skating as an Additional Activity for Alpine Skiing: The Role of the Outside Leg in Short Turn Performance.

The complexity of skiing movements urges recreational alpine skiers and competitors to undertake many specific skill trainings not only during the season but also during the off-season using alternative sports. In AS, the role of the outside leg is crucial for successful turn performance. By measuring kinematic and kinetic parameters, we could define whether there is an objective similarity of the role and the movements of the outside leg while performing a turn in AS to those in the most used additional activity, IS. The sample consisted of ten female alpine ski instructors (age 31.6 ± 8.23, height 170.66 ± 7.32 cm, weight 60.16 ± 7.58 kg). Overall, 280 turns were analyzed (140 for AS and 140 for IS). For the purposes of this study, the variable sample consisted of 14 variables in total. For the detection of differences between short turn performance in AS and IS, MANOVA was used. The main findings of our study are defined similarities in pressure distribution during IS and AS and noticeable differences in the kinematic parameters of the outside leg between the mentioned activities. Based on the gathered results, recreational alpine skiers should be aware that IS cannot be used for the purpose of AS adoption, but rather as a dry-land additional activity for AS preparation.

ТЕЛЕВІЗІЙНА ЕКОЛОГІЧНА ПРОСВІТА ТРЕВЕЛ-ШОУ «ОРЕЛ І РЕШКА. ЧУДО СВІТУ» 2020 Р. – ПЕРШОГО ПІВРІЧЧЯ 2021 Р.

<p><strong><em>Purpose </em></strong><em>of the study: to contribute to improving the quality of environmental education by television for the formation of an environmental outlook, environmental culture of TV viewers.</em></p><pre><strong><em>Methodology.</em></strong><em> The methodological basis of the research was formed by the types of scientific analysis of the content of the TV programs «Heads and Tails. Wonder of the World» 2020 – the first half of 2021 about foreign national parks, especially: system analysis, content analysis, comparison, synthesis. A descriptive method was used to show the role, functions, and significance of national natural parks in environmental education of the travel show «Heads and Tails. Wonders of the World».<strong> </strong>Content analysis helped to identify the types of ecotourism and specific methods of television environmental education. The method of comparing statistical data for the three semesters of the research period helped to identify trends in environmental education.</em></pre><pre><strong><em>Results.</em></strong><em> Environmental education in the travel show «Heads and Tails. Wonders of the world» is a demonstration of impressive landscapes, unique flora and fauna as a visual environmental education for education and formation of an ecological culture of TV viewers.<strong> </strong>The issues of the travel show «Heads and Tails. Wonders of the World» covered foreign travels to 5 reserves, 20 national parks of all continents which are protected by UNESCO as outstanding natural values of humanity, where the presenters really and financially contribute to the conservation of animals.</em></pre><p><em>Foreign national parks are described as unique nature conservation areas adapted for various types of ecotourism, environmental education, which have special cognitive, scientific, historical, cultural, recreational value, where museums, observation platforms, places for extreme sports and extreme entertainment are located.</em></p><p><strong><em>The novelty</em></strong><em> of the research is in a new subject of reproduction – environmental education of the travel show </em><em>«</em><em>Heads and Tails. Wonders of the World</em><em>» </em><em>2020 </em><em>–</em><em> the first half of 2021; new objects of research – national natural parks as protected areas, showing the protection of the environment from clogging, excessive exploitation, the harmful effects of mass tourism, the peculiarities of television infotainment as a combination of ecological and cognitive function, with rehabilitation and entertainment during extreme sports, extreme entertainment on the territory national parks.</em></p><pre><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> environmental education, environmental outlook, environmental culture, travel show «Heads and Tails. Wonders of the World», infotainment, national parks.</em></pre>

Montenegrin Sport Associations on Social Media - Quality of Performance Assessment

The aim of this study is to assess the quality of performance of Montenegrin national sport associations on Facebook. As sport is recognized as an activity of public interest, and social media are one of the main sources of information nowadays, given that social media in sport has delivered a new style of communication, authors will try to evaluate the engagement with the fans and the general public. In this paper, Facebook Assessment Index (FAI) methodology will be applied. This methodology involves the analysis of three components: popularity (25%), interactivity (40%) and content (35%). Each of the criteria is evaluated depending on the importance of the indicator on a scale from 0% to 100%. Coefficient value closer to 100% indicates higher quality of performance on Facebook. The results of our paper show the differences between the three categories of Olympic sports in Montenegro, taking into account their performance on Facebook. Social media, as a marketing tool can enhance the positioning of national sport associations by creating a meaningful connection with the fans and the public. Additionally, this connection may strengthen the feeling of devotion to the national team of Montenegro and incentivize younger generations to start training and competing. This study demonstrates which associations use this channel to portray their sport and results, with the aim of promoting sport and healthy lifestyle.

Efficacy of NHP66 Bioactive Cage on Patients with Cervical Spine Injury in Short-Track Speed Skating.

Background Short-track speed skating (STSS) is an extreme sport in pursuit of extreme speed and explosive force. In such a sport, once athletes fall down, they are susceptible to serious cervical spine injury (CSI) under the inertia of high-velocity movement. Nanohydroxyapatite/polyamide 66 (NHP66) bioactive cage is a high-tech product of nanotechnology in the medical field in recent years. With a structure similar to that of human cortical bone, NHP66 bioactive cage has extremely high toughness and strength, which tailors to the needs of STSS. Objective This study mainly analyzed the therapeutic effect of NHP66 on patients with CSI in STSS, aiming to provide new opportunities for the treatment of this patient population. Methods A total of 51 patients with CSI treated in our hospital were enrolled, including 19 cases of short-track speed skaters (observation group) and 32 cases of car accidents, falls from heights, or collision injuries (control group). The relevant surgical indicators (operation time, intraoperative blood loss, etc.), the incidence of adverse reactions, the Cobb angle of cervical lordosis before and after surgery, and the fusion segment height of the cage were observed and compared between the two groups. Postoperative pain was evaluated by the visual analog scale (VAS), improvement of spinal cord injury was assessed by the American Spinal Cord Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale, and bone fusion, bone subsidence, and other motor functions were assessed by the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score rating system. Results The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, and incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group. The Cobb angle of cervical lordosis and the fusion segment height of cage increased significantly higher in both groups after surgery. In addition, the VAS scores of the observation group 2 h and 3 d after operation were significantly lower than those of the control group. In terms of improvement of spinal cord injury, ASIA and JOA scores in the observation group were significantly higher than those before treatment and in the control group. There was no significant difference in bone fusion activity between the two groups. Conclusions In this study, it is found through experiments that NHP66 has higher safety and application value than autogenous iliac bone, confirming that NHP66 can achieve significant results as a cage for anterior cervical decompression and iliac bone graft fusion and internal fixation in short-track speed skaters after CSI.

What Makes Parkour Unique? A Narrative Review Across Miscellaneous Academic Fields.

Parkour is a growing sport that mostly involves jumping, vaulting over obstacles, and climbing in a non-dedicated setting. The authors gathered all known relevant literature across miscellaneous academic fields in order to define parkour with regard to other sports disciplines. Parkour is a lifestyle sport, and as such provides an alternative to mainstream sports, away from strict rules, standardized settings, and necessary competitions. Traceurs (parkour adepts) consider the city as a playground and as an outlet for their creativity, but they also have a strong taste for hard and individualized challenges. They usually train on non-specific structures, at ground level. Although their social background is not clear, they are mostly young and male. Traceurs are stronger than recreational athletes, especially in eccentric exercises. However, their endurance skills may be below average. One of the core specificities of parkour is its precision constraint at landing, which turns a standing long jump into a precision jump, regulated in flight so as to prepare for landing. The running precision jump follows the same landing pattern, and its flight phase contrasts with long jump techniques. Injuries, which are not more frequent than in other sports, often occur at landing and to lower limb extremities. This risk is mitigated by targeting the landing area with the forefoot instead of letting the heel hit the ground like in gymnastics, or with rolling in order to dissipate the impact. Overall, parkour focuses on adaptability to new environments, which leads to specific techniques that have not yet been extensively addressed by the literature.

Feeling and Thinking about It Are Two Different Things: How to Capture Momentary Emotions of Extreme Sports in the Field.

To learn about extreme sports and what motivates such activities, we need to understand the emotions embedded in the experience itself. However, how we go about assessing these emotions might provide us with very different answers. An experience is a fleeting and ever-changing phenomenon, rich in detail and filled with nuances. What we remember and, therefore, what we are able to report from our experience might, however, be strikingly different to what we experienced. Our memories are grained by time, impaired by arousal, and affected by context. Despite these limitations, the most common way to measure an experience is by self reporting. The current paper reviews some of the relevant theory on emotions and how this might impact different assessments. I also describe a new way of measuring momentary emotions in the field by use of video cameras and automatic coding of facially expressed emotions. Extreme sports may leave us with positive memories but may be anything but pleasant while in the midst of them. In the end, this paper may give some hints to why.

Safety in numbers: how social choice theory can inform avalanche risk management

ABSTRACT Avalanche studies have undergone a transition in recent years. Early research focused mainly on environmental factors. More recently, attention has turned to human factors in decision making, such as behavioural and cognitive biases. This article adds a social component to this human turn in avalanche studies. It identifies lessons for decision making by groups of skiers from the perspective of social choice theory, a sub-field of economics, decision theory, philosophy and political science that investigates voting methods and other forms of collective decision making. In the first part, we outline the phenomenon of wisdom of crowds, where groups make better decisions than their individual members. Drawing on the conceptual apparatus of social choice theory and using idealised scenarios, we identify conditions under which wisdom of crowds arises and also explain how and when deciding together can instead result in worse decisions than may be expected from individual group members. In the second part, we use this theoretical understanding to offer practical suggestions for decision making in avalanche terrain. Finally, we make several suggestions for risk management in other outdoor and adventure sports and for outdoor sports education.

A composite framework of deep multiple view human joints feature extraction and selection strategy with hybrid adaptive sunflower optimization‐whale optimization algorithm for human action recognition in video sequences

AbstractIn computer vision and pattern recognition field, video‐based human action recognition (HAR) is the most predominant research area. Object recognition is needed to recognize the subjects regarding video contents, which allows reactive enquiry in a large number of camera contents, mainly in security based platforms where there is a prevalent growth of closed circuit television cameras. Generally, object detectors that have high performance are trained on a large collection of public benchmarks. Identifying human activities from unconstrained videos is the primary challenging task. Further, the feature extraction and feature selection from these unconstrained videos is also considered as a challenging issue. For that, in this article a new composite framework of HAR model is constructed by introducing an efficient feature extraction and selection strategy. The proposed feature extraction model extracts multiple view features, human joints features based on the domain knowledge of the action and fuses them with deep high level features extracted by an improved fully resolution convolutional neural networks. Also, it optimizes the feature selection strategy using the hybrid whale optimization algorithm and adaptive sun flower optimization that maximizes the feature entropy, correlation. It minimizes the error rate for improving the recognition accuracy of the proposed composite framework. The proposed model is validated on four different datasets, namely, Olympics sports, Virat Release 2.0, HMDB51, and UCF 50 sports action dataset to prove its effectiveness. The simulation results show that the proposed composite framework outperforms all the existing human recognition model in terms of classification accuracy and detection rate.

Athletic Pubalgia: A Clinical Reform

This review sums up the current information in regards to anatomy, biomechanics, clinical presentation, differential findings, Imaging, physiotherapy treatment, pre-operative and post-operative recovery of athletic pubalgia. The athletic pubalgia is more common in male athletes as compare with female athletes. Most usually, men experience the ill effects of athletic pubalgia that expects athletes to perform sharps turns, cutting, turning and tedious kicking. The debilitating of posterior inguinal wall is the offender behind athletic pubalgia. It is caused by immoderate and disproportionate application of shear forces through the normal attachments of the abdominal muscles and hip adductors. At present there is no unanimity of assessment on the constituents of this analysis. Since, it is not difficult to characterize a reasonable finding that depends on actual assessment, the techniques, for example, symptomatic ultrasonography and MRI are regularly utilized essentially to offset the presence of different conditions. This is high an ideal opportunity for committed research work on outcome estimation of chronic athletes and furthermore putting together its prosperity totally with respect to reasonable for getting back to sports action. Furthermore, it is likewise needed to have point by point depictions of the techniques, surgical anatomy, conventional treatment and recovery. The data acquired from such an research work will help in understanding pathogenesis of athletic pubalgia in a superior manner, develop proof arranged screening and check for better surgical techniques and successfully oversee both post-surgical and conservative recovery.

Adventure sports, risk, and human-more than human wellbeing: local responses to the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic

The impact of, and responses to COVID-19 has dominated discussion in every area of life, and fields of academic activity. In this paper I consider some of the impacts and considerations in relation to activities that have been conceptualised as adventure sports. My intention is not to show how adventure is being done differently, rather to use the exceptional circumstances of lockdown to highlighted the multifaceted, meaningful and affective ‘everyday’ experiences of those who engage in adventure sport as part of their everyday practices. My focus is empirical research conducted in Aotearoa New Zealand during lockdowns (2020-21) focusing on coastal communities and surfing specifically. This ‘journey through lockdown’ illustrates the ways in which coastal spaces are experienced as therapeutic landscapes that can foster physical and emotional health and wellbeing from those on the shore, to full-immersion activities such as surfing, influencing people’s sense of wellbeing, collective identities, and forms of belonging. However, in the same ways that COVID has exacerbated many health inequities, it is important to be attentive to the ways in which the wellbeing benefits of coastal spaces are not available and extended to all. A range of cultural, economic, socio-demographic, and political factors contribute to a dis-connect with, or exclusion from various bluespaces. Diverse subjects and bodies access and experience bluespaces in different and unequal ways, impacting who can use blue spaces, and how it can be used. Lastly, the lockdown situation was also informing in understanding the often-romanticised nature of adventure sport participants relationship with the natural world, and more widely how this translates, or not, to broader responses to our climate emergency.

Indonesian Language Learning Process Through Online System at SDN Class 1V Muara Tiku Musirawas Utara

This research is looking at the current conditions that hit the whole world, namely the corona virus pandemic. A pandemic that causes the entire order of world life to change in all fields, one of which is in the field of education. Due to a pandemic, all activities outside the home are limited. Education is very important in life, therefore education must continue to be carried out during this pandemic. Schools during the pandemic are completed remotely or also known as web or internet learning. Distance learning interactions can maintain distance, and do not cause extreme sports outside the home, of course to maintain health. Furthermore, to find on the web or the internet the learning steps are well done. Exploration is subjective and the subjects of this test are educators and students of SDN class 1V Muara Tiku. The exam cycle begins with the perception to decide on the school's internet learning interactions. Further meetings and documentation. The information collected is checked using reports or explanations from educators and students. The achievement of learning with an online framework in Indonesian language learning includes (a) the use of whatsapp gatherings, (b) dramatization techniques and online conversations, (c) supporting elements for picking up network distances that must be steady and displaced using media, (d) inhibiting factors for interaction learning is an organization that is often disconnected from the network, the topics are difficult to understand.

Relationships of attention and arousal are responsible for action in sports

Abstract Study aim: The most important psychological mechanisms that are responsible for sports activity are arousal and attention. Study aim the relationships between the level of arousal and the level of attention, an attempt has been made to explain the mechanisms responsible for sportsman activity. Material and method: The study was conducted in a group of sportsman-students (68 individuals) using the Vienna Test System: FLIM, a test of flicker/fusion frequency, which is a measurement procedure allowing to determine the functional readiness of the central nervous system in terms of arousal and COG (Cognitron), which is a test measuring the level of attention. Results: The following in statistical analysis of the data were observed: inversely proportional relationships of image fusion frequency (FLIM1) during the recording of the level of arousal with: the correct acceptance of stimuli (COG1, r = –0.287), the correct rejection of stimuli (COG2, r = –0.320), the time of correctly accepted stimuli (COG3, r = –0.299), and with the time of correctly rejected stimuli (COG4, r = –0.317) in the attentional activity. Conclusion: Fusion frequency indicates the level of fatigue and is inversely proportional to the correctly accepted stimuli in attentional activity, the correctly rejected stimuli in attentional activities, and the duration of the attentional actions.

A finite element analysis approach to design and optimize the static structural impact on a skateboard

Skateboarding is an extreme sport which has gained huge appreciation in recent times due to its flexibility, mobility, feasibility, environment friendliness, compact size and various conspicuous health benefits. With increasing appeal among the youth, the injuries that are associated with skateboarding sport are also ever on the rise. This upsurge of fatalities caused by skateboarding has largely been investigated in terms of aerodynamical impact, drag and lift, motion study and material preferences. This paper undertakes a novel approach to explore probable structural failure of a skateboard when a static load is applied. The numerical study appends the force as the load of a rider weighing 80 kg in mass with necessary boundary conditions and assumed zero load variation during the whole computational time. The truck and deck are the most sensitive parts when the skateboard is exposed to load impact due to weight. Three skateboard prototypes differing in their individual board’s thickness – are proposed in the paper to predict their structural failure under the given conditions. Other necessary conditions and assumptions remain same for all the three models. The static structural impact study shows discretized points of interest to investigate developed stress, resultant strain and deformation within each of the optimized prototypes. Von-mises stress is considered in order to get an overall idea of the stress along the skateboard structure and to calculate factor of safety (FOS) for each of the prototypes. Lastly, a comparative analysis of the calculated safety factor of each of the model is tabulated and the best performing prototype is brought forward for further research. Fidelity test of the working finite element method is executed to assess the authentication and sufficient convergence of the results are showed to produce outcomes with optimum accuracy. Relevant aerodynamic parameters and dynamic impacts around the skateboard are ignored in order to simplify the structural impact analysis.

Common health issues and advised treatments reported in an ultraendurance ocean rowing race

ObjectivesOcean rowing is an extreme ultraendurance sport where individuals row unsupported across an ocean. This can mean months at sea in unpredictable and inhospitable conditions. The extreme physical and mental...