Extreme Sports Research Articles

Key Frame Extraction for Sports Training Based on Improved Deep Learning

With the rapid technological advances in sports, the number of athletics increases gradually. For sports professionals, it is obligatory to oversee and explore the athletics pose in athletes’ training. Key frame extraction of training videos plays a significant role to ease the analysis of sport training videos. This paper develops a sports actions’ classification system for accurately classifying athlete’s actions. The key video frames are extracted from the sports training video to highlight the distinct actions in sports training. Subsequently, a fully convolutional network (FCN) is used to extract the region of interest (ROI) pose detection of frames followed by the application of a convolution neural network (CNN) to estimate the pose probability of each frame. Moreover, a distinct key frame extraction approach is established to extract the key frames considering neighboring frames’ probability differences. The experimental results determine that the proposed method showed better performance and can recognize the athlete’s posture with an average classification rate of 98%. The experimental results and analysis validate that the proposed key frame extraction method outperforms its counterparts in key pose probability estimation and key pose extraction.

Understanding on Self-Learning of Korean Coaches

Self-learning conducted by coaches not only contributes to their self-development but significantly affects those who they coach. Present research was conducted as a case study in order to explore by what means learning is taking place amongst Korean coaches. Eighty-six coaches working with athletes attending elementary school, middle school, high school and university, as well as lifestyle sports directors, and coaches working at a professional level were asked open-ended questions regarding independent learning. The contents of the coaching as well as the independent learning were analysed using the content analysing. It was found that the main role as a coach was thought to be in fulfilling various responsibilities as a coach, and the most utilised source of learning was informal, first-hand experience. A variety of media resources were also found to be widely used as a source for coach improvement. Present study provides an aid in understanding the current situation of independent learning being conducted by coaches, and is likely to be of use as the basic data for shaping the content and method of learning required in coach education within Korea.

Relationships Among Extreme Sports Participation, Sensation Seeking, and Negative Risky Behaviors of Middle-School Students.

Objective: The aim was to investigate the relationships among extreme sports participation, sensation seeking, and negative risky behaviors (smoking, drinking alcohol, and gambling) for middle-school students.Methods: Using a convenience sampling procedure, all students from a middle school in a district of Chongqing were selected to participate in the survey, which included questions on their extreme sports participation rate, and smoking, drinking alcohol, and gambling behavior.Results: A sample of 2,987 middle-school students participated in this study. The results showed that the proportions of students participating in extreme sports, smoking, drinking alcohol, and gambling were 19.9, 4.8, 18.4, and 3.0%, respectively. There were significant differences between different genders, schools, place of residence, smoking, drinking, gambling, and sensation seeking of the participation rate of students of extreme sports, the rate of boys, junior middle-school students, urban students, smokers, alcohol drinkers, gamblers, and high-sensation-seeking students were relatively higher than that of girls, senior middle-school students, rural students, no-smokers, no-alcohol drinkers, no-gamblers, and low-sensation-seeking students. Alcohol drinking, gambling, and sensation seeking were associated with extreme sports participation, and the students who drank alcohol, who gambled, and who were high sensation seeking were more likely to participate in extreme sports than those who did not drink alcohol, who did not gamble, and who were low sensation seeking.Conclusion: Middle schools should integrate extreme sports education into physical education and risky-behavior education, strengthen relevant knowledge and safety training, and guide students to meet their sensation-seeking needs through participation in extreme sports instead of risky behaviors.

Validity of a Magnet-Based Timing System Using the Magnetometer Built into an IMU.

Inertial measurement units (IMUs) represent a technology that is booming in sports right now. The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of a new application on the use of these wearable sensors, specifically to evaluate a magnet-based timing system (M-BTS) for timing short-duration sports actions using the magnetometer built into an IMU in different sporting contexts. Forty-eight athletes (22.7 ± 3.3 years, 72.2 ± 10.3 kg, 176.9 ± 8.5 cm) and eight skiers (17.4 ± 0.8 years, 176.4 ± 4.9 cm, 67.7 ± 2.0 kg) performed a 60-m linear sprint running test and a ski slalom, respectively. The M-BTS consisted of placing several magnets along the course in both contexts. The magnetometer built into the IMU detected the peak-shaped magnetic field when passing near the magnets at a certain speed. The time between peaks was calculated. The system was validated with photocells. The 95% error intervals for the total times were less than 0.077 s for the running test and 0.050 s for the ski slalom. With the M-BTS, future studies could select and cut the signals belonging to the other sensors that are integrated in the IMU, such as the accelerometer and the gyroscope.

Positive Relationship Between Precompetitive Sympathetic Predominance and Competitive Performance in Elite Extreme Sports Athletes.

Elite athletes achieve superior performance under high pressure in competitive situations. Although it is known that such situations affect the precompetitive activity of their autonomic nervous system (ANS), the relationship between precompetitive ANS activity and performance remains controversial. Especially in extreme sports, it has been shown that cardiac sympathetic tone occurs in athletes before competition attempts. However, the relationship between precompetitive sympathetic tone and performance is unclear. To investigate this relationship in extreme sports, we organized a freestyle snowboard jumping competition and examined competitors' physiological states and performance during this event. The electrocardiograms (ECGs) of 20 elite snowboarders were measured 10 min before each jump in different competitive situations: practice, qualifying, and final sessions. The mean heart rate (HR), the low-frequency to high-frequency component ratio (LF/HF ratio), the logarithm of the HF (lnHF) component of the frequency-domain of the heart rate variability (HRV), the ratio of the standard deviation of all R–R intervals to the root mean square of successive differences of R–R intervals (SDNN/rMSSD ratio), and the rMSSD of the time-domain of the HRV were calculated from the ECG data. The results showed a significant increase in the mean HR as well as significant decreases in the lnHF component and rMSSD of the HRV as the sessions progressed. Interestingly, the mean HR, LF/HF ratio and SDNN/rMSSD ratio of the HRV showed significant positive correlations with competitive scores, and the lnHF component and rMSSD of the HRV showed significant negative correlations with the scores. Our results indicate that precompetitive ANS activity becomes predominantly sympathetic in elite extreme athletes, such as freestyle snowboarders, when the competition intensifies, and that this sympathetic predominance is positively related to competitive performance.

Perception of the Sports Social Environment After the Development and Implementation of an Identification Tool for Contagious Risk Situations in Sports During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

This study details the methodological process for creating a tool for the identification of COVID-19 potential contagion situations in sports and physical education before, during, and after practice and competition. It is a tool that implies an educational and methodological process with all the agents of the sports system. This tool identifies the large number of interactions occurring through sports action and everything that surrounds it in training, competition, and organization. The aim is to prepare contingency protocols based on an exhaustive analysis, risk detection, and proposal of contingency measures trying to reduce the residual risk to a minimum. In the second part, the results of the implementation of this tool in the sports system of Galicia (Spain) are shown. The technicians have changed their perceptions about the coronavirus transmission in sports. They highlight the problem for returning to sports participation for athletes under 18 years in the pandemic context.

Feeding Time at the Zoo: psychological aspects of a serious rock climbing accident

ABSTRACT Rock-climbing has become very popular adventure sport across the globe. Researchers have begun to investigate how adventure sport athletes perform in a manner that reduces the likelihood of serious mishap, injury or even death. In this paper, we utilize a collaborative autoethnographic approach to explicate a serious traditional rock-climbing accident to better understand the accident experience and consider how this event might be useful to enhance effective performance. Findings suggest that effective performance and training for effective performance in traditional rock-climbing (and potentially all adventure sports) requires in-depth environmental and self-knowledge factors and the ability to tune into and adapt to moment-by-moment alterations in internal states and the physical environment. The impacts of these findings include the recognition that effective climbing is not determined solely by personality factors or a winners mentality, as reflected in traditional sport contexts, but on the reinforcement of humility and self-awareness.

Avian Jealousy Complex [Aviation research and development

Electric wingsuits and kerosene jetsuits from BMW and Gravity Industries are fast-fowarding evolution, propelled by biomimicry, extreme sports, and the meaning of life. The e-wingsuit consists of cloth webbing between the legs and underneath the arms, and a pair of electric-powered impellers attached to the chest for extra thrust. Meanwhile, Gravity Industries developed and launched their jet-powered flying suit back in 2017. Five gas turbine jet engines propel the pilot - one larger one on the back and two mini-jet engines on each arm.

유튜브 홈트레이닝 채널 구독자들의 트레이너 특성평가, 시청만족, 채널구독 지속의도와의 관계

Purpose: This study aims to explore various attribute evaluation factors for YouTube home training channel viewers and participants, and to analyze the correlation connection between viewer satisfaction and viewer sustainability.<BR> Method: Among 89 home training channel subscribers, 570 people were selected for the study, and data of 544 people, excluding error response data, were analyzed through statistical methods such as correlation analysis and regression analysis of SPSS 26 windows version. Following conclusions were obtained.<BR> Results: The results of this study are as follows. First, it was found that the characteristic evaluation of the trainers of home training programs and participants was influencing the satisfaction of the viewers. It had a positive impact in the order of reliability, professionalism, specificity, attractiveness and intimacy. Second, it had been shown that the evaluation of professionalism, reliability, and specificity characteristics of home training trainer programs and participants was affecting intention to continue the subscription. Third, it was found that the audience’s satisfaction with the home training program had a very high impact on the continuity of subscription, and that the subscription continuity level was also high if the audience’s level of satisfaction was high.<BR> Conclusion: Various follow-up studies are needed for home training to be an alternative sport in non-face-to-face era.

“Super stoked girls” - a discourse analysis of girls’ participation in freeride skiing

ABSTRACT This article is based on a selection of Norwegian girls’ accounts of backcountry, freeride skiing and mountain biking to better understand how they form and are formed by cultural identity standards. The study is conducted by using the precepts of discourse analysis, which have language and social communication as the central component of the social world. The girls’ narratives occupy an ambiguous space that attempts to bridge the gap between their own and other people’s perceptions of their identity, gender expression and experience in outdoor adventure sports. Being a skier functions as an anchoring point in their identity formation, binding together incredible experiences out in nature and the recurrent fear of failure. The joy, desire and feeling of freedom in the mountain are challenged by an intense pressure to perform. These ambivalent, sometimes even contradictory experiences are a prominent element of the narrative material produced and analysed in the article.

An Empirical Study on Sports Combination Training Action Recognition Based on SMO Algorithm Optimization Model and Artificial Intelligence

In order to improve the accuracy of sports combination training action recognition, a sports combination training action recognition model based on SMO algorithm optimization model and artificial intelligence is proposed. In this paper, by expanding the standard action data, the standard database of score comparison is established, and the system architecture and the key acquisition module design based on 3D data are given. In this paper, the background subtraction method is used to process the sports video image to obtain the sports action contour and realize the sports action segmentation and feature extraction, and the artificial intelligence neural network is used to train the feature vector to establish the sports action recognition classifier. This paper mainly uses a three-stream CNN artificial intelligence deep learning framework based on convolutional neural network and uses a soft Vlad representation algorithm based on data decoding to learn the action features. Through the data enhancement of the existing action database, it uses support vector machine to achieve high-precision action classification. The test results show that the model improves the recognition rate of sports action and reduces the error recognition rate, which can meet the online recognition requirements of sports action.

Effect of Pause Versus Rebound Techniques on Neuromuscular and Functional Performance After a Prolonged Velocity-Based Training.

A variation of the traditional squat (SQ) rebound technique (REBOUND) including a momentary pause ∼2seconds (PAUSE) between eccentric and concentric phases has been proposed. Although there is a consensus about the lower acute effects on performance of this PAUSE variant compared with traditional REBOUND technique, no information exists about the differences in longitudinal adaptations of these SQ executions. A total of 26 men were randomly assigned into the PAUSE (n = 13) or REBOUND (n = 13) groups and completed a 10-week velocity-based training using the SQ exercise, only differing in the technique. Neuromuscular adaptations were assessed by the changes in the 1-repetition maximum strength and mean propulsive velocity achieved against the absolute loads (in kilograms) common to pretest and posttest. Functional performance was evaluated by the following tests: countermovement jump, Wingate, and sprint time at 0 to 10, 10 to 20, and 0 to 20m. Whereas both groups showed significant increases in most of the neuromuscular tests (P < .05), the PAUSE (effect size [ES] = 0.76-1.12) presented greater enhancements than REBOUND (ES = 0.45-0.92). Although not significant, improvements in Wingate and sprint time at 0 to 10 and 0 to 20m were higher for PAUSE (ES = 0.31-0.46) compared with REBOUND (ES = 0.10-0.29). Conversely, changes on countermovement jump and sprint time at 10 to 20m were superior for REBOUND (ES = 0.17-0.88) than for PAUSE (ES = 0.09-0.75). Imposing a pause between eccentric and concentric phases in the SQ exercise could be an interesting strategy to increase neuromuscular and functional adaptations in sport actions that mainly depend on concentric contractions. Moreover, sport abilities highly dependent on the stretch-shortening cycle could benefit from the REBOUND or a combination of the 2 techniques.

Autoethnographic stories for self and environment: a reflective pedagogy to advance ‘environmental awareness’ in student outdoor practitioners

ABSTRACT There is increasing pressure on academic staff to enhance the graduate capabilities of students, rendering them employable as morally informed global citizens, in addition to enhancing their disciplinary knowledge, reflective practice and understanding. The BA Outdoor Adventure Education degree programme at Plymouth Marjon University, includes the module, Environmental Awareness through Adventure Sport, as one focus to engage students in the environmental ethics discourse of outdoor adventure and explore how adventure activities are managed with specific consideration to ethical environmental practices (Module Descriptor, 2016). We aim to achieve this through learning, teaching and assessment that includes journaling and autoethnography as pedagogy and research method. This approach enables students to experience nature through an adventure activity, in this instance, rock climbing. This is a human experience in a social and cultural context, in, of and for nature. Students are asked to engage with nature ‘making-meaning in, about, and for the various environments’ as outdoor practitioners and leaders. These lived experiences in nature have prompted us to develop a framework where future students and other outdoor leaders can develop understanding and interrogate, the multiple, complex and nuanced ways outdoor activities can engage people with nature.

Convolutional Neural Network-Based Human Movement Recognition Algorithm in Sports Analysis.

In order to analyse the sports psychology of athletes and to identify the psychology of athletes in their movements, a human action recognition (HAR) algorithm has been designed in this study. First, a HAR model is established based on the convolutional neural network (CNN) to classify the current action state by analysing the action information of a task in the collected videos. Secondly, the psychology of basketball players displaying fake actions during the offensive and defensive process is investigated by combining with related sports psychological theories. Then, the psychology of athletes is also analysed through the collected videos, so as to predict the next response action of the athletes. Experimental results show that the combination of grayscale and red-green-blue (RGB) images can reduce the image loss and effectively improve the recognition accuracy of the model. The optimised convolutional three-dimensional network (C3D) HAR model designed in this study has a recognition accuracy of 80% with an image loss of 5.6. Besides, the time complexity is reduced by 33%. Therefore, the proposed optimised C3D can recognise effectively human actions, and the results of this study can provide a reference for the investigation of the image recognition of human action in sports.

Beautification of Pokhara City with a Special Focus on Phewa Lake and Lakeside Area

Pokhara is one of the rapidly growing cities of Nepal. It is the second-largest metropolitan city after Kathmandu. Because of the renowned temples, monasteries, lakes, adventure sports, and being close to the well-known Annapurna Range, it is considered as the tourism capital of Nepal. Millions of tourist visit this naturally gifted city every year contributing to considerable economic development. This economic prospect has attracted thousands of migrants every year leading to 67% growth in population in the last decade. The rapid population growth and urbanization without long-term planning and firm regulation have severely affected the development of sustainable infrastructure, preservation of the public space and natural resources. This has further impacted the tourism, economy, health and wellbeing, environment, and social aspect of the city. This article aims to generate strategies for retaining and improving the natural beauty of the city (focusing on the Phewa Lake area) by enhancing the economy and environment, rejuvenating social and cultural values, elevating the health and wellbeing of the people, and strengthening and promoting sustainable development. In this article, literature reviews, interviews, and field surveys were undertaken and four major improvements/developments are recommended for the beautification of Pokhara City. The recommendations are: preservation and development of open space into self-sustaining cohesive community parks, citizen-centred urban development, improvement of current transport infrastructure, and conservation of natural resources such as water, vegetation, and landscape.

Assessment of Nutrition Status in Amateur Windsurfers during Regattas in the Competitive Period—A Field Study

Windsurfing is a demanding activity that requires a high level of physical fitness as well as appropriate training and nutritional strategies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the dietary intake of amateur windsurfers and consider possible dietary mistakes. This field study was conducted among 10 Polish male amateur windsurfers (aged 22 ± 2 years, mean training experience of 9.5 ± 4 years). Dietary intake was assessed using a standardized 3-day food record. The total energy expenditure of each participant was estimated using a mobile fitness application. The daily energy supply in assessed portions of the windsurfers’ food was lower than the estimated demand during the competition. The contribution of macronutrients to the total energy intake adhered to those guidelines, but not with the ones recommended for athletes practicing extreme sports. Daily fluid consumption was insufficient. In the windsurfers’ diet, we noticed low consumption of vitamin D and calcium, while cholesterol, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus intake was too high. Nutritional practices of amateur windsurfers during the competitive period do not comply with current sports nutrition guidelines. The results suggest that windsurfers are in need of nutritional education and dietary counseling in order to meet macronutrient intake targets.

An investigation of the effects of sensation seeking and impulsivity on extreme sport participation and injury using path analysis

Objective Extreme sport participation and injury rates have increased in recent decades. This study aimed to investigate sub-dimensions of impulsivity and sensation seeking that contribute to participation and injury risk in extreme sports. Participants Data included cross-sectional survey responses from 7,109 college students (Mage = 19.68, SD = 2.31). Methods This study utilized path analysis to investigate sub-dimensions of sensation seeking and impulsivity as predictors of extreme sport participation and injury across 3 models. Results Results of the final model identify risk seeking and lack of perseverance as the two strongest predictors of extreme sports injury, risk seeking, experience seeking, and lack of premeditation as the strongest positive predictors of extreme sports participation, and lack of perseverance as the strongest negative predictor of extreme sports participation. Conclusions These results will contribute to targeted prevention and intervention efforts for extreme sports injury among young adults based on identified individual personality factors.

Monitoring and management system for college students’ extracurricular physical exercise based on artificial intelligence

Using artificial intelligence recognition algorithms to identify extracurricular physical exercise behaviors of college students can help teachers improve the efficiency of extracurricular management, improve student safety and physical exercise efficiency. Aiming at the characteristics of classroom physical exercise mode, this research uses UHF RFID technology to design a set of student information collection system. Moreover, this research processes the collected information and data to obtain the individual position of the student and combines with student action recognition to carry out student positioning and action recognition management. In addition, in order to explore the effect of artificial intelligence sports monitoring model in sports action recognition, this study uses the average recognition rate as a measure of the results of sports action recognition and uses neural network algorithms as a comparative experiment. From the experimental results, it can be seen that the performance of this algorithm is good, and it can be applied to the supervision of college students’ extracurricular physical exercise.

\u201cI am going out!\u201d \u2013 lifestyle sports and physical activity in adolescents

BackgroundLifestyle sport activities (e.g. parkour or skateboarding) are considered attractive and beneficial for a long-term commitment to physical activity (PA) and might be a great opportunity for adolescents who do not feel comfortable in an organized or competitive atmosphere. The purpose of the study was to assess whether participation in lifestyle activities is associated with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), out-of-school vigorous physical activity (VPA), and sedentary behaviour in adolescents aged 10–15 years, with major demographic variables (sex, age, socioeconomic status) being taken into account.MethodsData from a research project linked to the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey collected in 2017 in the Czech Republic was used. The sample consisted of 679 participants (303 of them girls) and was selected by quota sampling. Chi-square tests were used to assess differences in involvement in lifestyle activities according to sex, grade, and socioeconomic status. Ordinal and linear regression models were used to analyse the associations of participation in lifestyle activities and selected energy balance-related behaviours.ResultsParticipation in lifestyle sport activities was significantly associated with a higher level of physical activity (MVPA and out-of-school VPA) after adjustment for sociodemographic factors, as was participation in organized sport. No significant associations were shown for sedentary behaviour.ConclusionsAdolescents participating in lifestyle sport activities report being more physically active and, in case of doing multiple such activities concurrently, also spending less time sitting than their peers not involved in lifestyle sport activities. As such, lifestyle sport activities seem to represent a feasible way of increasing overall PA level in adolescent population.

Female Surfers Riding the Crest of a ‘New Wave’ of Irish National Identity

With surfing debuting at the 2021 Tokyo Olympics (postponed from summer 2020 due to the COVID 19 global pandemic) it is timely to consider surfing and the national identifications women in Ireland may have with this sport. As Lee Bush states, ‘with so little scholarship on surfing women, descriptive studies are needed as a foundation for launching future interpretive and critical studies.’[1] Twelve women who surf in Ireland spoke about the links their surfing may or may not have with their national identity. Previous academic inquiry on links between national identity and sport on the island of Ireland has almost exclusively focused on men’s experiences of team sports and issues of ‘Irishness’.[2] ‘Irishness’ is globally recognised and stereotypically linked to traditional and indigenous Irish sports such as Gaelic football and a range of other cultural activities. Research into women’s sport participation has largely been restricted to the study of soccer in the Republic of Ireland,[3] and gendered evaluations of various lifestyle and health surveys.[4] Katie Liston, a key researcher in sport and gender relations in Ireland, highlights that ‘there seems to be an increasing diversity in the kinds of activities in which people participate in’,[5] and that there is a shift towards ‘lifestyle’ activities for adults as diversity increases in young people’s participation in sports and leisure activities. Against the backdrop of Liston’s work, this article delves deeper into data collected as part of a wider research project, discussing whether or not women who surf in Ireland do so as part of a process designed to construct and reflect their national identities related to this arguably ‘postmodern’[6] ‘lifestyle sport’,[7] in which Ireland will be represented on the Olympic stage for the first time in 2021. [1] Lee Bush, ‘Creating Our Own Lineup: Identities and Shared Cultural Norms of Surfing Women in a U.S. East Coast Community’, Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 45, no. 3 (2016): 290–318. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0891241614556346, 262. [2] See the work of Alan Bairner, John Sugden, David Hassan and Mike Cronin for a broad range of work in this area. [3] See for example Katie Liston, ‘Women's Soccer in the Republic of Ireland: Some Preliminary Sociological Comments’, Soccer &amp; Society 7, no. 2 (2006b): 364 – 384. Also see Ann Bourke, ‘Women’s Soccer in the Republic of Ireland: Past Events and Future Prospects’, in Soccer, Women, Sexual Liberation: Kicking Off a New Era ed. Fan Hong and J.A. Mangan (London: Frank Cass, 2004): 162–82. [4] Katie Liston, ‘A Question of Sport’ in Contemporary Ireland: A Sociological Map ed. Sara O'Sullivan (Dublin: University College Dublin Press, 2007), 159-180. [5] Liston, ‘A Question of Sport’, 161. [6] The idea of lifestyle sport as postmodern sport is discussed in Belinda Wheaton, ed., Understanding Lifestyle Sports: Consumption, Identity and Difference (London: Routledge, 2004). Also see: Lincoln Allison, Amateurism in Sport: An Analysis and a Defence (London: Frank Cass, 2001); R. Rinehart, ‘Emerging Arriving Sport: Alternatives to Formal Sport’ in Handbook of Sports Studies ed. Jay Coakley and Eric Dunning (London: Sage, 2000), 504-519. [7] The term is used by two leading researchers in the field. See Wheaton, Understanding Lifestyle; Rinehart, ‘Emerging Arriving’.