Lieutenant General Research Articles

Протоиерей Александр Сулоцкий в Омском кадетском корпусе (по воспоминаниям его учеников)

Archpriest Alexander I. Sulotsky (1812-1884) left a significant mark in the life of Omsk. But in modern historiography, his personality and his contribution to the intellectual landscape of the city are presented very fragmentary. In 1848, A.I. Sulotsky was appointed a catechist in the Siberian Cadet Corps in Omsk and rector of the corps church. This activity of A.I. Sulotsky was reflected in the memoirs of his students. The purpose of this article is to reconstruct image based on memoirs of the cadet corps graduates - Archpriest Mikhail Putintsev and Lieutenant General, historian of the Siberian Cossacks, local historian, public figure G.E. Katanaev.Being a catechist and a priest, A.I. Sulotsky actively studied the history of Siberia, the enlightenment of its small nations and left behind not only a scientific legacy, but also a spiritual one, reflected in the worldview of his pupils. Sulotsky was described as loving mentor and reverent priest in the memoirs of his students. He loved his subject and Worship and was able to instill this love in his pupils, some of them, like M. Putintsev and A. Sharapov, were ordained priests. Of course, it is impossible not to pay attention to the idealization of the image of the teacher. Probably, the attitude of the Omsk cadets to the teaching of the Law of God was not so equally enthusiastic. Clarification of this issue requires the search for additional sources. Unfortunately, memoirists do not talk about the scientific works of Alexander I. Sulotsky and this area of his activity needs further research.

The Hungarian Army’s Way into the Vernichtungskrieg - The Hungarian Troops on the Eastern Front, 1941

ABSTRACT On 27 June 1941 Hungary entered the war against the Soviet Union, fielding a 90,000-man strong force (consisting of the ‘Carpathian Group’ and the ‘Rapid Corps’) that was attached to Army Group South. This study examines two issues related to the participation of Hungarian troops in 1941. First it establishes how the subordination to Germany determined the use of Hungarian formations. A close Hungarian-German military cooperation developed prior to Operation Barbarossa, especially during the campaign against Yugoslavia in April 1941. The Rapid Corps and the Carpathian Group were placed under German subordination in July-August 1941. It led to friction as Hungary, which in the interwar period had prepared for a war against small and medium-sized neighbouring powers, was pressured to conduct operations against the much more advanced Red Army. Satisfying German demands provoked constant controversy about the extent of the Hungarian involvement in the operations on the Eastern Front, also within the Hungarian military elite. Due to these differences of opinion, the pro-German general Henrik Werth was relieved as the Chief of the General Staff in September 1941, and Lieutenant General Ferenc Szombathelyi was appointed in his place. The study then examines the first months of the Hungarian occupation of Soviet territories. In the summer of 1941, a unique opportunity presented itself to establish an independent Hungarian occupation administration. The Hungarian government tried to use this opportunity to implement its anti-Semitic plans and to enforce its economic interests. However, the Carpathian Group, which from August 1941 was incorporated into the German military command structure, increasingly became the executor of German occupation policy.

Akhulgo: On the Failed Peace Negotiations Based on the Local Chronicles and Official Russian Sources (June–August 1839)

ABSTRACT The Siege of Akhulgo was one of the major military operations of the Caucasian War, which was conducted in Dagestan by the Chechen Detachment of the Caucasian Army under the command of Lieutenant General P. Kh. Grabbe from June 12 to August 29, 1839. According to Russian and local sources, we know that the parties had made repeated attempts to end the bloody confrontation through negotiations. According to Russian sources, the negotiations sought a surrender, while according to local sources, the participants discussed a peace agreement.

Генерал Греков 8-й

In 2013, in the Dyachkino settlement of Tarasovsky district of the Rostov region, students and teachers of the Shakhtinsky Ya. P. Baklanov Cossack cadet corps discovered the graves of three heroes of the 1812 war, Don Cossack generals - Lieutenant General A. A. Karpov, Major General P. M. Grekov and Major General G. A. Dyachkin. Their former graves were looted and destroyed during the revolution. The crypt, discovered by the students and teachers was completely filled with broken bricks and other remains of the demolished temple, near which they were buried. The bodies found were scattered randomly, mixed with broken bricks, pieces of tombstone, and other construction debris. The process of identifying the remains has been going on for several years. When this process will be completed, the Don generals will be interred according to their status and merits. This article gives a brief biography of one of these undeservedly forgotten heroes.

The Origin of Football in Poland’s Lublin Province, 1903–1922

The origins of football in the Lublin region in Poland have not been examined in much detail. Two documents authored by Lieutenant General Kazimierz Sosnkowsk, Polish Minister of Military Affairs 1920–1924, were used to uncover the course of the development of football in this region – the ‘Game rules of football according to the French method’, written in 1903, and ‘Instructions in conducting a sports discipline in the army’ written in 1921. These documents were analyzed to determine the emergence of the first football clubs (e.g. WKS Lublin, WKS Chelm, and ZGKS Makabi) during a particularly complex historical period, until the development of the Lublin Regional Sports Association in 1922.

Reports of the military governors of the Fergana region as a source on the history of the socio-economic situation of the population of southern Kyrgyzstan in the late 19th – early 20th centuries

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that this problem remains insufficiently studied. The purpose of the article is to study the annual “All-Subject Reports” of the military governors of the Fergana region as a source on the history of the socio-economic situation of the population of southern Kyrgyzstan in the late 19th – early 20th century. XX centuries. The content of the article is based on the application of the principles of historicism and objectivity. The study allowed the most complete disclosure of such a valuable historical source as the Reports of the military governors of the Fergana region, Lieutenant General A.P. Tchaikovsky and Major General G.A. Arendarenko for 1899, 1900, 1902 and 1903. The reports ... made it possible to give a more accurate description of the occupations of the nomadic and sedentary Kyrgyz population of the Fergana region, as well as talk about the penetration of commodity-money relations into the Kyrgyz economy; characterize the development of cotton growing, extensive grain farming, the development of agriculture and cattle breeding of the Kyrgyz population, schooling and beekeeping, the relationship between the local population and settlers; reflect the government’s policy regarding the colonization of the region. The disadvantages of “Reports ...” include the fact that they lack data on the development of handicrafts, industry, offshore industries, trade, ie. they do not reveal the whole picture of the socio-economic life of the Fergana region in the end of the 19th century XX centuries. Key words: Fergana region, The “Most Subject reports” of military governors, Kyrgyz, cattle breeding, agriculture, cotton growing, tax system, Andijan uprising, Russian-native schools.

Материалы к истории книжного дела Кубани в фондах Рукописного отдела Пушкинского Дома

The article is devoted to materials on the history of the Kuban book business in the funds of the Pushkin House (IRLI RAS), which were identified. So far, only a few funds have been analyzed. In the archives of the Pushkin House there is a great chance to find more than a dozen documents that more fully reveal the stated topic. Their search, study and analysis are a long and long work, which will always require continuation. The material presented in the article is reflections, an attempt to formulate a problem, dwell on a few findings. It is focused on searching for materials about three natives of the Kuban – the acting chieftain of the Black Sea Cossack army, ethnographer, writer Yakov Gerasimovich Kukharenko, Cossack historian, writer, Lieutenant General Ivan Diomidovich Popko and a native of the Black Sea clergy, a graduate of the Kiev Theological Academy, and in future its Professor Karp Dmitrievich Gruzin.

The Imperial Japanese Army’s Tokumu Kikan – Special Service Organisations: Connections Between Wartime and Peacetime Intelligence Activities

ABSTRACT The Imperial Japanese Army’s (IJA) Tokumu Kikan, or Special Service Organisations were special warfare units that specialised in HUMINT collection and fifth column activities. These small well-trained military-civilian elite units were force multipliers for the IJA, operating in China, as well as across Southeast Asia in support of Japan’s southward advance. Under central figures such as former chief of IJA intelligence, Lieutenant General Arisue Seizō, many wartime Tokumu Kikan personnel undertook a suite of new intelligence activities in the post-war period – inside Japan and in neighbouring countries – as Japan sought to manage its defeat and occupation, and rebuild its intelligence capabilities.

From a Red Army soldier to a military diplomat

In No. 5/2020 of our magazine, dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the creation of the United Nations, it was mentioned that representatives of the military diplomacy took part in the development of the UN Charter: Rear Admiral Rodionov K. K. and Lieutenant General Slavin N. V. This article refers to another military diplomat who was also part of the Soviet delegation to the San Francisco Conference and actively participated in the preparation of the most important UN document, Lieutenant General Vasiliev A. F., an offi cer of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR.

The Federal Invasion of Pickens County, April 5-7, 1865: The Burning of the Courthouse and Skirmish at King's Store

The Federal Invasion of Pickens County, April 5-7, 1865The Burning of the Courthouse and Skirmish at King's Store Scott W. Owens (bio) April 6, 1865, proved to be a tumultuous day in the waning life of the Confederacy. What remained of the Confederate government, President Jefferson Davis and his Cabinet, had moved by rail from Richmond to Danville, Virginia. In the Trans-Mississippi Department, Major General John A. Wharton discussed military affairs in his district with Colonel George W. Baylor, commanding the Second Texas Cavalry, in Wharton's hotel room in Houston, Texas; a sharp disagreement arose, and in the ensuing argument, Colonel Baylor shot and mortally wounded the general. Engagements between Confederate and Union forces erupted at Natural Bridge, Florida, and at Flat Creek and High Bridge, Virginia. In the latter fight, Confederate Brigadier General James Dearing and Union Brigadier General Theodore Read engaged in a rare pistol duel between opposing mounted general officers; Read was killed and Dearing mortally wounded.1 [End Page 3] Elsewhere in the Virginia theater, at Saylor's Creek, southwest of Petersburg, Lieutenant General Richard S. Ewell's Second Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia clashed with the Sixth Corps of the Army of the Potomac under major generals Phillip Sheridan and Horatio Wright. Wright's corps took some eight thousand Confederates as prisoners of war, including Ewell, in this calamitous Confederate defeat, the last meeting between elements of these two armies.2 In Pickens County, Alabama, nearly two thousand combatants fought for hours in driving rain, lightning and thunder, and deepening mud on the southern boundary of the county at Sipsey Bridge, Sipsey Swamp, and King's Bridge. The Union cavalry brigade of Brigadier General John T. Croxton and the Confederate command of Brigadier General Wirt Adams clashed in this series of encounters, with dozens of casualties on both sides. Miles away to the west, in the heart of the county, a Federal cavalry detachment burned the county courthouse in Carrollton and took many citizens prisoner in skirmishes south of the town. Though the destruction of the Pickens County seat of government by the Union mounted detachment is well-known, the details of this episode have not been elaborated, nor has the confusion of the dates of these incidents found correction.3 Two weeks earlier, Major General James H. Wilson and his command had embarked from Union-occupied northwest Alabama on a mounted invasion into the heart of the Confederacy. Wilson marched southward with three divisions of cavalry, 13,500 sabers [End Page 4] armed to a man with Spencer repeating carbines. The largest mounted raiding force of the war, which set out in conjunction with the Union campaign for Mobile, drove into central Alabama to lay waste to the military-industrial sites in the Deep South, the foundries and arsenals of Selma on the Alabama River with the iron works, depots, and mines which supplied arms, ordnance, quartermaster equipment, and ammunition for the armies and navy of the Confederate States. When the Federal horsemen reached Elyton (now Birmingham) on March 30, 1865, Wilson ordered Brigadier General John T. Croxton, commanding First Brigade of the First Division, Cavalry Corps, Department of the Mississippi, to detach his brigade from the invading Union cavalry corps.4 Major General Wilson directed Croxton to march his brigade, composed of the Second Michigan Cavalry, Eighth Iowa Cavalry, Sixth Kentucky Cavalry, and Fourth Kentucky Mounted Infantry, to Tuscaloosa. There the First Brigade would destroy the University of Alabama, which was now a military college training officers for the Confederate army, as well as the warehouses, factories, foundry, and other facilities of war at that place. After marching southwest from Elyton, Croxton found his direct approach to Tuscaloosa blocked by a division of Confederate cavalry nearly double his numbers. The rear guard of the Federal brigade fought a delaying action against this overwhelming Rebel force under Brigadier General William "Red" Jackson on April 1. Croxton then retreated northeastward and crossed the Warrior River forty miles above the Druid City. By [End Page 5] the night of April 3, the Federal cavalry had entered Northport, the village across the Warrior River opposite Tuscaloosa, assaulted the bridge guards...

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Article deals with the attempt to describe the semantic �apacity of Fielding`s last novel �Amelia� that became the notable event in writer�s biography and remains the object of discussion among the researches starting from its first publication. Fielding was at the height of his fame as the magistrate for Westminster and Middlesex and as a celebrated novelist who was an opponent of Samuel Richardson. His novel �Tom Jones� (1749) despite some harsh criticism had been generally acclaimed. According to the title �Amelia� obviously differs from Fielding�s early novels: �Joseph Andrews�, �Jonathan Wild� and �Tom Jones�. With his central heroine Fielding has entered the territory associated with Richardson, whose distressed female characters, Pamela and Clarissa, had captured the attention of the reading public. It is well-known that Amelia Booth was modelled on Fielding�s first wife, Charlotte Craddock, while his hero, Captain Booth, was inspired be the author himself as well as his father, Lieutenant General Edmund Fielding. Trying to defend �Amelia� Fielding in the Covent-Garden Journal insists that he has followed the rules for the epic of Homer and Virgil, saying that the �learned reader will see that the latter was the noble model�. Like the �Aeneid�, �Amelia� consists of twelve books, and the opening section of the novel, set in Newgate, is a parallel to Virgil. The author being in the heyday of his glory brought before the public his new, experimental text, giving up the form of comic epic poem in prose that was immortalized in �The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling�. Denying the technique that was deeply rooted in the English prose due to the narrative skill and the omniscient author (who acted as theorist of the novel), theatrically performing the game with the reader through metanarrative, Fielding in �Amelia� prefers restrained position of the narrator using the recourses of dramatical art. Choosing the plain plot about the everyday difficulties, poverty and humiliations of a young married couple that is peculiar for European sentimentalism, Fielding � due to the thematic tightness of the novel, its allusive fullness, the ambiguity of characters, the poetics of concealment � the narrative about the life of a libertine in a family (W. Scott) presents not so much as the moral lesson for the protagonist that is guided by passions but as ethical transformation that comes with the experience of the �art of life�. In recent decades �Amelia� has been the subject of many investigations, its experimental qualities made it attractive to critics of both the development of the 18th century novel and Fielding�s career. Modern readers however, have shown less interest for the work. Critical hostility to �Amelia� often seems to imply disappointment that it is not like �Tom Jones�. �Amelia� is often called a sequel to his masterpiece �Tom Jones� (Walter Scott) but Fielding adopted a new form of verisimilitude and changed his narrative technique, setting and tone. Historians agree that �Tom Jones� is loosely an epic, with a plot drawn from romance, while �Amelia� is modelled on a classical epic � Virgil�s �Aeneid� � and effects to eschew romance (Martin Battestin, Claude Rawson, Peter Sabor, Ronald Paulson, Simon Varey). The instability of reputation of Fielding�s �Amelia� demonstrates that the novel was traditionally estimated as writer�s failure but nowadays it is viewed as complicated literary form addressed to the highbrow reader. According to Peter Sabor, �Amelia� might never become the �favourite Child� of Fielding�s readers, as it was of Fielding himself, but what remains convincing about his last and most problematic novel is its harsh, world-weary picture of a venal society. Fielding�s darkened view of the people�s community influenced the later samples of the genre and reached successful treatment of the similar themes in the English novel of the 19th century. All the more it is the universal experience of the renewal of genre poetics and the reading of �Amelia� represents Fielding�s original conception of the novel. According to the declared problem the author of the present article uses historical and literary, sociocultural and hermeneutic approaches in the synthesis with the technique of close reading.

«...BECAUSE THEY WILL NOT SIN AGAINST THE OATH TO SERVE WITH FAITH AND TRUTH»: THE POLICE GUARD OF THE VYATKA PROVINCE THROUGH THE EYES OF BARON G. P. VON MEDEM (1906, 1909)

The publication contains the documents previously not introduced into scientific circulation, revealing both the view on the police guard of the Vyatka province of its auditor, the Russian statesman, Lieutenant General Baron G. P. von Medem, and the changes in police guard organization that occurred over the three years of the institute. In the first document, the gendarme describes the police guard of the Vyatka provinces, as the auditor of which he acted during the First Russian Revolution. The second document presents the results of the revision of the Vyatka guard in October-December 1909. The introductory article highlights the historical, source study and archaeographic issues associated with the published documents. The sources are published in accordance with the current «Rules for the Publication of Historical Documents» (1990).

“JEWISH ISSUE” IN THE DEEDS OF ANTON IVANOVICH DENIKIN DURING THE FRATRICIDAL SLAUGHTER (1917–1920)

The author of this article researches the historical personality of Lieutenant-General Anton Ivanovich Denikin (1872–1947) – a unique, tragic figure in the history of the Russian power, a military leader, a politician, a writer, – during thirty years of his scientific and pedagogical activity. The scientific results obtained by the researcher are reflected in his doctoral dissertation, four monographs. The biography of the combat Russian general was written, which was published twice (in 2000 and 2006) by the publishing house “Young Guard” in the series “Life of wonderful people”. Documentary-fiction narration about the personality and the fate of Anton Ivanovich has been performed, a large number of articles in scientific periodicals and reports in the materials of various scientific forums were published. An anthology about him is also published in the format “pro et contra”. It is clear that such a vast and diverse body of work could not but reflect the topic that is indicated in the title of this article. Was Lieutenant General Anton Ivanovich Denikin an anti-Semite? If he was, how was it reflected in his deeds? The search for answers to such burning questions, questions that are exclusively debatable and sometimes polemical in nature (both in domestic and foreign historiography), was carried out through the analysis of a number of business documents and materials deposited both in federal state archives and published in various collections and separately. It was necessary to study a number of historiographical sources created by researchers in the Soviet, post-Soviet, modern periods of domestic historical science development, as well as abroad. At the same time, the author of this article tried to ensure a careful and correct attitude to the historiographic developments of the predecessors. However, such a research algorithm does not exclude a critical aspect (do not confuse with ill-natured criticism!). Naturally, the article doesn’t have any claim to represent a complete coverage of the problem. It has some elements of sketchiness and appeals to the author’s early works, which comprehensively research the historical personality of Anton Ivanovich Denikin, including the problem of the «Jewish issue”.

The ‘burden of expectation’ and political instability: A case for direct election of the President of Botswana

ABSTRACT This article argues the fallout between Botswana’s President Mokgweetsi Masisi and his predecessor Lieutenant General Seretse Khama Ian Khama is demonstration of the need for the country to reform its political system to accommodate direct election of the president. This would lessen seeds for political instability in the future. The central argument in the paper is that the system of ‘automatic succession’, wherein whoever is vice president automatically assumes the presidency when a sitting president’s tenure comes to an end, breeds a sense of entitlement and expectation between the alternators of power. The main conclusion of the paper is that the entitlement that comes with ‘automatic succession’ to the presidency is some form of debt of gratitude from the incumbent to their predecessor. This burden of expectation threatens to diminish the autonomy of an incumbent president and could birth political instability. The paper uses the Khama-Masisi transfer of power as its case in point.

The Visit of the Vice-Chief of the Japanese Army’s General Staff Kawakami Sōroku to Priamur Military District (1897)

In 1897, the Vice-Chief of the Japanese Armys General Staff, Lieutenant General Kawakami Sōroku, visited the Russian Far East. Based on a large body of hitherto unstudied documents from the Russian State Military Historical Archive, this article analyzes the composition of the Japanese delegation as well as that of the Russian administration that hosted the Japanese guests. Among the hosts were Vladimir A. Oranovskiy and Vladimir K. Samoilov, who would later became famous as military orientalists and as the founders of Russias military intelligence in the region. The highest official who met the Japanese mission was the Temporary Chief of Troops of Priamur Military District, Lieutenant-General Nikolay I. Grodekov, widely known at that time as a military man, administrator, and scholar. The article discusses in detail the preparation of the visit by the Russian regional government, including the planned itinerary, preparations for the diet of the guests as well as their accommodation and transport issues. Equally analyzed are the organizational difficulties that occurred during the visit. The main interests of the Japanese delegation were the current condition of the Russian forces in a region, the development of military transport and port infrastructure, the level of regional colonization, issues of military training and combat readiness, new artillery systems, small arms, and winter outfit. The Japanese General Staff was particular interested in the defense condition of Vladivostok Fortress, with one officer in the Japanese delegation being assigned to investigate this particular question. An interesting feature is the cooperation between the General Staff and semi-commercial Japanese organizations for the collection of data about the current state of the Russian Far East. The article also studies the conclusions drawn by the Russian military attach in Japan, which appear to be inaccurate and questionable. While this visit did not arouse much interest in the central administration of the Russian War Ministry, it was of utmost importance to Japan, which already at that time regarded the Russian Empire as a potential threat and enemy.

K biografii general-lejtenanta V. G. Boldyreva: novye istochniki

The published collection of documents is devoted to Lieutenant General V.G. Boldyrev, who was one of the major political and military figures of counterrevolution during the Civil War in Russia. The documents are dated November 1922 - August 1923. At that time, Boldyrev was in prison, being arrested by the bodies of the State Political Directorate. The documents contain the information about how and according to what considerations Party and Soviet authorities made decisions concerning the fate of the former Supreme Commander in chief of the anti-Bolshevist camp, who refused to leave Russia and to become an emigrant.

“Wilmot’s blots” and Cavalier plots, June 1644: fresh evidence from captured correspondence

ABSTRACT This article examines two letters of June 1644, each written in cipher, from members of Charles I’s household to his nephew, and commander of the Royalist cavalry, Prince Rupert. Both items were intercepted by the Parliamentarians, but remained undeciphered in the archives until their key was broken recently. The article discusses this new evidence relating to the factionalism that was crippling the Royalist war effort prior to the defeat at Marston Moor and, specifically, to the attitudes towards the Prince in particular, and the war in general, of Lord Henry Wilmot, Lieutenant General of the cavalry, and the King’s Secretary, Lord George Digby. A description is included of the cipher key used in the despatches, with comments on the efficacy of this particular tool. The article concludes with a brief outline of the outcomes for the parties referred to in the letters.

ОДИН ІЗ НАЙРЕЗУЛЬТАТИВНІШИХ ЛЬОТЧИКІВ-ВИНИЩУВАЧІВ АНТИГІТЛЕРІВСЬКОЇ КОАЛІЦІЇ. (ДО 100-річчя ВІД ДНЯ НАРОДЖЕННЯ ІВАНА НИКИФОРОВИЧА СТЕПАНЕНКА)

У статті аналізуються книги, публікації, документи та архівні матеріали, присвячені одному з найрезультативніших льотчиків-винищувачів Антигітлерівської коаліції, уродженцю Черкащини двічі Герою Радянського Союзу генерал-лейтенанту авіації Івану Никифоровичу Степаненку. Крім того, за допомогою нових джерел та публікацій, здійснена певна реконструкція життєвого шляху і корекція маловідомих та свідомо прихованих комуністичною цензурою окремих сторінок біографії льотчика. Зокрема, це стосується дитинства та юності Івана Степаненка. Проаналізовано основні етапи становлення І. Н. Степаненка як військового фахівця. Розглянуто його військову діяльність під час Другої світової війни та у повоєнний період. Складено деталізовані рейтинги тридцяти найрезультативніших льотчиків-винищувачів Антигітлерівської коаліції, а також найрезультативніших льотчиків радянських ВПС у протистоянні з німецькими льотчиками.Стаття, присвячена 100-річчю від дня народження одного з найрезультативніших асів Антигітлерівської коаліції, двічі Героя Радянського Союзу генерал-лейтенанта авіації І. Н. Степаненка.

IV. UMUMİ MÜFETTİŞLİĞİN KURULMASI VE DERSİM İSYANLARINA GİDEN SÜREÇ

Tunceli/Dersim bölgesinde Osmanlı Devleti’nin idaresi altında olduğu zamandan başlayarak Cumhuriyetin ilk dönemine kadar birçok asayişsizlik ve isyan hareketi meydana gelmiştir. Adeta isyan-bastırma-isyan şeklinde bir kısır döngü oluşmuştur. Cumhuriyet döneminde Dersim meselesinin çözülebilmesi için birçok rapor hazırlattırılmış ve bu raporlar doğrultusunda Dersim’e yönelik kanunlar hazırlanmıştır. Ayrıca asayişin sağlanması, ekonomi, eğitim, sağlık gibi alanlarda bölgenin kalkınması amacıyla Osmanlı Devleti’nden beri uygulanmış bir idare şekli olan umumi müfettişlik teşkilatının kurulmasına karar verilmiştir. Dersim meselesinin tamamen çözülebilmesi için IV. Umumi Müfettişlik 6 Ocak 1936’da kuruldu ve idari, askeri, hukuksal konularda oldukça geniş yetkiler verildi. Müfettiş olarak da bölgeyi ve orada yaşayan insanları iyi tanımış biri olan Korgeneral Hüseyin Abdullah Alpdoğan tayin edilmiştir. Bunun üzerine bölgedeki liderler çıkarlarını korumak için birlikte hareket ederek isyan çıkarmanın yollarını aramaya başlamışlardır. Bu çalışmada Dersim bölgesi için IV. Umumi Müfettişliğin kurulması incelendikten sonra aşiret reislerinin bu duruma karşı göstermiş oldukları tepki ve isyan hazırlıkları açıklanmıştır.

Fraternal Betrayal? The Spanish Army and the Decolonization of Morocco

ABSTRACT This article examines the Spanish army during the decolonization of Morocco, and it explores the connection between Spanish cultural perceptions – seen most clearly in the myth of Spanish-Moroccan brotherhood – and strategic and operational failures. It pays particular attention to the views of Spain’s last High Commissioner in Morocco, Lieutenant General Rafael García-Valiño, and the Franco dictatorship’s ideologue of Spanish imperialism in North Africa, the influential army officer and prolific writer Tomás García Figueras. Highlighting the diversity in outlooks within Spanish military culture, the study explores why key military africanistas did not see what was coming so that they might have prepared better for the departure process. This failure left the Spanish army in unwinnable, humiliating, and in some cases fatal predicaments, and it has had consequences that linger to this day.